ABSTRACT
@#<p style="text-align: justify;">This paper shall present a case of a 42-year-old nulligravid who complained of chronic pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding and palpable abdominal mass secondary to multiple large myomas. Due to the logistical and health restrictions in most hospitals during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, elective surgery was postponed and a temporizing medical management was instituted in the form of GnRH agonist, which afforded relief. This paper shall also discuss the mechanism of action of GnRH agonist, and its crucial role as an essential medical treatment option for patients with debilitating conditions such as myoma uteri.</p>
Subject(s)
COVID-19ABSTRACT
Resumen: OBJETIVO: Comparar la tasa de recién nacido vivo con la de embarazo clínico-transferencia embrionaria, las características clínicas y concentraciones hormonales entre dos esquemas de preparación endometrial para transferencia de embriones desvitrificados: con un agonista de GnRH versus su sustitución con dosis altas de estrógenos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, de cohorte histórica, efectuado en pacientes atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología en protocolo FIV-ICSI entre enero 2017-marzo 2019. Se compararon dos esquemas de preparación endometrial: grupo A con agonista de GnRH y grupo B con estradiol a dosis de 8 mg al día sin agonista de GnRH. A todas las pacientes se les tomaron muestras de sangre para determinación de FSH, LH, estradiol y progesterona y se dio seguimiento ultrasonográfico durante la preparación endometrial. RESULTADOS: En 99 pacientes entre 23 y 42 años, con embriones congelados, la tasa de recién nacido vivo-transferencia embrionaria fue, respectivamente, de 17.2 y 8.6% (OR 1.98; IC95%: 077-1.53) y la de embarazo clínico de 26.5 y 22.8% (OR1.09; IC95%: 0.77-1.53) en los grupos A y B, respectivamente. La duración total del ciclo, los días con estrógenos y la concentración sérica de estradiol al inicio de la progesterona alcanzaron diferencia significativa entre los grupos. No se detectaron datos clínicos ni de laboratorio sugerentes de ovulación. CONCLUSIONES: La tasa de recién nacido vivo fue mayor con agonistas de GnRH sin alcanzar significación; sin embargo, la preparación endometrial solo con estrógenos es un esquema seguro, de menor costo y más amigable para la paciente y el médico.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of live newborn with clinical pregnancy-embryo transfer, clinical characteristics and hormonal concentrations between two endometrial preparation schemes for devitrified embryo transfer: with a GnRH agonist (aGnRH) versus its replacement with high doses of estrogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Historical cohort observational study conducted in patients treated at the National Institute of Perinatology under IVF-ICSI protocol between January 2017-March 2019. Two endometrial preparation schemes were compared: group A with GnRH agonist and group B with estradiol at 8 mg per day without aGnRH. All patients had blood samples taken for FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone determination and ultrasonographic follow-up during endometrial preparation. RESULTS: in 99 patients between 23 and 42 years of age, with frozen embryos, the live birth-embryo transfer rate was 17.2 and 8.6%, (OR 1.98; CI95%: 077-1.53) and the clinical pregnancy rate was 26.5 and 22.8% (OR1.09; CI95%: 0.77-1.53) in groups a and b, respectively. total cycle length, estrogen days and serum estradiol concentration at the beginning of progesterone reached significant difference between groups. no clinical or laboratory data suggesting ovulation were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of live newborn was higher with GnRH agonists without reaching significance; however, endometrial preparation with estrogens alone is a safe, lower cost and more patient- and physician-friendLy scheme.
ABSTRACT
Background: Data on infertility and in vitro fertilization (IVF) are incomplete and uncertain in Jordan and worldwide because of difficulties in evaluating infertility in the general population. This study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a) long and short protocols as part of IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Methods: This observational, retrospective, comparative, longitudinal study was conducted in a reproductive center in Jordan. It reviewed data charts from women who took GnRH-a for IVF, from 2010 to 2013. These were categorized in Group A (long-term GnRH-a: single 3.75 mg-monthly injection) or Group B (short-term GnRH-a: multiple daily 0.1 mg injections). The primary endpoint was the rate of ongoing clinical pregnancy (number of pregnancies/number of women) and live birth rate in fresh cycle/protocols.Results: Out of 1,946 eligible women, 471 underwent the long-term treatment of GnRH-a administration and 1,523 the short-term treatment. The women’s mean age was 29.61±3.80 years old. Out of the 471 women in Group A, 216 (45.9%) women had ongoing clinical pregnancy, of whom 69 (31.9%) had live births. In the short-protocol group, 485 (31.8%) women had ongoing clinical pregnancy, of whom 133 (27.4%) had live births.Conclusions: GnRH-a long protocol is more effective than the short protocol regardless of the agonist formulation used in subfertile women/men who underwent IVF/ intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
ABSTRACT
Resumen La endometriosis es una enfermedad inflamatoria benigna, dependiente de estrógeno, que se caracteriza por la presencia de glándulas y estroma endometrial en un sitio distinto a la cavidad uterina. Las principales teorías sobre su patogénesis involucran la menstruación retrograda, La metaplasia del epitelio germinal, y la diseminación metastásica. Las lesiones típicamente se localizan en la pelvis; en ovarios, ligamentos uterosacros y saco de Douglas, sin embargo también pueden encontrarse fuera de esta. La enfermedad ocasiona un cuadro clínico variado que involucra dismenorrea, dispareunia, dolor pélvico e infertilidad. Su diagnóstico definitivo ES quirúrgico. El tratamiento médico es solo sintomático y no curativo, mientras que el quirúrgico pese a ser curativo, presenta variables tasas de recurrencia. Las técnicas de reproducción asistida mejoran significativamente las tasas de nacimientos en caso de infertilidad asociada a la enfermedad.
Abstract Endometriosis is a benign, estrogen dependent, inflammatory disease, which is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in a site different from the uterine cavity. The main theories about it's pathogenesis involve retrograde menstruation, metaplasia of the germinal epithelium, and metastatic spread. The lesions are typically located in the pelvis; in ovaries, utero sacral ligaments and Douglas pouch, but can also have an extra pelvic location. This disease has a variable clinical presentation that involves dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain and infertility. It's definitive diagnosis is surgical. Medical treatment is only symptomatic and non-curative, while the surgical treatment despite being curative has important recurrence rates. Assisted reproduction techniques are very useful to improve birth rates in case of infertility associated with the disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pelvic Pain , Aromatase Inhibitors , Dysmenorrhea , Dyspareunia , Endometriosis/diagnosis , Endometriosis/pathology , Endometriosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
GnRH agonists have been shown to intervene in the mechanism of adhesion formation in a variety of ways. Influence on the hormonal state, the inflammatory and coagulation processes contribute to the reduction of adhesion formation postoperatively. Most studies on this topic have been conducted in animal models and have indicated the possible clinical use of GnRH agonists for this purpose. The aim of this study is to investigate the literature review of the mechanisms and the possible advantages of GnRH agonists therapy in the prevention of postoperative adhesions.
ABSTRACT
El protocolo de antagonistas de la GnRH (antGnRH) ha permitido el uso del agonista de la GnRH (aGnRH) como inductor de la descarga ovulatoria (DO), en reemplazo de la gonadotropina coriónica humana (hCG). Una ventaja importante con respecto al uso del aGnRH en la DO es que disminuye significativamente el riesgo del síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica (SHEO), debido a su efecto luteolítico, de importancia en casos de donantes de ovocitos. Objetivos: Comparar la proporción de ovocitos obtenidos, calidad ovocitaria/embrionaria, resultado reproductivo y la incidencia de SHEO en ciclos de donación de ovocitos consecutivos, donde la DO fue con hCG o aGnRH. Adicionalmente, se comparó los ciclos con diagnóstico genético preimplantacional. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes. Institución: Grupo PRANOR, Clínica Concebir, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Donantes y receptoras de ovocitos. Intervenciones: Se utilizó un protocolo antGnRH en 43 donantes de ovocitos para 203 ciclos de estimulación consecutiva y DO con hCG (n=127) o aGnRH (n=76) basados en una decisión clínica y del conteo folicular. Los ovocitos fueron asignados, parte de ellos, a un banco de ovocitos (vitrificación) o a 303 ciclos de receptoras de ovocitos. Principales medidas de resultados: Ovocitos aspirados, tasa de fecundación, calidad embrionaria, formación a blastocisto. Resultados: Se observó diferencias significativas en el número de ovocitos aspirados a favor del grupo aGnRH sobre el grupo hCG (24,09±12,24 versus 18,69±8,93, p=0,002, respectivamente). No hubo diferencias significativas en el resultado global de proporción de ovocitos maduros, tasa de fecundación, calidad embrionaria, formación a blastocisto entre los grupos comparados. La proporción de embriones cromosómicamente normales fueron similares entre los grupos aGnRH (35,2%) y hCG (34,53%), mientras que las tasas globales de embarazo (64,49% versus 62,59%), implantación (45,41% versus 42,38%) y aborto (8,7% versus 8,7%) fueron comparables. La incidencia de SHEO fue reducida significativamente en el grupo de DO con aGnRH (0%), en comparación al grupo hCG (18,9%, p<0,0001). Conclusiones: La DO con el aGnRH es un método seguro y eficaz para ser aplicado en pacientes con alto riesgo de SHEO, como las donantes de ovocitos, eliminando por completo el SHEO. La calidad embrionaria y resultados reproductivos fueron idénticos entre los grupos de DO con aGnRH y hCG.
The GnRH antagonists (GnRHant) protocol has allowed the use of GnRH agonist (GnRHa) as inductor of ovulatory discharge (OD) replacing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). An important advantage of GnRHa use in OD is that it significantly decreases the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) due to its luteolytic effect, important in cases of oocyte donors. Objectives: To compare proportion of oocytes obtained, oocyte/embryo quality, reproductive result and OHSS incidence in consecutive oocyte donation cycles when OD was done with hCG or GnRHa. Cycles with preimplantation genetic diagnosis were compared. Design: Cohort retrospective study. Setting: Grupo PRANOR, Clinica Concebir, Lima, Peru. Participants: Oocyte donors and receptors. Interventions: A GnRHant protocol was used in 43 oocyte donors for 203 consecutive stimulation cycles and OD with hCG (n=127) or GnRHa (n=76) based in clinical decision and follicular count. Oocytes were assigned either to an oocyte bank (vitrification) or to 303 cycles of oocyte receptors. Main outcome measures: Oocytes aspired, fecundation rate, embryo quality, blastocyst formation. Results: There were significant differences in number of oocytes aspired in favor of the GnRHa group with regards to the hCG group (24.09±12.24 versus 18.69±8.93, p=0.002 respectively). There were no significant differences among the groups compared in the global result of mature oocytes proportion, fecundation rate, embryo qulity, blastocyst formation. The proportion of chromosomically normal embryos was similar between GnRHa (35.2%) and hCG (34.53%) groups, and pregnancy (64.49% versus 62.59%), implantation (45.41% versus 42.38%) and abortion (8.7% versus 8.7%) global rates were comparable. OHSS incidence reduced significantly in the OD group with GnRHa (0%) compared with the hCG group (18.9%, p<0.0001). Conclusions: OD with GnRHa is a safe and efficacious method to use in patients with high risk of OHSS such as oocyte donors, as it completely eliminates OHSS. Embryo quality and reproductive results were identical between OD groups with GnRHa and hCG.
ABSTRACT
Existen en la actualidad muchos protocolos que tienen por objeto estimular hormonalmente al ovario en ciclos de fecundación in vitro (FIV), con el objeto de conseguir que este produzca una mayor cantidad de óvulos en un mismo ciclo. El problema está en que inicialmente se producía Correspondencia: una ovulación espontanea y por ello el éxito de los tratamientos era bajo. Hoy en día el uso de análogos de GnRH (agonistas y antagonistas) ha abierto un amplio número de posibilidades y ha mejorado de forma importante el éxito en los tratamientos de reproducción asistida. Este capítulo intenta introducir algunos protocolos de estimulación ovárica actuales y ofrecer una visión en conjunto de las diferentes formas como se puede trabajar este aspecto.
In recent times, there have been many protocols developed for ovulation induction in IVF, with the main objective of getting more oocytes in the same cycle without premature luteinization. Nowadays there is a wide variety of medications used for this purpose that have made IVF easier and more successful. In this chapter we try to introduce some of these ovulation induction protocols as well as some alternatives.