ABSTRACT
Estudos mostram que o tabagismo é responsável por afetar algumas funções cognitivas. No entanto, a nicotina é apenas um dos componentes existentes no cigarro e existem evidências de que pode servir como agente neuroprotetivo e causar melhoras em algumas funções cognitivas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar como a nicotina interage com algumas funções cognitivas. Um ensaio clínico piloto com administração de gomas de nicotina contendo 2-mg ou 4-mg, ou gomas placebo contendo a mesma textura, sabor e aparência, foi realizado. Quarenta e dois participantes participaram da pesquisa e os resultados indicaram que a relação entre nicotina e o desempenho na tarefa Go/No-Go podem ser bidirecionais. Os resultados indicaram que participantes do grupo que utilizaram 4-mg de nicotina apresentaram menor desempenho, enquanto os participantes que fizeram uso de 2-mg de nicotina tiveram melhor desempenho do que os demais. Esta pesquisa tem aplicações biopsicossociais e podem ajudar na compreensão da relação entre tabagismo e nicotina, além de contribuir para estratégias que possam ajudar no abandono do cigarro ou na melhora de condições que afetem a cognição (AU).
Past findings in the literature indicated that smoking could affect given cognitive functions. However, nicotine is only one of the components in cigarettes and there is evidence that it may act as a neuroprotective agent and improve some cognitive functions. The purpose of this research was to investigate how nicotine interacts with certain cognitive functions. We conducted a pilot clinical trial using nicotine gum containing 2-mg or 4-mg, or placebo gum with the same texture, flavor, and appearance. Forty-two healthy nonsmokers were enrolled in this research. Our findings indicated that the relationship between nicotine and performance on the Go/No-Go task might be opposite. The results showed that participants in the 4-mg group performed worse, while participants who used 2-mg of nicotine performed better than the others. This research supports biopsychosocial applications and can help interpret the relationship between smoking and nicotine, and contribute to strategies that may support smoking cessation, or improve conditions that affect cognition (AU).
Estudios demuestran que el tabaquismo es responsable de afectar a algunas funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, la nicotina es solo uno de los componentes de los cigarrillos, y existen evidencias de que la nicotina puede actuar como un agente neuroprotector y mejorar algunas funciones cognitivas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar cómo la nicotina interactúa con algunas funciones cognitivas. Se realizó un ensayo clínico piloto con la administración de chicles de nicotina de 2 mg o 4 mg, o chicles de placebo con la misma textura, sabor y apariencia. Cuarenta y dos participantes participaron en la investigación y los resultados indicaron que la relación entre la nicotina y el rendimiento en la tarea Go/No-go puede ser bidireccional. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes del grupo de 4 mg obtuvieron un menor rendimiento en las variables del Go/No-Go, mientras que los participantes que utilizaron 2 mg de nicotina obtuvieron un mejor rendimiento que los demás. Esta investigación respalda las aplicaciones biopsicosociales y puede ayudar a interpretar la relación entre el tabaquismo y la nicotina, además de contribuir a las estrategias que pueden ayudar a dejar de fumar o mejorar las condiciones que afectan la cognición (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Executive Function , Nicotine Chewing Gum , Nicotine/administration & dosage , Placebos/administration & dosage , Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology , Chi-Square Distribution , Pilot Projects , Double-Blind Method , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
The olfactory bulb (OB) is the first relay station in the olfactory system. In the OB, mitral/tufted cells (M/Ts), which are the main output neurons, play important roles in the processing and representation of odor information. Recent studies focusing on the function of M/Ts at the single-cell level in awake behaving mice have demonstrated that odor-evoked firing of single M/Ts displays transient/long-term plasticity during learning. Here, we tested whether the neural activity of M/Ts and sniffing patterns are dependent on anticipation and reward in awake behaving mice. We used an odor discrimination task combined with in vivo electrophysiological recordings in awake, head-fixed mice, and found that, while learning induced plasticity of spikes and beta oscillations during odor sampling, we also found plasticity of spikes, beta oscillation, sniffing pattern, and coherence between sniffing and theta oscillations during the periods of anticipation and/or reward. These results indicate that the activity of M/Ts plays important roles not only in odor representation but also in salience-related events such as anticipation and reward.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) is one of the most commonly used scales in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessment. Its psychometric properties have been studied in contexts including Europe and North America, however, in Latin America, there is shortage of empirical evidence about validity or reliability reported by teachers on a scholar context. The aim of the research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the ADHD RS IV based on the behavior of students reported by teachers. Material/methods: Three hundred and forty-five students voluntarily participated in this study (162 men and 183 women), aged between 5 and 15 years (Mage = 10.43, SD = 3.61). As instruments of measurement ADHD RS IV, Perception of Differences Test and Go / No-Go experiment were used. Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation and confirmatory factor analysis were applied and analyzed. Results: In the results it was found that internal consistency coefficient of RS IV ADHD is between .93 and .97. There is a significant statistically correlation between the scale and the number of successes points in the Perception of Differences Test (r = -.55, p = < .001) and mistakes to stimuli no-go (r = .34, p = .002). The classic ADHD model of two factors had good indicators of goodness of fit x 2 (101) = 321.40, p < .001; CFI = .96; RMSEA = .08 (.07 to .09) and SRMR = .04. Conclusions: The article is finalized highlighting the ADHD RS IV has adequate psychometric properties in order to be applied in the school context.
Resumen Antecedentes: La ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) es una de las escalas más utilizadas en la evaluación del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (ADHD). Sus propiedades psicométricas se han estudiado en contextos que incluyen Europa y América del Norte, sin embargo, en América Latina, hay escasez de evidencia empírica sobre la validez o confiabilidad reportada por los docentes en un contexto académico. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas del ADHD RS IV con base en el comportamiento de los estudiantes reportados por los maestros. Material /Métodos: Trescientos cuarenta y cinco estudiantes participaron voluntariamente en este estudio (162 hombres y 183 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 5 y 15 años (Mage = 10.43, SD = 3.61). Como instrumentos de medida ADHD RS IV, se utilizaron la prueba de percepción de diferencias y el experimento Go / No-Go. Alfa de Cronbach, correlación de Pearson y análisis factorial confirmatorio fueron aplicados y analizados. Resultados: En los resultados se encontró que el coeficiente de consistencia interna de RS IV ADHD está entre .93 y .97. Existe una correlación estadística significativa entre la escala y el número de puntos de éxito en la Prueba de Percepción de Diferencias (r = -.55, p = <.001) y los errores a los estímulos no-go (r = .34, p =. 002). El modelo clásico de TDAH de dos factores tenía buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste x 2 (101) = 321.40, p <.001; CFI = .96; RMSEA = .08 (.07 a .09) y SRMR = .04. Conclusiones: El artículo finaliza destacando que la ADHD RS IV tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para ser aplicado en el contexto escolar.
ABSTRACT
El presente estudio aborda el impacto de la enfermedad de Parkinson en el procesamiento de información semántica durante una tarea de reconocimiento visual de palabras. Para ello, se comparó el rendimiento de un grupo de pacientes con Parkinson con el rendimiento de sujetos sin daño neurológico en dos experimentos. Se evaluaron los efectos de tiempo de presentación de un prime semántico directo (Experimento 1) y un prime semántico mediado orto-fonológicamente (Experimento 2). Además, se evaluó la influencia de la frecuencia léxica tanto del prime como la palabra target, sobre el acceso léxico. Los participantes estaban divididos en tres grupos (grupo clínico, grupo de control etario, y grupo de adultos jóvenes). Los tres grupos completaron una tarea de decisión léxica de tiempo de reacción en la modalidad go-no-go. Los participantes debían responder presionando una tecla del computador si el estímulo presentado en la pantalla era una palabra. En el caso contrario cuando era una pseudo palabra, los participantes no debían presionar ninguna tecla. Los resultados en base al número de respuestas correctas y los tiempos de reacción muestran dificultades de procesamiento semántico en el grupo clínico. Sin embargo, este grupo mostró ser sensible a la frecuencia de las palabras y los tiempos de presentación de estas. En su conjunto, los resultados son coherentes con la literatura existente, y contribuyen a comprender de mejor manera el déficit lingüístico presente en la enfermedad de Parkinson.
The present study addresses the incidence of Parkinson's disease in the processing of semantic information during visual word recognition tasks. In order to do so, the performance of a group of patients with Parkinson's was compared with the performance of subjects without neurological impairment in two experiments. We evaluate the effects of presentation time of a semantic prime (Experiment 1) and anortho-phonologically mediated semantic prime (Experiment 2), and the impact of the lexical frequency of both the prime and the target words. Participants divided into three groups (a clinical group, an age control group and a group of young adults), completed a reaction time lexical decision task in the go-no-go modality. They had to respond by pressing a computer key if the stimulus presented on the screen was a word. Otherwise, the participants should not press any key. The results, based on response accuracy and reaction times, show a semantic deficit in the clinical group, while this group was, nevertheless, sensitive to the frequency of the words and their presentation time. As a whole, the results are consistent with the existing literature, and contribute to a better understanding of the linguistic deficit present in Parkinson's disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Semantics , Speech/physiology , Language , Reaction Time , MemoryABSTRACT
RESUMEN En este artículo se reporta un estudio en el cual se adaptó y validó tres tareas experimentales (SIMON, Go/No-Go y Stroop Victoria) para valorar el control inhibitorio y control de la interferencia en una muestra de estudiantes ecuatorianos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 100 estudiantes entre 6 y 15 años de edad (M=10,13 años, DE= 2,48) pertenecientes al sistema educativo público de Ecuador. El proceso que se siguió en la adaptación y validación fue mediante la traducción lingüística de los experimentos, posteriormente se siguió un juicio de expertos y un estudio piloto. En los resultados se encontró que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las medidas que valoran el control inhibitorio y de la interferencia considerando como factores de comparación las variables sociodemográficas de los participantes. En el análisis correlacional se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las mediciones de los experimentos. Se concluye analizando las asociaciones encontradas y subrayando la necesidad de continuar aportando evidencia en la línea de investigación de adaptación y validación de reactivos de uso en la evaluación neuropsicológica.
ABSTRACT In this article we report a study in which three experimental tasks (SIMON, Go / No-Go and Stroop Victoria) were adapted and validated to evaluate the inhibitory control and interference control in a sample of Ecuadorian students. The sample consisted of 100 students between 6 and 15 years old (M = 10.13 years, SD = 2.48) belonging to the public education system of Ecuador. The process followed in the adaptation and validation was through the linguistic translation of the experiments, followed by an expert judgment and a pilot study. In the results it was found that there are no statistically significant differences in the measures that assess the inhibitory control and the interference considering the sociodemographic variables of the participants as comparison factors. In the correlation analysis we found a statistically significant association between the measurements of the experiments. We conclude by analyzing the associations found and underlining the need to continue providing evidence in the research line of adaptation and validation of test for using in neuropsychological evaluation.
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Muitas evidências sugerem que os processos atentivos apresentam diferenças ao longo do desenvolvimento. O presente estudo avaliou a capacidade atentiva e o controle inibitório de 130 crianças de seis a oito anos de idade em uma tarefa comportamental agir/não agir adaptada para esta faixa etária. Os resultados sugerem que as crianças de seis anos apresentaram tempos de resposta significativamente superiores e cometeram mais erros quando comparadas às crianças de oito anos. Esses achados corroboram estudos que apontam diferenças importantes no processamento da informação nessa faixa etária, principalmente no que se refere à capacidade de controle atentivo, relacionada a comportamentos desatentos frente a um objetivo, e à capacidade de controle inibitório, relacionada a comportamentos impulsivos de resposta motora...
Considerable evidence suggests that attention and inhibitory behavior show differences along specific developmental stages. The present study aimed to evaluate the attention and inhibitory control of 130 children, aged six to eight years, in a go/no-go task adapted for this age group. The results suggest that 6-year-old children had significantly higher reaction times and made more errors when compared to 8-year-old children. These findings corroborate studies that indicate important differences in information processing in the age group studied, especially with regard to the attentional control capacity, related to inattentive behaviors when a goal is proposed, and the inhibitory control capacity, related to impulse response behaviors...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Attention , Behavior Control , Child , Cognition , Psychology, ChildABSTRACT
Adolescence is a developmental period frequently characterized by impulsive behavior and suboptimal decision making, aspects that often result in increased rates of substance abuse, unprotected sex, and several other harmful behaviors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have attempted to reveal the brain mechanisms that underlie the typical inhibitory control limitations associated with this developmental period. In the present review, all available studies in the PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases that investigated this issue utilizing fMRI were analyzed. In contrast to adults, adolescents exhibited decreased activity in several brain regions associated with inhibitory control such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and fronto-striatal regions. The decreased activity found in these regions may underlie the diminished inhibitory control abilities associated with this development period.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Mental Processes , Adolescent DevelopmentABSTRACT
Introduction: Inhibition plays a role in 'orchestrating' congnitive performance in various domains like perception, memory and motor processes. Measurement of inhibition is helful in various clinical conditions i.e. schizotypy, schizophrenia, OCD, attention deficits and hyperactivity disorders and patients with brain damage. Aim: of the present study was to develop and stadardize tests for the measurement of inhibition. Methodology: The sample consisted of 98 subjects, 50 males and 48 Females in the age range of 20 to 30 years. Clinical sample was included to validate the tests. Ten patients with tumour/infarct in the frontal lobe in the age group of 20-30 years were included in the study. Normal and clinical subjects were tested on stop-single and Go/No-go task. Results & Discussion: n results, males and females did not differ in their performance on both the tasks. In males, the effect of education was found to be significant in Go/No-go task. The stop-single and Go/No-go taskes were reliable and valid. The sensitivity of stop-singnal and Go/No-go tasks was 70% and 80% respectively. The specificity was 7% for both the tasks. The two measure of motor inhibition, i.e., stop-single and Go/No-go tasks were significantly correlated.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate deficient inhibitory control in individuals with IAD using a visual go/no-go task by ERPs. Methods 26 individuals met YDQ criteria for IAD were enrolled as research group and marched sexual and age 26 healthy person enrolled as control group. BIS-11 was used for measures of impulsivity.A go/no-go task involved eight different two-digit numerical stimuli. The response window was 1000 ms and the ITIwas 1500 ms. EEG was recorded during participants performed the task. BESA 5.2.0 was used to perform data analysis and the no-go N2 amplitude was analyzed for investigation of inhibitory control. Results BIS-11 total scores, attentional key scores and motor key in IAD group were higher than that of control group. In the go/no-go task, false alarm rate of IAD group was higher and hit rate was lower than that of control group. A repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant group, frontal electrode sites and group × frontal electrode sites main effect for N2amplitudes of no-go conditions ( for group: F= 3953, df= 1, P= 0.000;for frontal electrode sites: F= 541, df= 9, P= 0.000;for group × frontal electrode sites: F = 306, df = 9, P = 0. 000 ), and a significant group, central electrode sites and group × central electrode sites main effect for N2 amplitudes of no-go conditions ( for group: F=9074, df= 1, P = 0. 000;for central electrode sites: F = 163, df= 2, P = 0.000;for group × central electrode sites: F = 73, df= 2, P = 0.000). N2 amplitudes of no-go conditions were lower than those at control group. Conclusions Individuals with IAD were more impulsive than controls and shared neuropsychological and ERPs characteristics of compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder, which supports that IAD is an impulse disorder or at leastrelated to impulse control disorder.
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A long-standing debate in the literature is whether attention can form two or more independent spatial foci in addition to the well-known unique spatial focus. There is evidence that voluntary visual attention divides in space. The possibility that this also occurs for automatic visual attention was investigated here. Thirty-six female volunteers were tested. In each trial, a prime stimulus was presented in the left or right visual hemifield. This stimulus was characterized by the blinking of a superior, middle or inferior ring, the blinking of all these rings, or the blinking of the superior and inferior rings. A target stimulus to which the volunteer should respond with the same side hand or a target stimulus to which she should not respond was presented 100 ms later in a primed location, a location between two primed locations or a location in the contralateral hemifield. Reaction time to the positive target stimulus in a primed location was consistently shorter than reaction time in the horizontally corresponding contralateral location. This attentional effect was significantly smaller or absent when the positive target stimulus appeared in the middle location after the double prime stimulus. These results suggest that automatic visual attention can focus on two separate locations simultaneously, to some extent sparing the region in between.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Attention/physiology , Functional Laterality/physiology , Space Perception/physiology , Visual Fields/physiology , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time/physiologyABSTRACT
Objective To design the automatic control system for visual discrimination Go/No Go task training applied in the research of cognitive neuroscience, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, psychology and psychiatry. Methods Windows was used as the operation platform. The powerful graphic visualized Visual C++6.0 was used as the software for the development. Electric magnet compatible technology was applied in the hardware for the purpose of the stable system. Results This system could automatically and accurately control the whole process of visual discrimination Go/No Go task training. Conclusion The system with friendly interface is stable, reliable, easy to operate, and accurate to judge and time the animal behaviors by electric magnet compatible transducer.