A systematic study on body control in golf players / Estudo sistemático sobre o controle corporal em jogadores de golfe / Estudio sistemático sobre el control corporal en jugadores de golf

ABSTRACT Introduction: Golf is a high-precision sport that requires excellent manual skills and motor coordination. These requirements are essential to determine a player's swing level and, consequently, their sports performance. Objective: Investigate the impact of athletes' body control on golf performance. Methods: To study the three-dimensional motion of golf players in China, the relevant theories and techniques of sports biomechanics were used on 12 golfing volunteers. Real-time sampling correction and analysis were performed using APAS dynamic analysis technology. This paper uses the DLT method to analyze the spatial location of each point three-dimensionally. SPSS15.0 software was used for statistical processing and screening of the results of the tests. Statistics are presented as mean and standard values. Results: The correlation between the golfers' center of gravity in hitting and the rate of motion in the swing was evidenced. The velocity obtained by the racket when hitting the ball is related to the golfer's hip inversion angle. Conclusion: A lower body center of gravity is beneficial to improve golf swing efficiency. Keeping the body in balance is the key to mastering the stroke and acceleration of the racquet. When the athlete performs the reverse pull, the energy they receive also increases, highlighting the need for specific training to promote the athlete's body balance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O golfe é um esporte de alta precisão que requer excelentes habilidades manuais e coordenação motora. Estes requisitos são essenciais para determinar o nível de balanço de um jogador e, consequentemente, o seu desempenho esportivo. Objetivo: Investigar o impacto do controle corporal dos atletas no desempenho do golfe. Métodos: Para estudar o movimento tridimensional dos jogadores de golfe na China, foram utilizadas as teorias e técnicas relevantes da biomecânica do esporte sobre 12 voluntários praticantes de golfe. A correção e a análise em tempo real da amostragem foram realizadas utilizando a tecnologia de análise dinâmica da APAS. Este artigo usa o método DLT para analisar a localização espacial de cada ponto tridimensionalmente. O programa SPSS15.0 foi usado para processamento estatístico e triagem dos resultados nos testes. As estatísticas são apresentadas como valores médios e padrão. Resultados: A correlação entre o centro de gravidade dos golfistas no acerto e na taxa de movimento no balanço foi evidenciada. A velocidade obtida pela raquete no momento da tacada da bola está relacionada ao ângulo de inversão do quadril do golfista. Conclusão: Um centro de gravidade inferior do corpo é benéfico para melhorar a eficiência da tacada de golfe. Manter o corpo em equilíbrio é a chave para dominar a batida e a aceleração da raquete. Quando o atleta realiza a tração reversa, a energia que ele recebe também aumenta, evidenciando a necessidade de um treinamento específico para promover o equilíbrio corporal do esportista. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El golf es un deporte de alta precisión que requiere excelentes habilidades manuales y coordinación motora. Estos requisitos son esenciales para determinar el nivel de balanceo de un jugador y, en consecuencia, su rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Investigar el impacto del control corporal de los atletas en el rendimiento del golf. Métodos: Para estudiar el movimiento tridimensional de los jugadores de golf en China, se utilizaron las teorías y técnicas pertinentes de la biomecánica deportiva en 12 voluntarios golfistas. La corrección y el análisis del muestreo en tiempo real se realizaron mediante la tecnología de análisis dinámico APAS. Este trabajo utiliza el método DLT para analizar la ubicación espacial de cada punto en tres dimensiones. Se utilizó el programa informático SPSS15.0 para el tratamiento estadístico y el cribado de los resultados en las pruebas. Las estadísticas se presentan como media y valores estándar. Resultados: Se evidenció la correlación entre el centro de gravedad de los golfistas en el golpeo y la velocidad de movimiento en el balanceo. La velocidad obtenida por la raqueta en el momento de golpear la pelota está relacionada con el ángulo de inversión de la cadera del golfista. Conclusión: Un centro de gravedad corporal más bajo es beneficioso para mejorar la eficiencia del balanceo de golf. Mantener el cuerpo en equilibrio es clave para dominar el golpe y la aceleración de la raqueta. Cuando el atleta realiza el tirón inverso, la energía que recibe también aumenta, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un entrenamiento específico para favorecer el equilibrio corporal del atleta. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Biological risk of Legionella pneumophila in irrigation systems / Riesgo biológico por Legionella pneumophila en sistemas de riego

ABSTRACT Objective The goal of this study is to determine the risk of exposure to Legionella pneumophila in hotel golf courses located in the province of Malaga (Spain). Method Spray irrigation systems were analyzed as sources for spreading the Legionella bacterium. Spanish legislation requires that irrigation systems be monitored for their water quality as well as for reasons related to health and hygiene. Based on an observational study and non-parametric tests (Goodman-Kruskal Tau and uncertainty coefficient), this study states the regulatory enforcement among the systems and contributed to announce Legionella prevention. The quality criteria for recycled water, waste water treatment plant and well water were analyzed in relationship to the hotels' categories. Results Deficiencies were found in the preventive maintenance of irrigation systems, but no relationship exists between the type of water and the risk detected. Conclusions The study suggests that aerosolized water used in golf course watering systems could pose risk to the population by exposing them to Legionella.

RESUMEN Objetivo El propósito de este trabajo es determinar el riesgo de exposición a Legionella pneumophila en campos de golf de hoteles ubicados en la provincia de Málaga (España). Método Se realizó un estudio de los sistemas de riego por aspersión como fuentes de dispersión de la bacteria Legionella. El análisis de las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de las instalaciones y la calidad del agua es una actividad de obligado cumplimiento contemplada en la legislación sanitaria española. Mediante un estudio observacional y el empleo de pruebas no paramétricas (Tau de Goodman-Kruskal y coeficiente de incertidumbre) se expresó el cumplimiento de la reglamentación en los sistemas estudiados y la prevención de Legionella. Los criterios de calidad para el agua reciclada, procedente de la estación depuradora de agua residual y de pozo, fueron analizados en relación con la categoría de los hoteles. Resultados Se encontraron deficiencias en el mantenimiento preventivo de los sistemas de riego, pero no hubo relación entre el tipo de agua y el riesgo identificado. Conclusiones El estudio sugiere que el agua aerosolizada proveniente de los sistemas de riego de los campos de golf presenta un riesgo de infección por Legionella para la población expuesta.

Dermatoglyphic traits of brazilian golfers / Traços dermatoglíficos dos golfistas brasileiros

ABSTRACT Played all over the world, golf has gained popularity, for it is a sport that depends on individual abilities. For this reason the search for tools that aim to seek and guide its respective talented players has become very important. Therefore, this study had the objective of comparing the distribution of the dermatoglyphic indicators of high performance golfers and of a group control of non-athletes. The sample was composed of 46 individuals with paired age and gender, divided into two groups: the Group Golf (GG), composed of 23 golfers, and the Group Control (GC), composed of 23 individuals control randomly selected. The golfers, part of the Project Golf Brazil of the Brazilian Golf Confederation, were between 11 and 21 years old. The results demonstrated that the number of lines in the pattern was of six possible variables of fingerprint (MESQL1, MESQL2, MESQL4, MESQL5, SQTLE, SQTL) is significantly higher in the golfers (GG) when compared to the group control (GC). When observed the qualitative variables, i. e., the pattern type, significant diferences where observed between the groups, since the golfers (GG) presented more Radial Loops (RL) in MDT5 when compared to the group control (GC). The results found in this study demonstrated that the dermatoglyphic profile of high performance golfers differ from the non-athlete population.

RESUMO Jogado em todo o mundo, o golfe está ganhando popularidade, sendo um esporte que depende das habilidades individuais, tornando-se importante a busca por ferramentas que visem buscar e orientar seus respectivos talentos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar a distribuição dos indicadores dermatoglíficos de golfistas de alto rendimento e de um grupo controle de não atletas. A amostra foi composta por 46 indivíduos com idade e sexo pareados, divididos em dois grupos: o Grupo Golf (GG), composto por 23 golfistas e o Grupo Controle (GC), composto por 23 indivíduos controle aleatoriamente selecionados. Os golfistas, parte do Projeto Golf Brasil da Confederação Brasileira de Golfe, tinham idade entre 11 e 21 anos. Os resultados demonstram que o número de linhas no padrão de seis possíveis variáveis de impressão digital (MESQL1, MESQL2, MESQL4, MESQL5, SQTLE, SQTL) é maior nos golfistas (GG) quando comparado ao grupo controle (GC). Quando observadas as variáveis qualitativas, ou seja, o tipo de figura, observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os grupos, visto que os Golfistas (GG) apresentaram maior quantidade de Presilha Radial (LR) no MDT5 quando comparados ao grupo controle (GC). Os resultados encontrados neste estudo demonstraram que o perfil dermatoglífico de golfistas de alto rendimento difere da população não atleta.

Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendon Rupture due to Repetitive Golf Swing

Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle is located in the forearm anteriorly that runs through a synovial fibro-osseous tunnel in the forearm. We described a case of FCR tendon rupture due to repetitive overuse injury. A 55-year-old man, right-hand dominant, presented with right forearm pain and swelling which started 3 days ago while playing amateur golf. Focal tenderness and bruising over volo-ulnar region of the right forearm were examined. Plain radiographs showed soft tissue edema around lesion area and no detectable fracture. Ultrasonography showed multiple hypoechoic lesions suspected as hematoma of the flexor muscle group. After done magnetic resonance imaging, he was diagnosed with rupture of FCR tendon at proximal origin and strain of flexor digitorum superficialis and palmaris longus muscle. He received compressive dressing and restriction of wrist range of motion for three weeks. Two months later, remaining traces of lesions were observed at the follow-up ultrasonography and the pain disappeared.

Golf Swing Rotational Velocity: The Essential Follow-Through

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if shoulder and pelvic angular velocities differ at impact or peak magnitude between professional and amateur golfers. Golf swing rotational biomechanics are a key determinant of power generation, driving distance, and injury prevention. We hypothesize that shoulder and pelvic angular velocities would be highly consistent in professionals. METHODS: Rotational velocities of the upper-torso and pelvis throughout the golf swing and in relation to phases of the golf swing were examined in 11 professionals and compared to 5 amateurs using three-dimensional motion analysis. RESULTS: Peak rotational velocities of professionals were highly consistent, demonstrating low variability (coefficient of variation [COV]), particularly upper-torso rotational velocity (COV=0.086) and pelvic rotational velocity (COV=0.079) during down swing. Peak upper-torso rotational velocity and peak X-prime, the relative rotational velocity of uppertorso versus pelvis, occurred after impact in follow-through, were reduced in amateurs compared to professionals (p=0.005 and p=0.005, respectively) and differentiated professionals from most (4/5) amateurs. In contrast, peak pelvic rotational velocity occurred in down swing. Pelvic velocity at impact was reduced in amateurs compared to professionals (p=0.019) and differentiated professionals from most (4/5) amateurs. CONCLUSION: Golf swing rotational velocity of professionals was consistent in pattern and magnitude, offering benchmarks for amateurs. Understanding golf swing rotational biomechanics can guide swing modifications to help optimize performance and prevent injury.

Golf-related Spine and Lower Extremity Injury / 대한스포츠의학회지

Golf is a popular worldwide sport played regardless of skill level, age, and sex. This characteristic is a major part of appeal. However, the golf swing involves a large range of motion and large forces of whole body and it is associated with a significant number of injuries. Lower back and upper extremity has similarly high injury incidence and followed by lower extremity. Knee, especially anterior cruciate ligament, can be serious in lower extremity injury. Poor swing mechanics and overuse are frequently related. However, injuries are also sustained from hitting the ground or being hit by a golf ball or club.

Golf-related Injury: Upper Extremity / 대한스포츠의학회지

Golf has become an increasingly popular sport worldwide. Although often perceived as a leisurely activity, golf can be a demanding sport, which can result in injury, usually from variety of reasons. While the majority of injuries in golf are attributable to overuse, acute traumatic injuries can also occur. As the body is directly linked to the golf club, the upper extremities are especially prone to injury. This article focuses on the upper extremity injuries in golf, including a discussion of the epidemiology, cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries occurring in shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand.

Features of Golf-Related Shoulder Pain in Korean Amateur Golfers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causes and characteristics of golf-related shoulder injuries in Korean amateur golfers. METHODS: Golf-related surveys were administered to, and ultrasonography were conducted on, 77 Korean amateur golfers with golf-related shoulder pain. The correlation between the golf-related surveys and ultrasonographic findings were investigated. RESULTS: The non-dominant shoulder is more likely to have golf-related pain and abnormal findings on ultrasonography than is the dominant shoulder. Supraspinatus muscle tear was the most frequent type of injury on ultrasonography, followed by subscapularis muscle tear. Investigation of the participants' golf-related habits revealed that only the amount of time spent practicing golf was correlated with supraspinatus muscle tear. No correlation was observed between the most painful swing phases and abnormal ultrasonographic findings. Participants who had not previously visited clinics were more likely to present with abnormal ultrasonographic findings, and many of the participants complained of additional upper limb pain. CONCLUSION: Golf-related shoulder injuries and pain are most likely to be observed in the non-dominant shoulder. The supraspinatus muscle was the most susceptible muscle to damage. A correlation was observed between time spent practicing golf and supraspinatus muscle tear.

Hamate Hook Fracture with Flexor Tendon Ruptures as a Golf Injury

PURPOSE: We report surgical results and the relationship between hamate hook fracture and flexor tendon rupture occurred during excessive golf practice or rounding. METHODS: The 16 cases of patients with fracture of hamate hook or flexor tendon injury caused by golf swing were examined retrospectively. Hamate hook excision were underwent in fracture alone, flexor tendon reconstruction with tendon transfer of 3rd or 4th flexor digitorum sublimus (FDS) were done in the flexor tendon rupture. Postoperative results were evaluated by means of American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) to compare total range of motion and the grip strength. RESULTS: The fracture gap was not far apart completely in computed tomography (CT) of hamate fracture alone cases. If the flexor tendon rupture with the fracture, the gap in CT was far apart completely. After flexor tendon transfer surgery, two cases were excellent, five cases were good, two cases were fair in ASSH assessment. One case was re-rupture. Grip strength as compared with the normal side was observed for the mean grip strength of 82% recovery. CONCLUSION: The instability of the hamate hook fracture affected to flexor tendon rupture rather than location of the fracture. Hamate hook excision and tendon transfer with FDS can be a good treatment option.

Improving performance in golf: current research and implications from a clinical perspective

ABSTRACTGolf, a global sport enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities, involves relatively long periods of low intensity exercise interspersed with short bursts of high intensity activity. To meet the physical demands of full swing shots and the mental and physical demands of putting and walking the course, it is frequently recommended that golfers undertake golf-specific exercise programs. Biomechanics, motor learning, and motor control research has increased the understanding of the physical requirements of the game, and using this knowledge, exercise programs aimed at improving golf performance have been developed. However, while it is generally accepted that an exercise program can improve a golfer's physical measurements and some golf performance variables, translating the findings from research into clinical practice to optimise an individual golfer's performance remains challenging. This paper discusses how biomechanical and motor control research has informed current practice and discusses how emerging sophisticated tools and research designs may better assist golfers improve their performance.

Multiple regression as a preventive tool for determining the risk of Legionella spp / La técnica de regresión múltiple como herramienta preventiva para determinar el riesgo de Legionella sp / A técnica de regressão múltipla como uma ferramenta preventiva para determinar o risco de Legionella sp

Objective. To determine the interrelationship between health & hygiene conditions for prevention of legionellosis, the composition of materials used in water distribution systems, the water origin and Legionella pneumophila risk. Material and methods. Include a descriptive study and multiple regression analysis on a sample of golf course sprinkler irrigation systems (n=31) pertaining to hotels located on the Costa del Sol (Malaga, Spain). The study was carried out in 2009. Results. Presented a significant lineal relation, with all the independent variables contributing significantly (p<0.05) to the model's fit. The relationship between water type and the risk of Legionella, as well as the material composition and the latter, is lineal and positive. In contrast, the relationship between health-hygiene conditions and Legionella risk is lineal and negative. Conclusion. The characterization of Legionella pneumophila concentration, as defined by the risk in water and through use of the predictive method, can contribute to the consideration of new influence variables in the development of the agent, resulting in improved control and prevention of the disease.

Objetivo. Determinar el riesgo de Legionella pneumophila en relación a las condiciones higiénico- sanitarias para la prevención de la legionelosis, la composición de los materiales conductores de agua y el origen de la misma. Material y métodos. Incluyen un estudio descriptivo y análisis de regresión múltiple realizado sobre una muestra de sistemas de riego por aspersión de campos de golf (n=31) correspondientes a hoteles ubicados en la Costa del Sol (Málaga, España). El estudio se realizó en el año 2009. Resultados. Mostraron una relación lineal significativa, contribuyendo todas las variables independientes significativamente (p<0,05) al ajuste del modelo. La relación entre el tipo de agua y el riesgo de Legionella y de la composición del material con esta última, es lineal y positiva. En cambio, es lineal y negativa para la relación entre las condiciones higiénico- sanitarias y el riesgo de Legionella. Conclusión. La caracterización de la concentración de Legionella pneumophila definida a través del riesgo de la misma en el agua y mediante el empleo del método predictivo, contribuye a la consideración de nuevas variables de influencia en el desarrollo del agente y a un mejor control y prevención de la enfermedad.

Objetivo. Determinar o risco de Legionella pneumophila em relação às condições higiénicas e sanitárias para a prevenção da legionelose, a composição dos materiais condutores da água e a origem da mesma. Materiais e métodos. Incluem uma pesquisa descritiva e uma análise de regressão múltipla realizada em uma amostra de sistemas de irrigação por aspersão de campos de golfe (n = 31) para os hotéis situados na "Costa del Sol" (Málaga, Espanha). O estudo foi realizado em 2009. Resultados. Mostraram uma relação linear significativa, contribuindo todas as variáveis independentes significativamente (p <0,05) ao ajuste do modelo. A relação entre o tipo de água e o risgo de Legionella, assim como a composição do material com esta última, é linear e positiva. Por outro lado, é linear e negativa para a relação entre as condições higiénicas e sanitárias e o risco de Legionella. Conclusão. A caracterização da concentração de Legionella pneumophila definida através do risco da mesma na água e mediante o uso do método preditivo, contribui para a consideração de novas variáveis que influenciam no desenvolvimento do agente e a um melhor controle e prevenção da doença.

Multiple Cervical Spinous Process Fractures in a Novice Golf Player

Avulsion of spinous process, also called Clay-shoveler's fracture, is most prevalent among those engaged in hard physical labor. To the best of the author's knowledge, only one case of multiple spinous process fractures of the upper thoracic spine in a novice golfer has been reported. A 45-year-old female presented with intractable posterior neck pain. The patient experienced a sharp, sudden pain on the neck while swinging a golf club, immediately after the club head struck the ground. Dynamic cervical radiographic findings were C6 and C7 spinous process fractures. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed C6 and C7 spinous process fractures without spinal cord pathology. The patient was treated with pain medications and cervical bracing. The patient's pain gradually improved. The injury mechanism was speculated to be similar to Clay-shoveler's fracture. Lower cervical spinous process fractures can be associated with a golf swing. If the patient complains of long lasting neck pain and has a history of golf activity, further study should be conducted to rule out lower cervical spinous fracture.

Asymmetry of the Isokinetic Trunk Rotation Strength of Korean Male Professional Golf Players

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is side to side difference of the trunk rotation muscle in Korean male professional golf players. Healthy controls who did not play golf were also evaluated and compared with professional golf players. METHOD: Fifty-one professional golf players and 50 healthy controls participated in this study. Bilateral isokinetic trunk rotation strength that represented the aiming side and non-aiming side trunk rotator function in a golf swing and other parameters were evaluated using the Biodex System III Isokinetic Dynamometer at angular velocities of 30, 60, and 120 degree per second. RESULTS: The professional golf players' peak torque and total work on their aiming sides were significantly higher than on their non-aiming side at all angular velocities. Additionally, the golf players' peak torque on their aiming side was significantly higher than those of the healthy controls only at the 60 degree per second angular velocity, but there was a slight and consistent trend in the others. Finally, the difference between the aiming side and the non-aiming side of the professional golf players and the healthy controls was also significant. CONCLUSION: The aiming side rotation strength of the male professional golf players was higher than that of non-aiming side. The controls showed no side-to-side differences. This finding is attributed to the repetitive training and practice of professional golf players. A further study is needed to investigate if the strengthening of the trunk rotation muscle, especially on the aiming side, could improve golf performance.

Efeitos do contínuo de níveis de interferência contextual na aprendizagem do "putt" do golfe / Effects of a contextual interference continuum on golf putting task

A estruturação da prática motora é uma variável de aprendizagem muito estudada na área de Controle Motor e Aprendizagem, sendo, neste âmbito, o efeito de Interferência Contextual um dos pressupostos teóricos mais investigados (TANI, 2005). Tendo como suporte a hipótese de PORTER e MAGILL (2004, 2005), o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o grupo com prática num contínuo de níveis Interferência Contextual alcançava melhores resultados na aprendizagem do "putt", do golfe, comparativamente com os grupos de prática por blocos, em séries e aleatória. Participaram voluntariamente 48 estudantes (24 de cada gênero) do ensino superior com 21,2 ± 1,4 anos de idade, todos destros e inexperientes. Na fase de aquisição foram realizados 126 ensaios de "putt" às distâncias de 2, 2,75 e 3,5 metros do buraco. Vinte e quatro horas depois ocorreu a fase de retenção e o teste de tranferência. Na fase de retenção foram praticados 30 ensaios de forma aleatória. O teste de tranferência consistiu em 20 ensaios, 10 ensaios a 2,5 metros e 10 ensaios a 2,5 metros com 10 graus de desvio face ao centro do buraco. A análise dos resultados demonstra que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre grupos. O efeito do incremento de Interferência Contextual não foi verificado neste estudo.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contextual interference (CI) effect on learning a golf putting task. PORTER and MAGILL (2004, 2005) conducted studies where they applied a new concept of practice: the contextual interference continuum. The hypothesis is that practicing with gradual increases of CI will lead to better performance on retention and transfer tests that both the blocked and random groups. Forty undergraduate students (N = 48) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: blocked, serial, random, or increasing CI practice schedule. Participants were inexperienced with the task and were blinded to the purpose of the experiment. During the acquisition they putted 126 trails from three distances (2, 2.75 and 3.5 meters) for the same golf hole target. In retention test they performed 30 trials in a random order. In the transfer test the subjects performed 20 trials: 10 at 2.5 meters and 10 to 2.5 meters with 10 degrees of deviation from the starting point towards the hole. The apparatus of this study consisted of one artificial putting indoor golf carpet. All participants putt the same golf ball with the same right-handed putter. The data of retention and transfer tests were analyzed using separate one-way ANOVAs. Although it is observed in the absolute error a trend of superiority of performance of the group or increasing CI practice schedule on transfer test, the analysis didn't reveal a significant main effect for practice conditions. The effect of increasing CI was not found in this experiment.

Romantismo, esporte e cinema: Bobby Jones: a lenda do golfe / Romanticism, sport and cinema: Bobby Jones: a stroke of genius

Este texto parte da hipótese de que na representação do esporte os principais pressupostos e categorias do Romantismo configuram suas narrativas dominantes. O Romantismo aportou a linguagem tanto para falar sobre o esporte como para produzir os sentimentos sobre ele. No caso, tomar-se-á a particular narrativa do cinema no filme Bobby Jones – A lenda do Golfe para mapear e interpretar os pressupostos e núcleos do pensamento romântico. Na biografia filmada de Bobby Jones, os aspectos básicos do Romantismo, como a noção de Gênio; a angústia da cisão; a valorização do prazer; a busca da unidade; a autenticidade; a organicidade e a valorização da natureza estão presentes, organizando a narrativa. O filme trabalha dentro de uma perspectiva de reencantamento do mundo através de sua mensagem de valorização dos aspectos sensíveis em detrimento dos aspectos utilitários. O esporte, e aqui especialmente o Golfe, mostra-se como o grande fim e meio de nossa integral realização humana, nos moldes conhecidos do Romantismo.

This text is based on the hypothesis that in the representation of sport the main assumptions and categories of Romanticism form its dominant narratives. The Romanticism used the language not only to talk about sport but also to generate feelings about it. In this case, we will take this particular narrative of the movie “Bobby Jones – Stroke of Genius” in order to locate and interpretate the assumptions and cores of the romantic conception. In Bobby Jones’s filmed biography the basic aspects of Romanticism such as the notion of the Genius; the anguish of the division; the importance given to pleasure; the search for unity; the authenticity and the high value put on nature as well as its organic aspect are presented organizing the narrative. The movie develops its ideas from the perspective of enchanting the world again by setting a higher value on aspects of sensibility rather than on utilitarian ones. Sport, Golf especially in this case, presents itself as the greatest means as well as the greatest end of our whole realization as human beings, in patterns that are familiar to Romanticism.

Este texto parte de la hipotésis de que en la representación del deporte los principales supuestos y categorias del romanticismo configuran sus narrativas dominantes. El Romanticismo aportó el lenguaje tanto para hablar sobre el deporte como para producir los sentimientos sobre él. En este caso, se empleará la particular narrativa del cinema en la película “Bobby Jones - La leyenda del Golf”, para planear e interpretar los supuestos y núcleos del pensamiento romántico. En la biografía en forma de película de Bobby Jones, los aspectos básicos del Romanticismo, como la noción de Genio; la angustia de la cisión; la valoración del placer; la búsqueda por la unidad; la autenticidad; la organicidad y la valoración de la naturaleza, están presentes ordenando la narrativa. La película trabaja en el marco de una perspectiva de reencantamiento del mundo a través de su mensaje de valoración de los aspectos sensibles en detrimento de los aspectos utilitarios. El deporte, y aquí especialmente el Golf, mostrase como el gran fin y medio de nuestra integral realización humana, bajo los marcos conocidos del Romanticismo.

Electromyographic Analysis of Left Leg Muscle Activity during Golf Driver Swing

OBJECTIVE: To analyze activities of left lower extremity muscles throughout phases of the golf swing, using surface electromyography. METHOD: We evaluated muscle activities during the golf swing of 5 amateur and 5 professional golfers using surface electromyography. Surface electrodes were placed in the left gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, peroneus longus, and tibialis anterior. RESULTS: Muscle activities of professional golfers in the left gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris abruptly increased from top-swing phase to impact phase but muscle activities of amateur golfers in these muscles increased to top-swing phase and decreased at follow swing phase. Muscle activities of professional golfers in left peroneus longus, gastrocnemius abruptly increase from forward swing to impact but muscle activity of amateur golfers in these muscles continuously increase to impact and abruptly increase at follow swing. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate the importance of the muscles in the golfer's swing.

A Pilot Study of the Efficacy of Interactive Virtual Reality Sports on Balance Performance among Older Women / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

This randomized control pilot study quantified the efficacy of interactive virtual reality golf training on balance performance among community mobile older person. Eight older women were assigned randomly to a conventional mat exercises program group (n = 4, mean age = 51 ± 1.6 years old) or an experimental group that participated in interactive virtual reality golf (n = 4, mean age = 53.5 ± 1.4 years old). Balance assessments of all participants included Multi-Directional Reach Test (MDRT), Step Up Test (SUT), Double Leg Static Balance (DLSB) with eyes open and closed and excursion of centre of pressure (COP) sway quantified with a force plate. One subject dropped out from the experimental group and three subjects from the conventional mat exercise group due to work commitments to complete the once a week study for four weeks. No significant differences in base-line balance abilities were found between groups. The experiment group did not have significant improvements in balance capability compared with control subjects (MDRT p = 0.16-0.66; SUT p = 0.05; COP during DLSB p = 0.18-0.66). However, virtual reality golf intervention improved medial-lateral sway by 57.24% during DLSB compared to 14.99% after floor-mat exercises. The improvement in COP during DLSB after interactive virtual reality golf hints towards improved postural control. Further studies with a larger population should explore using off-the shelf interactive virtual reality sports for balance training. This novel technology can complement rehabilitation programs.

Partial Tear of Pronator Teres Muscle in Amateur Golfer: A Case Report / 대한스포츠의학회지

Golf is low demanded activity and becoming more popular. But it often occur problems in back, shoulder, elbow and wrist. Golf injuries in professional golfer are related overuse and frequency, while in amateur are related wrong swing technique. Also muscle activities in swing are different between professional and amateur. We report partial tear of pronator teres in middle aged amateur golfer with literatures.

Lesiones cutáneas en caddies de golf y tenis: Club Campestre / Skins lesions in golf and tennis's caddies: Campestre Club

Objetivo: Describir los tipos de lesiones cutáneas que presentan los caddies de golf y de tenis en el Club el Campestre en sus sedes de Medellín y Llanogrande y comparar la frecuencia y severidad de las mismas entre ambas poblaciones. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte analítico a partir de dos grupos poblacionales laboralmente expuestos. El estudio se realizó con 164 personas de sexo masculino laboralmente expuestos a luz solar, en los grupos de caddies de golf y tenis en la ciudad de Medellín y el municipio de Rionegro, a quienes se les aplicó la evaluación de tiempo - respuesta y se subdividieron de acuerdo a su localización geográfica. Resultados: Se encontró un total de 243 lesiones, de las cuales el mayor porcentaje fueron de tipo acneiforme, seguido de las solares, y posiblemente asociadas a la edad de la población de estudio. Conclusión: Debido a que la población en estudio está laboralmente expuesta a la luz solar por largos periodos de tiempo, se encontró una exacerbación de las lesiones acneiformes propias de la etapa de la adolescencia y, en segunda instancia, lesiones solares que reflejan un daño actínico prematuro, como resultado de la exposición continúa a la luz solar, el inadecuado uso de bloqueador solar y la falta de medios físicos de protección, lo cual hace necesario implementar medidas preventivas para evitar el desarrollo de futuras lesiones cancerosas.

Introduction: When sun exposure is chronic it produces actinic damage of the skin that predisposes to melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and other skin lesions considered pre-malign. This study searchs for the association between time and exposure and the skin lesions present in a group of golf and tennis caddies from a private club in Medellin and Rionegro cities. Methods: It was made an observational study in two groups who have had chronic excessive exposure to UV light due to their work. In the study an evaluation of time/response variable had place and a subdivision according to the geographical location was done. The study was done in 164 male patients, chronically exposed to sun light, among groups of golf and tennis caddies in Medellin City and Rionegro. Results: It was found a total of 243 skin lesions of which the highest percentage where acneiform or acne-like eruptions followed by sun lesions lesions. It was found a predominance of acneiform eruptions in patients who used sunscreen within creased frequency. Conclusion: It was found an exacerbation of acneiform eruptions, lesions that are characteristic of the adolescence period. On the other hand sun lesions proof premature actinically damaged skin as a result of the continuous sun exposure, inadequate sunscreen use and the lack of physical protection methods. The latter shows the need to establish or improve preventive steps to avoid further progression of this kind of lesions that can potentiate the development of pre-cancers and skin cancers.

Characteristics of Pain in Professional Golfers Who Visited a Mobile Medical Clinic during the Season

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of pain and its characteristics reported by professional golfers during playing season. METHOD: From April 2006 to August 2007, we operated a mobile clinic equipped with a physical therapy unit during the professional golf competition. For professional golfers who had visited the clinic during this period of time, we investigated distribution of pain and its characteristics through interviews and medical records. RESULTS: A total of 118 professional golfers visited the mobile clinic during the service period. The analysis of pain distribution showed that spine (56.3%) including low back, cervical, thoracic spine was the most common area of pain complaints, followed by upper extremity (33.1%), lower extremity (9.1%) in order. Based on the detailed anatomical distribution, low back was the most common pain site (22.5%). In case of the upper extremity pain group, left side pain was more prevalent than that of right side. Compared with spine pain group, upper extremity pain group was significantly older and also had more professional career (p<0.05). This implies that upper extremity injury may relatively caused from repetitive stress of golf swing. CONCLUSION: The results imply that golf imposes a relatively high burden on spine and upper extremity in professional golfers.