Estudio de la calidad del agua en estanques e implementación de un protocolo de buenas prácticas acuícolas en la producción de camarón marino en Camaronera Eben Ezer, San Alejo, La Unión / Study of water quality in ponds and implementation of a Good Aquaculture Practices Protocol in the production of marine shrimp at the Camaronera Eben-Ezer, San Alejo, La Unión

La Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA FEPADE, MEGATEC La Unión, a través de la carrera Técnico en Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costero Marino con especialidad en Acuicultura y Pesquería, realizó esta investigación en asocio con Camaronera Eben Ezer. El proyecto tuvo como objetivo la caracterización de la calidad física, química y biológica del agua del Golfo de Fonseca y el Estero El Chapernal, previo al desarrollo de dos ciclos de cultivo de camarón marino Litopenaeus vannamei, durante el cultivo y antes de las descargas de agua a los efluentes receptores. La metodología se desarrolló en tres fases, de junio a diciembre de 2021. Fase de campo: toma de parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos en 8 puntos de muestreos, Estero El Chapernal, Golfo de Fonseca y estanques de producción. Fase de laboratorio: se realizó sembrando muestras de agua en medios de cultivo para aislamiento, crecimiento e identificación de bacterias. Tercera fase: procesamiento de datos y análisis de resultados. Se identificaron tres tipos de bacterias: Psudomonas, Vibrios y Heterótrofas. En el primer ciclo de junio a agosto, éstas no reportaron crecimiento, esto pudo deberse a que la transición de la época seca a época lluviosa influyó en los factores físicos y químicos, como la temperatura y el pH. Durante el primer ciclo, la calidad del agua del Estero El Chapernal mantuvo estándares idóneos para el crecimiento del camarón. El segundo ciclo presentó un crecimiento exponencial de las bacterias Heterótrofas y Pseudomonas sobrepasando los límites de referencia establecidos en la normativa vigente. Como parte de la proyección social se efectuó transferencia de conocimientos y tecnología durante la producción, se establecieron mejoras para la operatividad y se les dotó de un protocolo de producción acuícola.

The Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA FEPADE, MEGATEC La Unión, through the major of Técnico en Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costero Marino con especialidad en Acuicultura y Pesquería, carried out this research in association with Camaronera Eben Ezer. The objective of the project was to characterize the physical, chemical and biological quality of water in Golfo de Fonseca and Estero El Chapernal, prior to the development of two culture cycles of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, during the culture and before discharges of water to receiving effluents. The methodology was developed in three phases, from June to December 2021. Field phase: collection of physical, chemical and biological parameters at 8 demonstration points, Estero El Chapernal, Golfo de Fonseca and production ponds. Laboratory phase: it was carried out by planting water samples in culture media for isolation, growth and identification of bacteria. Third phase: data processing and analysis of results. Three types of bacteria were identified: Psudomonas, Vibrios and Heterotrophs. In the first cycle from June to August, growth was not reported, due to the fact that the transition from the dry season to the rainy season influenced in physical and chemical factors, such as temperature and pH. During the first cycle, the water quality of Estero El Chapernal maintained optimal standards for shrimp growth. The second cycle presented an exponential growth of Heterotrophic and Pseudomonas bacteria, exceeding the reference limits established in current regulations. As part of the social projection, knowledge and technology were transferred during production, they were profoundly improved for operability and they were provided with an aquaculture production protocol.

Characterization of the milk production chain and study of the dairy herd health in the city of Codó, Maranhão / Caracterização da cadeia produtiva do leite e estudo da sanidade do rebanho leiteiro no município de Codó, Maranhão

In order to characterize the milk production chain and study the dairy herd health in the city of Codó, state of Maranhão, Brazil, a checklist was applied and tests were carried out to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis using mastitis test strip cup and the California mastitis test (CMT), from June to August 2019, in 295 dairy cows from 20 farms. Water and milk samples were collected for microbiological analysis. It was observed that herdsmen do not have adequate knowledge about good agricultural practices. As for milking, only 60% are performed in corrals with coverage, and as for the floor, 60% are made of clay and 40% are made of concrete. In 35% of the properties, the water used in milking management comes from wells and the rest from dams. Pre and postdipping practices, CMT, mastitis strip cup test and the adoption of a mastitis control program are not carried out on any of the properties Two cows tested positive for subclinical mastitis and one cow tested positive for tuberculosis. In the microbiological analysis of the milk, a high count of total coliforms and thermotolerants was obtained, with values between 23 to > 1,100 MPN/mL and < 3.0 to > 1,100 MPN/mL, respectively. The presence of coagulase positive staphylococci was also observed in 25% of the samples. The water samples also showed high contamination by total coliforms between 4.1 to > 2.419.6 MPN/mL and 40% showed the presence of Escherichia coli. These results reflect the need for more investments in technical assistance and technical training for these producers.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a cadeia produtiva do leite e estudar a sanidade do rebanho leiteiro do município de Codó, estado do Maranhão, Brasil, através da aplicação de um checklist e da realização de exames para detecção de mastite clínica e subclínica pelos métodos da caneca do fundo escuro e California mastitis test (CMT), no período de junho a agosto de 2019, em 295 vacas leiteiras procedentes de 20 propriedades. Coletaram-se amostras de leite e água da ordenha para análises microbiológicas. Observou-se que os ordenhadores não possuem conhecimento adequado sobre as boas práticas agropecuárias. Quanto à realização da ordenha, apenas 60% realizam-na em currais com cobertura; quanto ao piso, 60% são de terra batida e 40% de concreto. A água utilizada no manejo da ordenha é proveniente de poços em 35% das propriedades e as demais de açudes. As práticas de pré e pós-dipping e os testes CMT e caneca de fundo escuro e a adoção de programa de controle da mastite não são realizados em nenhuma das propriedades. Diagnosticaram-se duas vacas com mastite subclínica e uma com tuberculose e verificou-se elevada contaminação por coliformes totais e termotolerantes nas análises microbiológicas do leite, variando entre 23 NMP/mL a >1.100 NMP/mL e < 3.0 a > 1.100 NMP/mL, respectivamente, e presença de estafilococos coagulase positivos em 25% das amostras. As amostras de água também apresentaram elevada contaminação por coliformes totais entre 4,1 NMP/mL a > 2.419,6 NMP/mL e 40% apresentaram presença de Escherichia coli. Esses resultados refletem a necessidade de mais investimentos em assistência técnica e treinamento técnico para esses produtores.(AU)

Boas práticas agropecuárias na produção leiteira: diagnóstico e ajuste de não conformidades / Good agricultural practices for milk production: diagnosis and non-compliances adjustment

Objetivou-se com este estudo desenvolver e validar uma ferramenta semiológica para diagnóstico do nível de adoção e conformidade das boas práticas agropecuárias em fazendas de produção de leite, segundo requisitos preconizados pela Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e pela International Dairy Federation (IDF). A ferramenta foi testada em 62 fazendas de produção de leite, em seis diferentes regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte das ações do Projeto Protambo - "Transferência de tecnologias para o desenvolvimento da atividade leiteira no RS com base nas boas práticas agropecuárias" - da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa, entre janeiro de 2014 e março de 2017. A validação da ferramenta não apontou divergências estatisticamente significativas entre avaliadores, satisfazendo o parâmetro de exatidão para métodos de medições exigidos pela ISO/IEC 17025. Foi evidenciado um espaço de variação que mostrou desenvolvimento de métrica, em que se obteve consistência (coerência) de medição. O teste t-Student aproximado para a comparação de médias de não conformidades nas BPA mostrou melhora significativa no grupo tratamento (diagnóstico seguido de plano de ajuste) quando comparado ao controle (diagnóstico sem plano de ajuste subsequente). Essa nova abordagem semiológica contribui para a adoção das BPA em fazendas leiteiras, para a melhoria da qualidade do leite e da segurança na cadeia produtiva de lácteos.(AU)

This study reports the development and validation of a novel diagnostic tool, based on the FAO and IDF ¨Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practice¨. Sixty-two dairy farms over six different regions within the State of Rio Grande do Sul were selected, evaluated and ranked, from January 2014 to March 2017; as part of the PROTAMBO- Dairying Technology Transfer Project (EMBRAPA). Results indicated that the proposed diagnostic tool was significantly consistent among different field evaluators, meeting trueness validation parameter for ISO/IEC 17025 validation requirement. Binomial distribution of probabilities of positive changes showed significant kind of metric evolution for the treatment group when compared to the control, in addition to significant consistency. Approximated t-Student test for comparison of the means of GAP non-compliances demonstrated significant improvements for the treatment group relative to the control. This novel approach could assist in overcoming existing and emerging GAP challenges to maximize dairy quality.(AU)

Diagnóstico e qualidade microbiológica de ovos caipiras produzidos por agricultores familiares* / Diagnosis and microbiological quality of eggs produced by rednecks farmers

Este trabalho teve a finalidade realizar um diagnóstico do manejo sanitário da produção e avaliar a qualidade microbiológica dos ovos caipiras produzidos por agricultores familiares fluminenses. Para o diagnóstico das propriedades foi utilizada uma lista de checagem baseada em 14 indicadores referentes ao manejo sanitário Protocolo de Boas Práticas de Produção (PBPPO) da União Brasileira de Avicultura. Para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica, foram analisados 280 ovos de um dia após a postura coletados durante oito semanas, nas propriedades dos produtores familiares. Foram feitas contagem de mesófilos aeróbios viáveis, pesquisa de Salmonela sp. e detecção de coliformes totais e fecais. Nenhuma das propriedades apresentou 100% de conformidade em relação aos 14 indicadores do PBPPO. Para o total de indicadores estudados, verificou-se que o produtor B foi que apresentou a maior quantidade de indicadores em conformidade (57%), seguido dos produtores A, C e D que apresentaram 50% de conformidade, enquanto que o produtor E, apresentou apenas seis indicadores (43%) do total de 14 aplicados a produção caipira de ovos. Em todas as amostras estudadas foi verificado contagem total de aeróbios mesófilos viáveis de até 3,95 Log UFC.g-1 , ausência de Salmonela sp. e o resultado para o grupo dos coliformes foi <2 NMP. mL-1 . Apesar dos agricultores não aplicarem as Boas Práticas de Produção Agropecuárias na produção dos ovos caipiras, os resultados do presente trabalho indicaram que todas as amostras analisadas estavam adequadas para o consumo de acordo com a Legislação vigente. dade microbiológica.

This study aimed to establish a diagnosis of the health management of production and evaluate the microbiological quality of eggs produced by rednecks fluminense family farmers. For the diagnosis of the properties was used a checklist based on 14 indicators related to health Management Protocol Good Manufacturing Practices (GMEPP) of the Brazilian Poultry Union. To evaluate the microbiological quality, 280 eggs were analyzed one day after the collected posture for eight weeks, the properties of the family farmers. Were made count of viable aerobic mesophilic, Salmonella sp. research and detection of total and fecal coliforms. None of the properties had 100% compliance in relation to 14 GMEPP indicators. For all the indicators studied, it was found that the producer B was with the highest number of indicators accordingly (57%), followed by producers A, C and D that showed 50% compliance, while the producer and, had only six indicators (43%) of the total of 14 applied to rustic egg production. In all the studied samples was verified Total viable mesophilic aerobic count up to 3.95 log CFU g-1, the absence of Salmonella sp. and the result for the group of coliforms was <2 NMP. mL-1. Although farmers not applying the Good Agricultural Production Practices in the production of rednecks eggs, the results of this study indicated that all samples analyzed were suitable for consumption according to the current legislation.

Actual Status of School Dietitians' Recognition and Use of Superior Agricultural Products in Daegu / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of the school dietitian on superior agricultural products (SAP) and the status of using superior agricultural products in school meals. Questionnaires were distributed to 185 school dietitians after face to face interview, and a total of 181 responses were used for analysis. 82.3% of the respondents were using SAPs in school meals and there was a significant difference between elementary school (95.1%), middle school (76.8%) and high school (66.7%) dietitians (p < 0.001). 85.2% of the dietitians, who were using SAP, were purchasing SAPs through electronic bidding, and the main reason of not using SAPs was the higher price of SAPs than that of general agricultural products. The good agricultural practices (GAP) product was considered the most appropriate agricultural products for school meals by the majority of respondents (66.9%), and organic products was the next (13.3%). In addition, the most important selection criterion for a SAP perceived by school dietitians was safety (58.0%), and the main reason of using SAPs in school meals, when two choices were allowed, was 'to provide healthful food to children' (98.9%). The major barriers to using SAPs in school meals (two choices were allowed) were 'too expensive' (73.5%) and 'unstable supply' (32.6). In conclusion, it was suggested that there should be an improvement in SAP supply and management systems to increase the use of SAPs in school meals.

Buenas prácticas de aplicación en cultivos planos extensivos. Distancias a zonas urbanas. Criterios y soluciones / Good practices of application on extensive flat crops. Distances to urban areas. Criterions and solutions

El presente trabajo engloba todos los conocimientos actuales y disponibles técnico científicos con respecto a las aplicaciones de agroquímicos en proximidad a las zonas periurbanas y urbanas, considerando los diversos factores que contribuyen a un eficiente y eficaz trabajo agrícola, sugiriendo prácticas y estableciendo distancias a favor de la seguridad de la población y de las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas. Concluyendo en un cuadro de sugerencias basado en la toxicidad aguda de los agroquímicos.

The present document includes the whole current and available scientific technical knowledge regarding to the agrochemical applications next to the rural-urban and urban zones, considering the several factors that contribute to an efficient and effective agricultural work, suggesting practices and establishing distances in favour of the population’s security and of the Good Agricultural Practices. Concluding in a picture of suggestions based on the acute toxicity of the agrochemicals.

Discussion of GMP Certification in Pharmaceutical Enterprise after 2004 in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To predict the trend of Good Manufacturing Practice(G MP)certification in China after2004.METHODS:The development and the current situation of GMP certification were summarized,the problems as well as the suggestions were put forward.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:GMP certification after2004should be integrated with Inter?national Organization for Standardization(ISO),the domain correlated drug and"Good Agricultural Practices"(GAP),it should be design rational project of GMP certification on the basis of specificity of enterprises in China.