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The complexity of the development history, culture and system of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) deeply affect its inheritance, innovation and development. From the perspective of complexity, and based on the framework of "situation-theory-tool", this paper analyzed the complexity and dilemma of TCM governance. The complexity of TCM governance requires continuous adjustment of the governance system. On the one hand, the optimization of the government governance system should clarify the relationship between power and responsibility, and stimulate the endogenous power of local governments. On the other hand, the concept of "collaborative governance" should be used to realize the resource integration and functional synergy of different subjects in the horizontal structure of TCM governance, and enhance the capability of joint action.
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Promoting balanced distribution of medical resources and realizing high-quality sharing of basic medical services between urban and rural areas are an important part of common prosperity. Huzhou urban medical alliance was a new urban and rural of medical alliance mode based on level 4 vertical integration, which played an important role in the whole evolution process of the medical alliance. This medical alliance had not only broken through the " integration of counties" but also explored the " integration of cities" . It was a bridge connecting counties and cities, which was of great significance in narrowing the gap between urban and rural medical health services. The construction of urban medical alliance took digital transformation and systematic integration as two breakthroughs to comprehensively promote the upgrade of energy efficiency and benefit stacking of health governance. In 2021, the grass-roots medical utilization rate and county-level medical utilization rate were 72.7% and 90.6%. In 2020, the average hospitalization cost(8 726.7 yuan)and the average outpatient and emergency expenses(239.6 yuan)of public hospitals were 25.0% and 8.6% lower than the average level of Zhejiang Province, respectively. Although Huzhou city had broken through the restrictions of administrative divisions and actively promoted the construction of the medical alliance, and achieved phased results, there were still structural defects and institutional difficulties. In order to solve these problems, the author proposed to promote the improvement of governance structure and optimization of governance system through " three governance" and " three characteristics" , and then promote the high-quality development of urban medical alliances.
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Aiming at the problems of resource allocation, cost control, homogenization management of medical and nursing quality and so on in a hospital with multi-campuses, People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region explored an integrated governance system. It incorporated a series of aspects, such as the establishment of Internet hospital platform using payment and settlement as the link, the construction of operation and management mode for integrating information of multiple branches, the completion of " one hospital, multiple branches" organizational structure and integrated operation system, the innovation of personnel and post compensation system in line with features of medical industry, the implementation of new service mode of diagnosis teams and inpatient wards, the execution of budget management and cost accounting control, and the establishment of integrated online and offline epidemic prevention and control system for the joint prevention and control. These practices achieved good effects that quality and efficiency of medical services were greatly improved, cost of medical services was effectively controlled, and the efficiency of hospital operation and management were enhanced. It provided valuable experience for the integrated management of public hospitals with multi-campuses.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for improving the supporting system of drug safety governance in China. METHODS：Through analyzing the main ways ，characteristics and effectiveness of drug safety governance in Australia ，the suggestions for building drug safety governance system in China were put forward initially. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The methods of Australia ’s drug safety governance are to conduct division of labor between the federal and state/territory governments ， advanced-voluntary-bundled-payment-model. conduct policy consultations with different related entities separately ，guide industry self-discipline based on industrial development level，and support industry to participate in drug advertising supervision. Australia ’s drug safety governance has the characteristics of large information sharing channels ，increasing the transparency of government work ，carrying out targeted education and enhancing the governance capacity of participants etc. It has achieved significant improvement in the occurrence of drug recall events，and significant increase in the satisfaction of stakeholders in the communication activities of drug regulatory authorities. In contrast，the participation consciousness and ability of relevant entities in China are still not strong ，and the system to ensure the participation of these entities is not yet sound. It is recommended that China should pay more attention to the communication between the upper and lower levels of governments ，conduct targeted education or training for principals of non-government entities， implement the policy consultation rights of non-government entities ， as well as guide self-discipline based on self-management ability of industry entities so as to initially establish drug safety governance system in China ，and enhance the governance efficiency.
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OBJECTIVE:Drug is an important goods and materials for safeguarding people's life and health, and has special attributes different from general commodities. Drug safety concerns social stability and national security. Drug governance level is an important aspect of modernization of national governance system and capacity. This paper studies the construction of national drug governance system. METHODS:By researching the domestic and foreign research achievements in the field of drug governance, this article summarizes the connotation and characteristics of national governance in the field of medicine,and the governance experience of mainstream countries and emerging countries with excellent performance in drug governance. Combining with the current situation of China, the author proposes some problems. Constructing the framework model of national drug governance system, and analyzing the constituent elements and their mutuality of the national governance system in the pharmaceutical field. RESULTS:The author proposes that China′s drug governance system has the problems of fragmentation of management functions, low social participation and low regulatory efficiency. CONCLUSION:Some suggestions of next stage are put forward for the modernization of China's national governance system and governance capacity in the pharmaceutical field. Through the research, China should build a unified, authoritative and efficient national drug governance system, strengthen the top-level design of the regulatory system, introduce a multi-participatory social governance model, and give play to the role of association and insurance mechanism in drug governance.
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Mainland China's healthcare system reform has achieved remarkable results. As the reform progresses ,more efforts could be made in policy-learning from other Chinese societies with more successful experiences. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has an internationally renowned healthcare system, ranked at the top in the world's most efficient health systems. This paper reviews Hong Kong's health governance system, the challenges it has faced, its reform initiatives in the recent years, and discusses their implications for the mainland China. Heath governance in Hong Kong has fully realized the separation of regulationswith operation, thus overcoming major institutional barriers. The Hospital Authority of Hong Kong has demonstrated very high efficiency and managerial professionalism. However, Hong Kong's healthcare system is also facing various daunting challenges, and the government has introduced a series of reform initiatives, including the Voluntary Health Insurance Scheme, Public-Private Partnership, and Elderly Health Care Voucher. Many reform ideas and policy instruments can be of reference value for healthcare system reforms in the mainland.
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Resumen Desde la Nueva Economía Institucional NEI se analiza para Colombia la relación entre las formas de propiedad del territorio y las dinámicas de desarrollo de los departamentos, para identificar asociaciones, dependencias y restricciones, entre la representatividad de cada forma de propiedad y los niveles de desarrollo a nivel departamental. Para ello se parte de una revisión normativa de las formas de propiedad, y se recopila información estadística sobre las propiedades existentes en el país; se analizan las formas de propiedad privada individual, privada, colectiva y pública para conservación, y se estiman sus efectos sobre el desarrollo departamental desde un modelo econométrico Logit Multinomial Ordenado, tomando los indicadores de desarrollo humano (IDH), densidad empresarial (IDE), y competitividad global (ICG) como medida de las dimensiones del desarrollo en los departamentos. Se encontró que las formas de propiedad, influencian la probabilidad de desarrollo de los departamentos, donde los efectos de cada forma de propiedad sobre los indicadores de desarrollo dependerán del nivel de desarrollo que presente cada territorio; así, departamentos con niveles de desarrollo bajos, medios y altos, se verán influenciados de manera diferente por cada forma de propiedad presente en el departamento. Estos resultados señalan la pertenencia de incorporar los análisis de la estructura territorial en el ordenamiento territorial y la planeación de los departamentos, y soportan la urgente necesidad de reorganizar la composición departamental según las formas de propiedad. Códigos JEL: R52, R58.
Abstract From the New Institutional Economics NEI, the relationship between the ownership land categories and the development dynamics at districts is analyzed for Colombia, this in order to identify associations, dependencies and constraints, between the size of different property types, and district development levels. A revision of the property categories by legal bases is taken, and from it the gather of statistical information for the country's property types: individual private property, collective private property and conservation public property and so, the effects on district's development are analyzed by econometric Logit Multinomial model, taking into account indicators of human development (HDI), business density (SDI), and Competitiveness (GCI) as a measure of the level of development at the districts. It was found that ownership categories influence the probability for district development, where the effects of every ownership category on development will depend on the development level of every district; thus, districts with low, medium and high levels of development will be influenced in different ways by each category of property land, exiting at districts. These results highlight the importance of taking into account the analysis of the land ownership structures, into land ordering and the development planning of districts, and support the requirement to reorganize the district administrative structure according to ownership categories. JEL classification: R52, R58.
Resumo A partir da Nova Economia Institucional NEI, a Colômbia analisa a relação entre as formas de propriedade da terra e a dinâmica de desenvolvimento dos departamentos, para identificar associações, dependências e restrições, entre a representatividade de cada forma de propriedade e os níveis de desenvolvimento no nível departamental. Para fazer isso, é realizada uma revisão normativa dos formulários de propriedade, e as informações estatísticas são coletadas sobre as propriedades existentes no país; As formas de propriedade individual, privada, coletiva e pública privada são analisadas para conservação, e seus efeitos no desenvolvimento departamental são estimados a partir de um modelo econométrico Logit Multinomial Ordenado, tomando os indicadores de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), densidade de negócios (IDE) e competitividade global (ICG) como uma medida das dimensões do desenvolvimento nos departamentos. Verificou-se que as formas de propriedade influenciam a probabilidade de desenvolvimento dos departamentos, onde os efeitos de cada forma de propriedade nos indicadores de desenvolvimento dependerão do nível de desenvolvimento que cada território apresenta; Assim, os departamentos com níveis baixos, médios e altos de desenvolvimento serão influenciados de forma diferente por cada forma de propriedade presente no departamento. Estes resultados indicam a pertença de incorporar a análise da estrutura territorial no planejamento territorial e o planejamento dos departamentos e apoiar a necessidade urgente de reorganizar a composição departamental de acordo com as formas de propriedade. Classificações JEL: R52, R58.
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This article is based on a questionnaire survey of healthcare professional organizations and interview leaders of them. The results of this investigation show that the number of staff is small, and lack of highly qualified human resources. The organizations rely on donation for income and some of them run at a deficit. The functions such as professional self-discipline are not well performed. The analysis reveals four reasons why functions are not well per-formed:the bureaucratic style of the professional organizations and unclear legal status;the limited authorization from legal and administrative bodies;the defects in the governance system and the lack of capacity. Four aspects of policy recommendations are were proposed: to clearly define the role of the professional organizations and authorization through legal and administrative procedures; to strengthen support of professional organizations through various poli-cies;to improve governance and build comprehensive regulation mechanisms;to enhance the capacity of these organi-zations and so on.
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Universities and colleges of higher education in the UK are self-governing institutions.They are,however,subject to the relevant laws.The Council and the Senate,established by the Chart govern the University.A third body,the Court,exists by virtue of the Charter but has no direct role in governance.