Comparação entre métodos cirúrgicos e conservadores para o tratamento de granuloma central de células gigantes descritos na literatura / Comparison between surgical and conservative methods for the treatment of central granuloma of giant cells described in the literature

Objetivo: Apresentar, através de uma revisão de literatura, métodos de tratamento do Granuloma mais conservadores, estabelecendo comparações entre estes, afim de fornecer à comunidade científica mais clareza e opções mais efi-cazes e seguras para o paciente. Revisão da literatura:O Granuloma Central de Células Gigantes (GCCG) é uma lesão proliferativa benigna intraóssea de etiologia incerta e comportamento clínico variável que possui como forma de tratamento mais utilizado os métodos cirúrgicos, entretanto, observou-se que os métodos cirúrgicos apresentam alta taxa de recidiva e um grande comprometimento estético e funcional. Em contrapartida, métodos mais conserva-dores mostram regressão completa da lesão e baixa taxa de recidiva, porém com a desvantagem de apresentar um longo período de tratamento e alguns efeitos adversos. Discussão: Ainda não existe um protocolo de gerenciamento de GCCG, seu manejo clínico deve levar em consideração a possibilidade de combinação de duas ou mais terapias objetivando melhores resultados. Conclusão: Os métodos conservadores são promissores por diminuir o tempo de tratamento e preservar a estética e função, além de ter a possibilidade de serem empregados juntos conforme a necessidade do paciente, apesar de nenhuma forma de tratamento individual ser a ideal.

Aim: To present, through a literature review, more conservative methods of treatment for Granuloma, establishing comparisons between them, in order to provide the scientific community with more clarity and more effective and safer options for the patient. Literature review: The Central Giant Cell Granuloma (GCCG) is a benign proliferative intraosseous lesion of uncertain etiology and variable clinical behavior that has surgical methods as the most used form of treatment, however, it was observed that surgical methods have a high recurrence rate and a great aesthetic and functional compromise. On the other hand, more conservative methods show complete regression of the lesion and a low recurrence rate, but with the disadvantage of presenting a long period of treatment and some adverse effects. Discussion: There is no protocol for managing GCCG, its clinical management should consider the possibility of com-bining two or more therapies aiming at better results. Conclusion: Conservative methods are promising for reducing treatment time and preserving aesthetics and function, in addition to having the possibility of being used together according to the patient's need, although no individual treatment is ideal.

Aggressive central giant cell granuloma of the mandible: A case report and review of literature

Mandibular aggressive central giant cell granuloma is a rare non-neoplastic giant cell tumour characterised by pain, bone destruction, tooth root resorption, jawbone cortical perforation, and high recurrence rate. This is a case of a 10-year-old boy who presented to the Dental Surgical outpatient clinic of University of Uyo Teaching Hospital with a three-year history of left jaw swelling. The clinical diagnosis was fibrous dysplasia of the left hemi-mandible. Consequently, left hemi-mandibulectomy was performed, and subsequent histopathological diagnosis was aggressive central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. This article presents this rare diagnosis and explores its classification, aetiopathogenesis, clinico-pathological features and management.

Inyección intralesional de corticoesteroides como tratamiento conservador del granuloma central de células gigantes: revisión de la literatura / Intralesional corticosteroid injection as a conservative treatment for central giant cell granuloma: a review of the literature

El granuloma central de células gigantes (GCCG) es una lesión benigna intraósea de los maxilares. Tradicionalmente, la cirugía es el tratamiento más utilizado para este tipo de patología, sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha propuesto el uso de inyecciones intra- lesionales de corticoesteroides como alternativa conservadora. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los casos tratados con corticoesteroides. Para esto, se utilizó la plataforma de PubMed y Google Scholar para buscar artículos publica- dos entre 1994 y el 2020, relacionados al GCCG y su tratamiento con corticoesteroides. Se encontraron 28 artículos y un resumen con 61 pacientes en total; en la mayoría de los casos se utilizaron inyecciones intralesionales semanales de acetonido de triamcinolona con anestésico durante 6 semanas, aunque se reportaron variantes del protocolo. De los 61 casos, 38 tuvieron una resolución completa y en los demás casos fue necesario realizar tratamiento quirúrgico adicional. Con base en lo anterior, parece que el uso de inyecciones intralesionales de triamcinolona tiene un efecto positivo en el tratamiento del GCCG al permitir una resolución completa de la lesión o una disminución en su tamaño, de manera que la cirugía posterior sea más conservadora.

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign intraosseous lesion of the jaws. Traditionally, surgery is the most used treatment for this type of pathology, however, in recent years the use of intralesional corticosteroids injections has been proposed as a conservative alternative. The aim of this study is to carry out a bibliographic review of the cases treated with corticosteroids. The author used PubMed and Google Scholar platforms were used to search for articles published between 1994 and 2020, related to CGCG and its treatment with corticosteroids. The results of this research were 28 articles and one abstract were found with 61 patients in total; in most cases, weekly intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide with anesthetic were used for 6 weeks, although protocol variants were reported. Of the 61 cases, 38 had complete resolution while the other cases required additional surgical treatment. From this, it seems that the use of intralesional triamcinolone injections have a positive effect in the treatment of CGCG by allowing a complete resolution of the lesion or a decrease in its size, so that subsequent surgery is more conservative.

Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia and peripheral giant cell granuloma in a patient with neurofibromatosis 1

Abstract: We report a 35-year-old mulatto female patient with neurofibromatosis Type 1 who presented with facial asymmetry. The patient had two lesions: florid cemento-osseous dysplasia associated with peripheral giant cell granuloma. She was referred for surgical treatment of the peripheral giant cell granuloma and the florid cemento-osseous dysplasia was treated conservatively by a multidisciplinary team. So far, no changes have been observed in the patient's clinical status. We observed no recurrence of peripheral giant cell granuloma. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first report of a patient with neurofibromatosis Type 1 associated with a giant cell lesion and florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.

Central giant cell lesion of the mandible in a 2-year old girl

Central giant cell lesions are rare, benign, osteolytic, pseudocystic, solitary, localized lesions that are common in the skeletal structure, but less so in the maxillofacial region. Furthermore, to perform panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography, it is necessary to prepare patients properly and to position their heads carefully. However, this can be difficult in pediatric patients, who may be anxious. In this report, we describe the case of a central giant cell lesion of the mandible in a 2-year-old girl that was evaluated with multidetector computed tomography.

Non neoplastic proliferative lesions:a ten-year retrospective study / Processos proliferativos não neoplásicos:um estudo retrospectivo de 10 anos

Objective: An epidemiological survey of oral soft tissue proliferative processes diagnosed at the center of Pathological Anatomy of Oral ASCES Faculty. Methods: We analyzed all the histopathological reports in the period from 1999 to 2009 as regards the following variables:histopathologic diagnosis, sex, age, symptoms, type of biopsy and location of the lesion. Results: Non-neoplastic proliferative processes were present in 328 of the 938 reports analyzed, reaching a prevalence of 35 %. The most common injury was fibrous hyperplasia (81.4%) followed by pyogenic granuloma (11%) and peripheral giant cell lesions (6.1%). Fibrous hyperplasia was more prevalent in females, in the age group 40 to 59 years, where the most frequently performed biopsy was the excisional type, with the most frequent location being the buccal mucosa, and in most cases, no painful symptoms were reported associated with it, demonstrating significant difference between the variables studied (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Non neoplastic proliferative processes processes are found in the general population, more common in females, affecting wide age-range, predominantly in individuals in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and fibrous hyperplasia was the most frequently found lesion.

Objetivo: ealizar um levantamento epidemiológico dos processos proliferativos dos tecidos moles orais diagnosticadas no Centro de Anatomia Patológica Oral da Faculdade ASCES. Métodos: Foram analisados todos os laudos histopatológicos no período de 1999 a 2009 em relação às seguintes variáveis:diagnóstico histopatológico, sexo, faixa etária, sintomatologia, tipo de biópsia e localização da lesão. Resultados: Os processos proliferativos não neoplásicos estiveram presentes em 328 dos 938 laudos analisados, atingindo uma prevalência de 35%. A lesão mais freqüente foi a hiperplasia fibrosa (81,4%) seguida do granuloma piogênico (11%) e lesão periférica de células gigantes (6,1%). A hiperplasia fibrosa foi mais prevalente no sexo feminino, na faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos (p< 0,001), onde o tipo de biópsia mais realizado foi excisional com a localização mais freqüente na mucosa jugal e na maioria dos casos, não foi relatada sintomatologia dolorosa associada, comprovando-se diferença significativa entre as variáveis estudadas (p< 0,001). Conclusão: Os processos proliferativos não neoplásicos são encontrados na população em geral, mais comum no sexo feminino, acometendo ampla faixa etária, predominantemente em indivíduos na quinta e sexta décadas de vida, sendo a hiperplasia fibrosa a lesão mais frequente.

Granuloma central de células gigantes: presentación de diez casos / Central giant cell granuloma: presentation of ten cases

Fundamento: el granuloma central de células gigantes (GCCG) es una lesión que ocupa el 7 % de los tumores benignos que se encuentra exclusivamente en los maxilares. Se presenta con más frecuencia en mujeres que en hombres y predomina en la segunda y tercera década de la vida. Las características radiográficas del GCCG son variables y pueden ser confundidas con otras lesiones de los maxilares. El GCCG puede tener un comportamiento agresivo lo que permite establecer el tratamiento de elección, incluyendo la enucleación, el curetaje y la resección en bloque de la lesión. Caso clínico: se presentaron diez casos de pacientes diagnosticados con GCCG. El 80 % de los casos se localizaron en la mandíbula con las siguientes características clínicas: asimetría facial, desplazamiento dental, reabsorción radicular, alteración de la oclusión y trastorno nervioso. Conclusiones: en cuatro sujetos se realizó resección en bloque con placa de reconstrucción, mientras que en los otros seis pacientes se llevó a cabo enucleación y curetaje. En el 100 % de los casos se efectuó un abordaje intraoral y no se presentaron complicaciones graves. El seguimiento clínico y radiográfico evidenció recidiva en uno de los pacientes, razón por la cual se precedió a realizar resección en bloque con placa de reconstrucción.

Background: central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a lesion that occupies 7 % of benign tumors found exclusively in the jaws. It occurs more frequently in women than in men and predominates in the second and third decades of life. Radiographic features of CGCG are changeable, and may be confused with other jaws' lesions. The CGCG may have aggressive behavior which allows setting the treatment of choice, including enucleation, curettage and resection of the lesion. Clinical case: ten cases of patients diagnosed with CGCG were presented. The 80 % of the cases were located in the jaw with the following clinical features: facial asymmetry, dental displacement, root resorption, altered occlusion and nerve disorder. Conclusions: in four patients resection in block was performed with reconstruction plate, while in six other patients enucleation and curettage was carried out. In the 100 % of the cases an intraoral approach was made without severe complications. There was clinical and radiographic evidence of recidivation in one of the patients, a resection with reconstruction plate was made.

Lesão periférica de células gigantes recorrente: relato de caso / Recurrent peripheral giant cell lesion: case report

Lesão periférica de células gigantes é um processo proliferativo não neoplásico reativo à irritaçãolocal ou trauma. Apresenta-se como uma lesão bem circunscrita, que acomete a mucosa alveolar egengiva, podendo comprometer os tecidos ósseos adjacentes, causando mobilidade dentária. O examemicroscópico dessa lesão revela uma massa não encapsulada de tecido, contendo um grande númerode células do tecido conjuntivo e de células gigantes multinucleadas em um padrão estrutural,constituído de nódulos focais de células gigantes, separados por septos fibrosos. Tecido hemorrágico,hemossiderina, células inflamatórias e osso neoformado ou material calcificado também podem serencontrados ao longo do tecido conjuntivo. A associação de extensas lesões periféricas de célulasgigantes a fatores bucais ou sistêmicos ainda não é claramente estabelecida. O objetivo deste trabalhoé o de relatar um caso de lesão periférica de células gigantes recorrente. O correto diagnóstico eo adequado tratamento culminaram em resultados satisfatórios e completa resolução do caso, semindícios de recidivas. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão atual sobre essa entidade, além de discutir sobre os fatores relacionados à sua etiologia.

Peripheral giant cell lesion is a non-neoplastic proliferative process reactive to the local that has anirritation or a trauma. Presents as well-circumscribed lesion confined to the alveolar and gingivalmucosa, may compromise the bone tissue adjacent causing tooth mobility. On histologic evaluation,the lesion is a noncapsulated mass of tissue containing a large number of young connective tissuecells and multinucleated giant cells in an architectural pattern of giant cells? focal nodules, separatedby fibrous septa. Hemorrhage, hemosiderin, inflammatory cells, and newly formed bone or calcifiedmaterial may also be seen throughout the cellular connective tissue. The association of large peripheralgiant cell?s lesions to oral or systemic factors is also unclear. The purpose of this work is to presenta case of peripheral giant cell?s lesion recurrence. The correct diagnosis and treatment culminatedin a totally satisfactory result and complete resolution of the case, without recurrences. This paperpresents a review on the current entity, and discusses the factors related to its etiology.

Lesão de células gigantes central: relato de caso / Giant cell granuloma: a case report

É apresentado um caso de lesão de células gigantes central em paciente leucoderma do sexo feminino, com oito anos de idade, com lesão volumosa envolvendo dentes inferiores anteriores. Exames radiográficos incluindo tomografia em cortes axiais e coronais foram realizados, evidenciando área radiolúcida com aspecto multilocular sugerindo diagnóstico diferencial de ameloblastoma, cisto ósseo aneurismático, displasia fibrosa e lesão de células gigantes. Foi realizada biópsia, identificando-se, à microscopia de luz, presença de células gigantes multinucleadas e grupos de fibras colágenas com áreas de extravasamento de eritrócitos e depósitos de hemossiderina. Para o diagnóstico definitivo, foram realizados exames bioquímicos do sangue para dosagem de fosfatase alcalina, níveis de cálcio e fósforo e dosagem de paratormônio, verificando-se, em todos eles, valores normais. O tratamento adotado foi curetagem cirúrgica da lesão com extração dos dentes envolvidos no processo, cujo controle pós-operatório de três anos não apresentou sinais de recidiva.

A clinical case of central giant cell granuloma is presented in white feminine patient eight years old, with voluminous lesion involving anterior inferior teeth. Radiographic exams including tomography in axial and coronals cuts was accomplished evidencing radiolucid area with multilocular aspect, suggesting differential diagnosis of ameloblastoma, aneurismatic bony cyst, fibrous dysplasia and giant cell granuloma. Biopsy was accomplished, identifying to the light microscopy presence of multinucleate giant cells and groups of collagen fibers with areas of hemorrhage and hemossiderin deposits. For the definitive diagnosis, biochemical exams of the blood were accomplished for alkaline phosphatasis dosage, levels of calcium and phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone dosage, being verified in all of them normal values. The treatment was the surgical curetage of the lesion with extraction of the teeth involved in the process, whose postoperative control three years ago didn?t present reccurrence signs.

Sarcoidosis pulmonar y gástrica: caso clínico / Pulmonary and gastric sarcoidosis: report of one case

We report a 66 year-old woman with a history of pulmonary sarcoidosis, diagnosed with a lung biopsy in 1993 and treated with prednisone for 2 years. She presented at our institution in 1999 with a stage IV disease and important functional and clinical impairment. A bronchial biopsy disclosed non caseating granulomas. Tuberculosis was intensively studied and persistently negative. Due to frequent nausea and vomiting an endoscopic gastric biopsy was performed which revealed non caseating granulomas involving the gastric mucosa. There was no evidence of Helicobacter pylori and stains for fungi and acid-fast bacilli were negative. Treatment with prednisone relieved digestive symptoms, although a control biopsy of the gastric mucosa revealed persistence of non caseating granulomas. Both lung stage IV and gastric sarcoidosis are uncommon forms of the disease.

Diagnóstico e tratamento do aumento gengival induzido por drogas / Treatment and diagnostic of gingival overgrowth drugs-induced

As evidências científicas mostram que diversos medicamentos de uso sistêmico podem alterar a morfologia e fisiologia dos tecidos periodontais, em especial, o gengival, induzindo o aumento de forma exagerada, prejudicando, deste modo, o controle do biofilme dental e a condição física e psíquica do indivíduo. Por esta razão, como sinal de alerta para os cirurgiões-dentistas e médicos, o presente trabalho apresenta por meio de vários casos clínicos, o aumento gengival provocado pelo uso contínuo de certos medicamentos para o tratamento da epilepsia e outros distúrbios neurológicos (anticonvulsivantes/antiepilépticos), doenças cardiovasculares, como, por exemplo, a angina pectoris, a hipertensão arterial e arritmias (bloquedores de canais de cálcio) e para pacientes transplantados (imunossupressores) assim como este artigo mostra que, mesmo sendo eliminado cirurgicamente, a possibilidade de recidiva deste aumento é real em função do uso necessário das citadas drogas.

Scientific evidence shows that different systemic medications can modify the morphology and physiology of periodontal tissues, especially the gingival tissues, inducing gingival overgrowth, which leads to deficient oral hygiene and subsequently to the accumulation of dental biofilm, thereby impairing the patient's physical and psychic condition. In view of this, as a warning sign to dentists and doctors, the present study shows, on the basis of various clinical cases, gingival overgrowth induced by the continuous use of a number of medications for the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders (anticonvulsive/antiepileptic drugs), cardiovascular diseases, for example angina pectoris, hypertension and cardio-arrhythmia (calcium channel blockers), and for organ transplant patients (immunosuppressed patients). It also demonstrates that, even after its elimination by surgical treatment, gingival overgrowth may reoccur as a result of the required use of the abovementioned drugs.

Lesão de células gigantes: um estudo retrospectivo de 58 casos / Giant Cell Lesion: a Retrospective Study of 58 Cases

Algumas lesões benignas dos maxilares apresentam-se indistingüiveis à análise histopatológica. É o caso das lesões de células gigantes, dentre as quais são parte integrante o granuloma central de células gigantes, o granuloma periférico de células gigantes, o cisto ósseo aneurismático, o tumor marrom do hiperparatireoidismo e o querubismo. Desta forma, as características clínicas dessas lesões chegam a ter importância clínica conclusiva nesses casos. O propósito deste estudo é fazer uma breve revisão de literatura acerca das lesões denominadas Granuloma Central de Células Gigantes (GCCG) e Granuloma Periférico de Células Gigantes (GPCG) assim como avaliar 58 casos diagnosticados, observando-se fatores, como idade, sexo, localização preferencial e tamanho das lesões, com o intuito de melhor esclarecer os leitores sobre a epidemiologia dessas lesões, orientando-os quanto ao discernimento das medidas diagnósticas e terapêuticas a serem tomadas

A few benign lesions of the jaw seem indistinct to histopathological analysis. That is the case of the giant cell lesions such as the central giant cell granuloma; the peripheral giant cell granulations; the aneurismatic bonecyst; the brown tumor of the hiperparatireoidism, and the cherub. Thus, the clinical properties of these lesions take on importance for a definitive diagnosis. This study set out to review the literature on central giant cellgranuloma and on peripheral giant cell granulation. Furthermore, 58 diagnosed cases are evaluated, regarding the patient?s age and sex and the preferential location of these lesions, with a view to clarify their epidemiology and contribute to their management.

Expressão imuno-histoquímica de colágeno IV, tenascina-C e fibronectina em lesões centrais e periféricas de células gigantes / Immunohistochemical expression of collagen IV, tenascin-C and fibronectinin central and peripheral giant cell lesions

Introdução - As lesões centrais e periféricas de células gigantes constituem um grupo de entidades patológicas que apesar de apresentarem características histopatológicas semelhantes, possuem etiologia e natureza incompletamente elucidadas. Material e Métodos - Procedeu-se análise imuno-histoquímica em 8 casos de lesões periféricas de células gigantes (LPCGs) e 16 casos de lesões centrais de células gigantes (LCCGs), obtidos dos arquivos do Serviço de Anatomia Patológica do Departamento de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, quanto à expressão e distribuição das proteínas da matriz extracelular colágeno IV, tenascina-C e fibronectina. Resultados - A análise dos espécimes revelou expressão descontínua de colágeno IV na membrana basal subepitelial das LPCGs, comumente associadas às áreas de infiltrado inflamatório, bem como, em membrana basal perivascular de LPCGs e LCCGs, com padrão contínuo, diminuindo de intensidade da periferia para o centro das lesões. A tenascina-C exibiu imunorreatividade na matriz extracelular intersticial, nos padrões reticular e fibrilar, com distribuição predominantemente dispersa e não uniforme, nas lesões pesquisadas. A fibronectina demonstrou expressão imuno-histoquímica semelhante entre LPCGs e LCCGs, exibindo distribuição uniforme por toda a matriz extracelular intersticial, com padrão reticular e fibrilar, freqüentemente associados à presença de células gigantes multinucleadas e células mononucleadas. Conclusão - Os resultados obtidos não revelaram diferenças significativas na expressão imuno-histoquímica das proteínas, entre as lesões estudadas.

Introdution - The central and peripheral giant cells lesions represent a group of pathological entities that despite exhibiting similar histopatological features, etiology and nature are not entirely clear. Methods - It was performed an immunohistochemical analysis of 8 cases of peripheral giant cell lesion (PGCLs) and 16 cases of central giant cell lesion (CGCLs) obtained from the archives of Surgical Oral Pathology of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, in relation to expression and distribution of extracellular matrix proteins collagen IV, tenascin-C and fibronectin. Results - The specimens revealed discontinuous expression of collagen IV in epithelial basement membrane of PGCLs, commonly associated with areas showing inflammatory cells. Additionally, collagen IV was observed in vascular basal membrane of PGCLs and CGCLs, showing continuous pattern, fading from periphery to center areas. Tenascin-C expression was verified in extracellular matrix displaying reticular and fibrillar patterns and predominantly diffuse and heterogeneous distribution both in PGCLs and CGCLs. Immunohistochemical expression of fibronectin was observed equally in PGCLs and CGCLs, exhibiting a uniform distribution through extracellular matrix, with reticular and fibrillar patterns, mainly in the neighborhood of mononucleated and multinucleated cells. Conclusion - The results obtained demonstrated no significant differences in the pattern of expression of collagen IV, tenascin-C and fibronectin among PGCLs and CGCLs studied.