Estimación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en la dieta de mujeres adolescentes en áreas rurales de oriente de Guatemala / Estimation of greenhouse of gas emissions in the diet of adolescent women in rural areas of eastern Guatemala

Introducción. La producción de alimentos es una de las principales causas de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Estimar las emisiones GEI de la dieta es el punto de partida para definir dietas saludables y sostenibles con el ambiente. Objetivo. Estimar el total GEI de la dieta de mujeres adolescentes del oriente de Guatemala, así como la contribución de grupos de alimentos a este valor. Materiales y métodos. En el contexto de un estudio de agricultura y nutrición en el oriente de Guatemala, se realizó un análisis secundario de los datos dietéticos (Recordatorio de 24 horas) de 2082 mujeres adolescentes. Los alimentos reportados fueron enlazados con la base de datos SHARP, que contiene estimaciones de GEI para 944 alimentos. La variable de enlace fue un código único armonizado con el sistema de clasificación FoodEx2. Resultados. La dieta es poco diversa, principalmente a base de grupos de alimentos de origen vegetal, con poca presencia de alimentos de origen animal. El GEI de la dieta fue de 2,3 Kg CO2 eq/ per cápita/día, con la mayor contribución de comidas preparadas (26,7%) y panes, tortillas y similares (12,8%). Conclusiones. La dieta de las mujeres adolescentes de áreas rurales de Guatemala tiene un GEI inferior al reportado en otros países de la región para estratos socioeconómicos con mayor consumo de alimentos de origen animal. Este estudio es el punto de partida para sistematizar la metodología para continuar con las estimaciones de GEI en Guatemala(AU)

Introduction. Food production is one of the main causes of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE). Estimating GHG emissions from the diet is the starting point for defining healthy and environmentally sustainable diets. Objective. Estimate the total GHGE in the diet of adolescent women from eastern Guatemala, as well as the contribution of food groups to this value. Materials and methods. In the context of an agriculture and nutrition study in eastern Guatemala, a secondary analysis of dietary data (24-hour recall) of 2082 adolescent women was performed. The reported foods were linked to the SHARP database, which contains GHGE estimates for 944 foods. The linking variable was a unique code harmonized with the FoodEx2 classification system. Results. The diet is not diverse, mainly based on food groups of plant origin, with little presence of foods of animal origin. The GHG of the diet was 2.3 Kg CO2 eq/per capita/day, with the greatest contribution from prepared foods (26.7%) and breads, tortillas and similar products (12.8%). Conclusions. The diet of adolescent women in rural areas of Guatemala has a lower GHG than that reported in other countries in the region for socioeconomic strata with greater consumption of foods of animal origin. This study is the starting point to systematize the methodology to continue with GHG estimates in Guatemala(AU)

Calidad nutricional e impacto en medio ambiente por los insumos de un comedor universitario en Uruguay / Nutritional quality and environmental impact by the inputs of a university canteen in Uruguay

El espacio de comedores son una forma de garantizar el acceso a alimentos seguros, saludables y medio ambientalmente responsables para los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los estándares del menú, a partir de la evaluación de la calidad nutricional y del impacto en el medio ambiente por los insumos utilizados para su elaboración por un Comedor Universitario (CU) en Uruguay. Materiales y métodos. Se trató de un estudio de caso retrospectivo, relativo al año 2021. Las variables evaluadas fueron a) cantidad total de alimento comprado en kilogramos (kg); b) cantidad en kilocalorías (kcal) e impactos ambientales por: c) generación de residuos; d) huella hídrica (HH); y e) gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). También se realizaron cálculos para evaluar la ecoeficiencia (EE). Resultados. El CU sirvió 33.740 comidas en 2021, de las cuales el 87,1% fueron almuerzos. De los 78 tipos de alimentos comprados, 41 de ellos representaron el 93,17% del total en kilogramos. En la calidad nutricional, menos del 10% se clasificaron como alimentos procesados o ultraprocesados. En la evaluación de aspectos nutricionales e impactos ambientales, los alimentos de origen animal representaron el 26,52% del total en kg y el 69,78% de los HH. Un alimento de origen vegetal tuvo el mayor impacto de GEI debido a su origen. En cuanto a la EE, la valoración general mostró un resultado de 0,0626 para los alimentos de origen animal y 0,3838 para los de origen vegetal. Conclusiones. Corresponde a los servicios de alimentación para colectividades considerar, en la planificación del menú, además de la calidad nutricional y sanitaria de la oferta alimentaria, los impactos ambientales que estas genera(AU)

The canteens are a way to guarantee access to safe, healthy and environmentally responsible food for university students. Objective. The purpose of this research was to characterize the menu standards, based on the evaluation of the nutritional quality and the environmental impact of the inputs used for its preparation by a university canteen in Uruguay. Materials and methods. This was a retrospective case study, relating to the year 2021. The variables evaluated were a) total amount of food purchased in kilograms (kg); b) quantity in kilocalories (kcal) and environmental impacts due to: c) waste generation; d) water footprint (WF); and e) greenhouse gases (GHG). Calculations were also performed to assess eco-efficiency (EE). Results. The university canteen served 33,740 meals in 2021, of which 87.1% were lunches. Of the 78 types of food purchased, 41 of them represented 93.17% of the total in kilograms. In nutritional quality, less than 10% are classified as processed or ultra-processed foods. In the evaluation of nutritional aspects and environmental impacts, foods of animal origin represented 26.52% of the total in kg and 69.78% of WF. A vegetal based food had the highest GHG impact due to its origin. Regarding the EE calculations, the general assessment showed a result of 0.626 for foods of animal origin and 0.3838 for those of vegetable origin. Conclusions. It corresponds to the food services for communities to consider, in the planning of the menu, in addition to the nutritional and sanitary quality of the food offer, the environmental impacts that it generates(AU)

Juicios de daños y aporte de los tribunales chilenos ante los desafíos ético-ambientales que impone el cambio climático / Litigation for damages and contribution of the Chilean courts to the ethical-environmental challenges posed by climate change / Julgamento de danos e contribuições dos tribunais chilenos diante dos desafios ético-ambientais trazidos pela mudança climática

Este artículo muestra que la experiencia acumulada por la Corte Suprema chilena en juicios sobre responsabilidad civil y ambiental, debiera permitirle abordar los problemas ético-ambientales y jurídicos que el calentamiento global implica, sea previniendo daños mediante la imposición a los principales emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, incluido el Estado, del deber de reducir acelerada y significativamente las emisiones, sea exigiendo y haciendo cumplir la obligación de adaptación al cambio climático mediante la atribución de responsabilidad extracontractual o ambiental.

This article shows that the experience accrued by the Chilean Supreme Court in lawsuits on tort and environmental liability, should allow it to address the ethical-environmental and legal issues that global warming implies, either by preventing harm through the imposition on the major emitters of greenhouse gases, including the State, of the duty to reduce emissions rapidly and significantly, or by demanding and enforcing the obligation to adapt to climate change through the attribution of tort liability or environmental liability.

Esse artigo mostra que a experiência acumulada pela Corte Suprema chilena em julgamentos sobre responsabilidade civil e ambiental, deveria permitir-lhe abordar os problemas ético-ambientais e jurídicos que o aquecimento global implica, seja prevenindo danos mediante a imposição aos principais emissores de gases de efeito estufa, incluindo o Estado, do dever de reduzir acelerada e significativamente as emissões, seja exigindo e fazendo cumprir a obrigação de adaptação à mudança climática mediante a atribuição de responsabilidade extracontratual ou ambiental.

5° Congreso Nacional y 1° Internacional de Ciencias Ambientales "Las Ciencias Ambientales en el Antropoceno". Emisiones generadas y evitadas / 5th National and 1st International Congress of Environmental Sciences "Environmental Sciences in the Anthropocene". Emissions generated and avoided

RESUMEN Las actividades académicas, como los congresos, son muy importantes para la investigación y el desarrollo; sin embargo, las emisiones de carbono derivadas de la realización de eventos presenciales han mostrado estar muy por encima de las que producen eventos en línea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar las emisiones generadas por el 5º Congreso Nacional y 1º Internacional de Ciencias Ambientales "Las Ciencias Ambientales en el Antropoceno", celebrado virtualmente, en su mayor parte. Se estimaron las emisiones del uso directo de computadores y de software (emisiones de los computadores, emisiones de la transferencia de los datos) y las emisiones de otras fuentes (reuniones de los organizadores, búsquedas y visitas a la página Web, uso de monitores externos y lámparas), así como las emisiones evitadas por transporte aéreo y terrestre. El congreso emitió 4,8 tCO2eq y evitó 33 tCO2eq. El desarrollo de eventos online o híbridos es más sostenible ambientalmente y podría ser más accesibles, a un mayor número de personas.

ABSTRACT Academic activities such as conferences are very important for research and development, however, carbon emissions derived from face-to-face events have been shown to be much higher than those produced by online events. The aim of this work was to estimate CO2 emissions generated by the 5th National Congress and 1st International Congress of Environmental Sciences "Environmental Sciences in the Anthropocene". Emissions from direct use of computers and software (emissions from computers, emissions from data transfer) and emissions from other sources (meetings of the organizers, searches and visits to the website, use of external monitors and lamps), as well as emissions avoided by air and land transport. The congress emitted 4.8 tCO2eq and avoided 33 tCO2eq. The development of online or hybrid events is more environmentally sustainable and could be more accessible to a greater number of people.

Modeling of Brazilian Carbon Dioxide Emissions: a Review

Abstract: Brazil is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and aims to reduce 43% of CO2 emissions by 2030, compared to 2005. However, changes in energy policies are needed to achieve this goal, evaluating the produced effects on emissions. One way to predict these effects is through mathematical modeling. In this paper, we carried out a literature review to identify the most used model types and independent variables to forecasting Brazilian CO2 emissions. The review showed that gray models and artificial neural networks are the most used ones. Furthermore, we also identified that economic growth and energy consumption are the main independent variables.

Impacto del cambio climático en la salud / The impact of climate change on health

Climate changes evidenced by an increase in our planet's mean temperature, changes in rainfall, increased sea level and extreme weather conditions, favor air and soil contamination, ocean acidification, droughts, floods, heat waves and forest fires, which affect the health and wellbeing of exposed populations. These changes will exert negative effects on respiratory and cardiovascular systems, nutritional status, burden of infectious diseases, especially vector-borne infections, and human mental health. Moreover, environmental damages, such as loss of biodiversity, ecological collapse and deterioration of socioeconomic factors such as agricultural and fishery production, and the loss of habitable land, will impulse massive migrations. This article summarizes the impact that climate change is expected to have on respiratory, cardiovascular and infectious diseases and its repercussions on people of extreme ages. It is imperative to achieve the immediate commitment of worldwide national governments to control green-house gas emissions. The appropriate technology does exist, but political will is urgently needed to accomplish this goal.

Riesgos y peligros laborales en termoeléctricas: una revisión de la literatura de 2007 a 2017 / Occupational hazards and risks in thermoelectric plants: a review of the literature from 2007 to 2017

Resumen Introducción: la demanda de energía eléctrica va de la mano del aumento de la población, por lo que para satisfacerla se debe asegurar la capacidad de generación eléctrica, esto incentivaría la construcción de plantas térmicas; aumentando los trabajadores expuestos a los peligros de termoeléctricas. Esta revisión tiene como fin identificar cuáles riesgos y peligros en termoeléctricas han sido estudiadas en el mundo durante el periodo 20072017. Objetivo: identificar, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, los principales peligros a que están expuestos los trabajadores de termoeléctricas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática teniendo en cuenta las recomendaciones de la guía PRISMA, se tuvieron en cuenta estudios acerca de los factores de riesgos a los que se exponen el personal de operaciones de centrales térmicas; para la búsqueda se establecieron dos algoritmos con descriptores DeCS y MeSH en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed, Scient Direct y Google académico, encontrándose 21 publicaciones que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: los peligros más relevantes para los trabajadores en termoeléctricas son físicos, ergonómicos, químicos, biológicos y psicosociales. Conclusión: los trabajadores de termoeléctricas están expuestos a varios peligros que pueden aumentar el riesgo de ocasionarles enfermedades respiratorias, musculoesqueleticas, pérdida de capacidad auditiva, cáncer, leucemia y su variedad, pericarditis, Alzheimer, Parkinson, daño genético y celular; también se pudo evidenciar que el efecto en la salud por exposición en campos magnéticos requiere de estudios de más profundidad.

Abstract Introduction: the demand for electric power, goes hand in hand with the population increasing, to satisfy it, the power generation capacity must be ensured, this would encourage the construction of thermal plants; increasing the exposition of workers to the thermoelectric plant dangers. This review aims to identify which risks and dangers in thermoelectric plants have been studied in the world for the period 2007-2017. Objective: identify the main hazards to which thermoelectric workers are exposed through a literature review. Materials and methods: a systematic review was carried out taking into account the recommendations of the PRISMA guide, studies were taken into account about the risk factors to which thermal power plant operations personnel are exposed; Two algorithms with DeCS and MeSH descriptors were established in the Scopus, PubMed, Scient Direct and Google academic databases, with 21 publications meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: the most relevant hazards for thermoelectric workers are physical, ergonomic, chemical, biological and psychosocial. Conclusion: thermoelectric workers are exposed to various hazards that may increase the risk of respiratory, musculoskeletal, hearing loss, cancer, leukemia and its variety, pericarditis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, genetic and cellular damage; It could also be evidenced that the effect on health by exposure in magnetic fields requires more in-depth studies.

Efecto de atmósferas modificadas con CO 2 sobre la germinación de banco de semillas de malezas / Effect of atmospheres modified with CO 2 on the germination of weed seed bank

RESUMEN Aumentos en la concentración de dióxido de carbono -CO2- atmosférico, pueden generar modificaciones sobre la composición florística, biología y ecología de malezas, lo que puede implicar modificaciones en el manejo de las mismas. Con el objetivo de reconocer el efecto del CO2 sobre la germinación de un banco de semillas de malezas, proveniente de un suelo de uso agrícola, se ejecutó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, el cual, se planteó como un arreglo factorial con muestras de suelo, provenientes de 2 profundidades, 5 dosis de CO2, 4 réplicas por tratamiento y 3 medidas repetidas en el tiempo. Evaluándose el efecto de 5 concentraciones atmosféricas de CO2 -400, 500, 700, 800, 900ppm-, sobre la germinación del banco de semillas. Para esto, se tomaron materos con muestras de suelo, que fueron llevados a cámaras confinadas, en donde se adicionó CO2, hasta el valor de referencia. Allí, se mantuvieron en condiciones de germinación durante todo el experimento. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en los tratamientos en los que se adicionó CO2, los análisis fitosociológicos muestran que el tratamiento de 900ppm de CO2 presentó la mayor riqueza y diversidad, según índice de Shannon (H´) y el tratamiento de 800ppm presentó la mayor cantidad de individuos. Lolium temuletum L. fue la especie dominante del banco de semillas, evidenciándose una respuesta positiva de la especie en relación al enriquecimiento atmosférico. Los resultados indican que ambientes enriquecidos de CO2 inducen una variación en la diversidad poblacional del banco de semillas evaluado.

ABSTRACT Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration - CO2-, can be able generate modifications on the floristic composition, biology and ecology of weeds, what can to imply modifications in their management. With the aim of recognizing the effect of CO2-modified atmospheres on germination of weed seed bank from an agricultural soil, a completely randomized experimental design was executed, which was proposed as a factorial arrangement with soil samples from 2 depths, 5 doses of CO2, 4 replicates per treatment and 3 measures repeated over time. Evaluating the effect of 5 atmospheric concentrations of CO2-400,500,700,800,900ppm-, on the germination of the seed bank. For this, pot was taken with soil samples, which were taken to confined chambers where CO2 was added up to the reference value. There they were kept under germination conditions throughout the experiment. The results indicate significant differences in the treatments in which CO2 was added, the phytosociological analyzes show that the treatment of 900ppm of CO2 presented the greatest richness and diversity according to the Shannon index (H´) and the 800ppm treatment presented the largest number of individuals. Lolium temuletum L. was the dominant species in the seed bank, showing a positive response of the species in relation to atmospheric enrichment. The results indicate CO2 enriched environments induce a variation in the population diversity of the evaluated seed bank.

Sobre la responsabilidad civil por cambio climático en Chile / Sobre a responsabilidade civil por mudança climática no Chile / On tort liability for climate change in Chile

Resumen: La comunidad científica coincide en que la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero genera calentamiento global y éste a su vez produce cambio climático. El cambio climático está y seguirá causando daños graves, incluso catastróficos, a la salud de las personas y al medioambiente. En este contexto, este artículo argumenta que la responsabilidad civil extracontractual puede contribuir en las tareas de mitigación y adaptación relacionadas con el daño que emana del cambio climático. Sin embargo, para lograr este objetivo, en futuros juicios indemnizatorios por cambio climático en Chile, los demandantes deberán proporcionar a los tribunales evidencia que demuestre la existencia de un nexo causal directo y necesario entre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero —producidas por una o más personas naturales o jurídicas— y el daño concretamente sufrido por la víctima.

Resumo: A comunidade científica concorda que a emissão de gases de efeito estufa gera aquecimento global e este por sua vez produz mudança climática. A mudança climática está e seguirá causando danos graves, inclusive catastróficos, à saúde das pessoas e ao meio ambiente. Neste contexto, este artigo argumenta que a responsabilidade civil extracontratual pode contribuir nas tarefas de mitigação e adaptação relacionadas com o dano que emana da mudança climática. Sem dúvida, para alcançar este objetivo, em juízos indenizatórios futuros pela mudança climática no Chile, os demandantes deverão proporcionar aos tribunais evidência que demonstre a existência de um nexo causal direto e necessário entre as emissões de gases de efeito estufa - produzidos por uma ou mais pessoas físicas ou jurídicas - e o dano concretamente sofrido pela vítima.

Abstract: The scientific community agrees that the emission of greenhouse gases generates global warming which in turn produces climate change. Climate change is -and will continue- causing serious, even catastrophic harm to the people's health and the environment. In this context, this article argues that tort liability can make a contribution to the mitigation and adaptation efforts related to the harm arising from climate change. In order to achieve this aim in future tort litigation for climate change in Chile, however, the claimants will have to provide courts with evidence showing the existence of a direct and necessary causal link between the emissions of greenhouse gases -produced by one or more natural persons or legal entities- and the harm actually suffered by the victim.

Reservas de carbono del pasto Cenchrus clandestinus (Poaceae) en los sistemas de manejo tradicional y silvopastoril, en diferentes relieves

El aumento de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) derivadas de las actividades humanas, son consideradas el principal responsable del cambio climático actual y el sector ganadero es responsable del 18 % de las emisiones de GEI en CO2 equivalente. El pasto kikuyo puede optimizar tanto la captura como la fijación del carbono. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las existencias de carbono en el pasto kikuyo en sus diferentes compartimentos, biomasa aérea (BA) y biomasa radicular (BR), a 20 y 40 cm de profundidad del suelo, bajo los sistemas tradicional y silvopastoril en diferentes relieves. Se realizaron seis muestreos (M) sucesivos de acuerdo al sistema de pastoreo (tradicional y silvopastoril), la geoforma del terreno (flanco cóncavo (FCC), flanco convexo (FCX), flanco rectilíneo (FR) y relieve plano (RP)). Se muestrearon la biomasa aérea (BA) y de raíces (BR). El método estadístico utilizado fue un diseño en bloques incompletos aleatorizados, se evaluaron dos tratamientos (T) (T1: tradicional y T2: silvopastoril) con cuatro bloques (B) en cada uno (B1: FCC, B2: FCX, B3: FR, B4: RP). El trabajo se realizó entre junio 2016 y junio 2017 en San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia Colombia. Los resultados permitieron determinar que las raíces a 20 cm de profundidad, el colchón muerto y las hojas, fueron los compartimentos con mayores existencias de carbono (4.52, 3.58 y 1.9 ton de C ha-1 respectivamente). Se encontraron diferencias (P < 0.05) entre relieve plano y el relieve rectilíneo para la biomasa de hojas, y entre el relieve plano con los demás relieves evaluados para la variable raíces gruesas a 20 cm de profundidad. La biomasa producida por la planta es directamente proporcional al carbono incorporado. La biomasa radicular, tanto para raíces finas como gruesas, contribuye a capturar en promedio 2 820 y 655 kg ha-1 de carbono a 20 y 40 cm de profundidad respectivamente. El pasto kikuyo contribuye a mantener reservas de carbono en las praderas. Por la alta producción de biomasa radicular, de colchón y la alta capacidad de rebrote en condiciones adversas, se concluye que este pasto juega un papel importante en la disminución de GEI y la conservación de los suelos del trópico alto bajo sistemas de lechería especializada.

The increase of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions derived from human activities are considered the main cause of current climate change and the livestock sector is responsible for 18 % of the GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent. Kikuyu grass can optimize both carbon capture and carbon fixation. The aim of this paper was to identify carbon stocks in the kikuyu grass in its different compartments, above-ground biomass (AB) and below-ground biomass (BB) at 20 and 40 cm soil depth, under the traditional and silvopastoral systems in different reliefs. Six successive samplings (M) were taken according to the grazing system (traditional and silvopastoral system), and the geoform of the terrain (concave flank (CCF), convex flank (CXF), rectilinear flank (RF) and flat relief (FR)). The above-ground biomass and below-ground biomass were sampled. The statistical method used was a design in incomplete randomized blocks, two treatments were evaluated (T) (T1: traditional system and T2: silvopastoral system) with four blocks (B) in each one (B1: CCF, B2: CXF, B3: RF, B4: FR). This experiment was done from June 2016 to June 2017 in San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colombia. The results allowed to determine that the roots at 20 cm depth, the dead creeping stems, and the leaves were the compartments with the highest carbon stocks (4.52, 3.58 and 1.9 ton of C ha-1, respectively). Differences were found (P < 0.05) between flat and rectilinear relief for the biomass of leaves, and between the flat relief with the other reliefs evaluated for the variable thick roots at 20 cm depth. The biomass produced by the plant is directly proportional to the incorporated carbon. The root biomass, both fine and thick roots, contributes to capture on average 2 820 kg and 655 kg of carbon per hectare at of 20 and 40 cm depth respectively. Kikuyu grass contributes to keep carbon reserves in the grasslands. Due to the high production of below-ground biomass and creeping stems, and its high capacity of regrowth under adverse conditions, this grass plays an important role in the reduction of GHG and the conservation of high tropical soils under specialized dairy systems.

Volatilization of ammonia in systems of treatment of swine manure with aquatic macrophytes / Volatilização de amônia em sistemas de tratamento de dejetos de suínos com macrófitas aquáticas

Abstract The usage of aquatic plants represents an alternative in the treatment of residues originating from swine. In these systems, one of the N removal methods is the ammonium (NH4 +) uptake and volatilization of ammonia (NH3). In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the volatilization rates of NH3 in waste treatment systems swine fluids (SSF) with aquatic macrophytes, as well as the concentration of NH 4+ present in the swine fluids. The experiment was carried out at Campus II/UNOESTE. The treatment systems were composed of 16 boxes of PVC and characterized as: T1 = Control sample 50% of SSF/50% of water; T2 = 50% SSF/50% water + Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; T3 = 50% SSF/50% water + Pistia stratiotes L.; T4 = 50% SSF/50% water + Salvinia auriculata Aubl. The design was randomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The hydrogen potential (pH) and the NH4 + content of the effluent were analyzed weekly, and the volatilization of NH 3 by means of collectors installed in each treatment unit. The presence of aquatic macrophytes promoted the reduction of NH4+ concentration and of the pH values ​​of swine fluids, and this resulted in the reduction of NH3 volatilization rates to the environment, with emphasis on the system with Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, which presented the lowest rate of volatilization.

Resumo A utilização de plantas aquáticas representa uma alternativa no tratamento de resíduos oriundos da suinocultura. Nestes sistemas, uma das formas de remoção de nitrogênio (N) é a absorção de amônio (NH4+) pelas plantas, entretanto, também ocorre a volatilização de amônia (NH3). Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as taxas de volatilização de NH3 em sistemas de tratamentos de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) com macrófitas aquáticas, bem como a concentração de NH4+ presente nos dejetos. O experimento foi realizado em área de ambiente aberto no Campus II/UNOESTE. Os sistemas de tratamento foram constituídos de 16 caixas de PVC e caracterizados como: T1 = Testemunha 50% de DLS/50% de água; T2 = 50% de DLS/50% de água + Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; T3 = 50% de DLS/50% de água + Pistia stratiotes L.; T4 = 50% de DLS/50% de água + Salvinia auriculata Aubl. O delineamento adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Foram analisados o potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) e o teor de NH4 + do efluente semanalmente, e a volatilização de NH3 por meio de coletores instalados em cada unidade de tratamento. A presença das macrófitas aquáticas proporcionou a redução da concentração de NH4+ e dos valores de pH dos dejetos líquidos de suínos, e isto resultou na redução das taxas de volatilização de NH 3 ao meio ambiente, com destaque ao sistema com Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, que apresentou a menor taxa de volatilização.

Effects of phosphate, carbonate, and silicate anions on CO2 emission in a typical oxisol from cerrado region / Efeitos dos ânions fosfato, carbonato e silicato na emissão de CO 2 em um latossolo típico da região do cerrado

The effects of agricultural practices on greenhouse gases emissions (e.g. CO2) at the soil-atmosphere interface have been highlighted worldwide. The use of ground limestone has been considered as the main responsible for CO2 emission from soils. However, liming is need as conditioner of acidic soils and the CO2 emission can be compensated due to carbon sequestration by plants. This study simulated under laboratory conditions the effects of two common agricultural practices in Brazil (P-fertilization and liming) on soil CO2 emission. Columns made of PVC tubes containing 1 kg of a typical Dystrophic Red Latosol from Cerrado region were incubated with CaCO3 (simulating liming), CaSiO3 (simulating slag), and different doses of KH2PO4 (simulating P-fertilization). The soil columns were moistened to reach the field capacity (0.30 cm3cm-3) and, during 36 days, CO2 emissions at the soil surface were measured using a portable Licor LI-8100 analyzer coupled to a dynamic chamber. The results showed that CO2 emission was influenced by phosphate, carbonate, and silicate anions. When using CaSiO3, accumulated CO2 emission (36-day period) was 20% lower if compared to the use of CaCO3. The same amount of phosphate and liming (Ca-carbonate or Ca-silicate) added to the soil provided the same amount of CO2 emission. At the same P dose, as Si increased the CO2emission increased. The highest CO2 emission was observed when the soil was amended with the highest phosphate and silicate doses. Based on this experiment, we could oppose the claim that the use of limestone is a major villain for CO2 emission. Also, we have shown that other practices, such as fertilization using P + CaSiO3, contributed to a higher CO2 emission. Indeed, it is important to emphasize that the best practices of soil fertility management will undoubtedly contribute to the growth of crops and carbon sequestration.

Os efeitos das práticas agrícolas nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa (e.g., CO2) na interface solo-atmosfera têm sido destacados em todo o mundo. O uso de calcário tem sido considerado oprincipal responsável pela emissão de CO2 em solos. Entretanto, a calagem é necessária como condicionador de solos ácidos e a emissão de CO2 pode ser compensada devido ao sequestro de carbono pelas plantas. Este estudo simulou, em condições de laboratório, os efeitos de duas práticas agrícolas comuns no Brasil (adubação fosfatada e calagem) na emissão de CO2 do solo. Colunas de tubos de PVC, contendo 1 kg de amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico da região de Cerrado, foram incubadas com CaCO3 (simulando calagem), CaSiO3 (simulando escória) e diferentes doses de KH2PO4 (simulando fertilização com P). As colunas de soloforam umedecidas para atingir a capacidade de campo (0,30 cm3 cm-3) e, durante 36 dias, as emissões de CO2na superfície do solo foram medidas usando um analisador portátil Licor LI-8100 acoplado a uma câmara dinâmica. Os resultados mostraram que a emissão de CO2 foi influenciada pelos ânions fosfato, carbonato esilicato. Ao usar CaSiO3, a emissão de CO2 acumulada (período de 36 dias) foi 20% menor se comparado ao uso de CaCO3. A mesma quantidade de fosfato e calcário (Ca-carbonato ou Ca-silicato) adicionado ao solo proporcionou a mesma quantidade de emissão de CO2. Na mesma dose de P, o Si aumentou a emissão de CO2. A maior emissão de CO2 foi observada quando o solo foi alterado com as maiores doses de fosfato e silicato. Com base neste experimento, nega-se que o uso de calcário em solos é um grande vilão para a emissão de CO2. Além disso, foi mostrado que outras práticas, como a fertilização usando P + CaSiO3, contribuíram para uma maior emissão de CO2. Assim, é importante enfatizar que práticas adequadas de manejo da fertilidade do solo, sem dúvida, contribuirão para o crescimento das culturas e o sequestro de carbono.

Cálculo de emissões de CO2 provenientes da mudança do uso da terra para produção de soja no estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Calculation of CO2 emission derived from land-use change from soybean production at Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

RESUMO Atualmente um dos impactos ambientais de maior preocupação, as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) influenciam as tomadas de decisão provenientes tanto do setor privado como do governamental. Nessa preocupação, encontra-se o processo de crescimento da produção de biodiesel de soja que ocorre no Brasil, e no Rio Grande do Sul, um dos principais produtores dessa matéria-prima. Baseado nisso, a quantificação das emissões de GEE da cultura da soja e seus prováveis impactos passam pela realização de um inventário que contemple a aproximação maior para a realidade dessa região. Assim, neste trabalho, as emissões de GEE provenientes da mudança do uso da terra (MUT) para produção de soja foram investigadas considerando dados históricos de 20 anos da produção da cultura no Rio Grande do Sul (entre 1992 e 2013). Nesta pesquisa, verificou-se o crescimento da cultura predominantemente sobre lavouras temporárias, o que repercute em uma quantificação diferente do que é apresentada nos inventários atuais, em que é apresentado um avanço da soja sobre florestas. Neste caso, o trabalho em questão verificou que, conforme metodologia do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima (IPCC), a MUT ocorreu somente em 15,4% da área em que a soja avançou. Não menos importante, o trabalho sugere discussões futuras para metodologias que contemplem o avanço da soja sobre áreas de várzea, conforme evidenciado neste estudo.

ABSTRACT One of the environmental impacts that presents great concern nowadays, the green-house gases (GHG) emissions affect decision-making from both government and private sector. Within this concern is the soybean biodiesel production growing that takes place in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul State, this last one of main producers of soybean. Based on this, GHG emissions accounting from soybean cultivation and their potential environmental impacts depend on an inventory performing that presents a reality as close as possible in relation to Rio Grande do Sul State. Thus, this work aimed to trace how the soybean cultivation has developed for 20 years at Rio Grande do Sul State (between 1992 and 2013). During this research, a soybean growing, mainly on temporary croplands, that results in a different accounting in relation to current inventories that show soybean cultivation moving forward on forests areas was found. In this case, it was verified that this work, following The Intergovernmntal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology, the land use change (LUC) occurred in only 15.4% of the area, where soybean cultivation moved forward for 20 years. Finally, this work suggests future discussion for methodologies that encompass soybean cultivation advanced over wetland areas according to what is pointed out in this study.

Estado da arte dos aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos que aproveitam o biogás para geração de energia elétrica e biometano no Brasil / State of art of landfills that use biogas for the generation of electrical energy and biomethane in Brazil

RESUMO O aproveitamento do biogás gerado a partir da decomposição da matéria orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), além de ser uma fonte renovável de energia, também contribui com a redução do lançamento de metano e do dióxido de carbono (CO2) na atmosfera, que são importantes gases de efeito estufa (GEE). No entanto, o biogás é pouco explorado no país e seu potencial continua sendo controverso, principalmente devido às diferentes metodologias de avaliação adotadas. A pesquisa realizada mostra que, entre 2004 e 2015, foram implantadas nos aterros de resíduos do País somente 9 usinas termelétricas, que juntas geram 86,3 MW de energia elétrica, e duas usinas que produzem biometano. Considerando as estimativas existentes, o Brasil explora somente de 7 a 20% do biogás produzido nos aterros de resíduos para fins energéticos.

ABSTRACT The use of biogas generated by the decomposition of organic matter from urban solid waste, besides being a renewable source of energy, also contributes to the reduction of the methane and carbon dioxide's release into the atmosphere, which are significant greenhouse effect gases (GHG). However, biogas is little explored in the country and its potential remains controversial, mainly due to the different adopted methodologies of evaluation. This research shows that, between 2004 and 2015, only nine thermoelectric plants were implanted in waste landfills in the country, which together generated 86.3MW of electricity and two plants that produced biomethane. Considering the existing estimates, Brazil exploits only 7 to 20% of the biogas produced in landfills for energy purposes.

Emissão de gases do efeito estufa de um aterro sanitário no Rio de Janeiro / Greenhouse gases emissions from a landfill in Rio de Janeiro

RESUMO A emissão de metano (CH4) e dióxido de carbono (CO2) em aterros sanitários representa uma das mais importantes fontes de gases de efeito estufa em regiões metropolitanas. O presente trabalho quantificou a taxa de emissão de gases do efeito estufa (GEEs) pela camada de cobertura intermediária do aterro sanitário de Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, assim como a concentração desses gases na atmosfera acima das células do aterro. Um total de 21 amostras na camada de cobertura e 31 na atmosfera acima do aterro foi coletado. Foram utilizadas duas câmaras de fluxo de 0,66 m2 de área e 33,2 L de volume, e amostras foram retiradas com seringas de polipropileno de 60 mL em intervalos de 5 minutos, durante 15 minutos. As amostras foram coletadas em locais com e sem fissura na camada de cobertura intermediária. A análise das amostras foi feita por cromatografia de fase gasosa, por múltiplos detectores. As taxas de emissão dos GEEs observadas variaram entre 0,1 e 575,0 g m-2 dia-1 para CH4 e entre 0,1 e 316,0 g m-2 dia-1 para CO2. As concentrações no ar ambiente variaram entre 3,5 e 150,0 ppm e entre 333 e 655 ppm, para CH4 e CO2, respectivamente. As maiores emissões foram constatadas nos pontos que continham as maiores fissuras no momento da coleta.

ABSTRACT The emission of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from landfills is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gases in metropolitan areas. This study quantified the emission rate of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by the intermediate cover layer of Seropédica landfill, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere above the landfill cells. A total of 21 samples from the cover layer and 31 samples from the atmosphere above the landfill was collected. Two flow chambers with 0.66 m2 and 33.2 L were used, and the samples were collected with 60 mL polypropylene syringes at five-minute intervals, for 15 minutes. The samples were collected in areas with and without cracks in the intermediate cover layer. Sample analysis was performed by gas chromatography, by multiple detectors. GHGs emission rates varied from 0.1 to 575.0 g m-2 day-1 for CH4 and 0.1 to 316.0 g m-2 day-1 for CO2. The ambient air concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 150.0 ppm and 333 to 655 ppm for CH4 and CO2, respectively. Higher emissions were found in areas containing the larger cracks at the time of collection.

Green conversion of municipal solid wastes into fuels and chemicals

Presently, the society is facing a serious challenge for the effective management of the increasing amount of produced municipal solid wastes. The accumulated waste has caused a series of environmental problems such as uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases. Moreover, the increasing amount of wastes has resulted in a shortage of areas available for waste disposal, resulting in a nonsustainable waste management. These problems led to serious public concerns, which in turn resulted in political actions aiming to reduce the amount of wastes reaching the environment. These actions aim to promote sustainable waste management solutions. The main objective of these policies is to promote the recycling of municipal solid waste and the conversion of waste to energy and valuable chemicals. These conversions can be performed using either biological (e.g., anaerobic digestion) or thermochemical processes (e.g., pyrolysis). Research efforts during the last years have been fruitful, and many publications demonstrated the effective conversation of municipal solid waste to energy and chemicals. These processes are discussed in the current review article together with the change of the waste policy that was implemented in the EU during the last years.

Life cycle assessment as a tool to evaluate the impact of reducing crude protein in pig diets / Análise do ciclo de vida como ferramenta para avaliar o impacto da redução do conteúdo de proteína bruta da dieta de suínos

ABSTRACT: Environmental impacts of livestock systems, especially pig production, have come under increasing debate in recent years. The challenge is in meeting the growing demand for food at an affordable cost, without compromising environmental integrity. Previous studies have shown that feed production is responsible for the majority of CO2-eq. emission resulting from pig farming systems. This seems to indicate that feed strategies could be an effective tool to achieve the sustainability of the pork chain. Therefore, dietary crude protein reduction, through the addition of industrial amino acids, lessens the nitrogen excretion by pigs and, consequently, could mitigate the effects on the environment of pig production. In this sense, to effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of pig production systems, life cycle assessment has been widely used in agriculture, but the effects of feed are still understudied in Brazilian conditions. Owing to the importance and the great concern in this research area, we presented in this paper an updated review focusing on the nutritional techniques and their potential to reduce the global warming potential of pig production, considering both the direct effects, related to the choice of feed ingredients and the indirect effects, related to changes in the efficiency of use of nutrient by the animals.

RESUMO: O impacto ambiental da produção animal, especialmente da suinocultura, vêm sendo objeto de crescente debate nos últimos anos. O desafio é atender a crescente demanda por alimentos a um custo acessível, mas sem comprometer a integridade ambiental. Estudos vêm demonstrando que a produçao de rações é responsável pela maior parte das emissões de CO2-eq. do sistema de produção de suínos. Isso parece indicar que estratégias de alimentação podem ser ferramentas eficientes para alcançar a sustentabilidade da cadeia suinícola. Dessa forma, a redução do conteúdo de proteína bruta da dieta através da inclusão de aminoácidos industriais, leva à diminuição da excreção de nitrogênio em suínos e, consequentemente, pode mitigar o impacto ambiental do sistema de produção de suínos. Neste sentido, para avaliação efetiva do impacto ambiental do sistema produtivo, a análise do ciclo de vida vem sendo amplamente utilizada na agricultura, mas os efeitos da alimentação ainda são pouco estudados nas condições brasileiras. Devido a importância e a grande preocupação nesta área de pesquisa, este artigo trás uma revisão atualizada com foco nas técnicas de nutrição e principalmente no seu potencial em reduzir o potencial de aquecimento global da produção de suínos, considerando ambos os efeitos diretos, relacionados à escolha dos ingredientes da ração, e os efeitos indiretos, relacionados às mudanças na eficiência de uso de nutrientes pelos animais.

Volatilization of ammonia in systems of treatment of swine manure with aquatic macrophytes

Abstract The usage of aquatic plants represents an alternative in the treatment of residues originating from swine. In these systems, one of the N removal methods is the ammonium (NH4 +) uptake and volatilization of ammonia (NH3). In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the volatilization rates of NH3 in waste treatment systems swine fluids (SSF) with aquatic macrophytes, as well as the concentration of NH 4+ present in the swine fluids. The experiment was carried out at Campus II/UNOESTE. The treatment systems were composed of 16 boxes of PVC and characterized as: T1 = Control sample 50% of SSF/50% of water; T2 = 50% SSF/50% water + Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; T3 = 50% SSF/50% water + Pistia stratiotes L.; T4 = 50% SSF/50% water + Salvinia auriculata Aubl. The design was randomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The hydrogen potential (pH) and the NH4 + content of the effluent were analyzed weekly, and the volatilization of NH 3 by means of collectors installed in each treatment unit. The presence of aquatic macrophytes promoted the reduction of NH4+ concentration and of the pH values of swine fluids, and this resulted in the reduction of NH3 volatilization rates to the environment, with emphasis on the system with Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, which presented the lowest rate of volatilization.

Resumo A utilização de plantas aquáticas representa uma alternativa no tratamento de resíduos oriundos da suinocultura. Nestes sistemas, uma das formas de remoção de nitrogênio (N) é a absorção de amônio (NH4+) pelas plantas, entretanto, também ocorre a volatilização de amônia (NH3). Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as taxas de volatilização de NH3 em sistemas de tratamentos de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) com macrófitas aquáticas, bem como a concentração de NH4+ presente nos dejetos. O experimento foi realizado em área de ambiente aberto no Campus II/UNOESTE. Os sistemas de tratamento foram constituídos de 16 caixas de PVC e caracterizados como: T1 = Testemunha 50% de DLS/50% de água; T2 = 50% de DLS/50% de água + Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; T3 = 50% de DLS/50% de água + Pistia stratiotes L.; T4 = 50% de DLS/50% de água + Salvinia auriculata Aubl. O delineamento adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Foram analisados o potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) e o teor de NH4 + do efluente semanalmente, e a volatilização de NH3 por meio de coletores instalados em cada unidade de tratamento. A presença das macrófitas aquáticas proporcionou a redução da concentração de NH4+ e dos valores de pH dos dejetos líquidos de suínos, e isto resultou na redução das taxas de volatilização de NH 3 ao meio ambiente, com destaque ao sistema com Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, que apresentou a menor taxa de volatilização.

Fijación de carbono atmosférico en la biomasa total de sistemas de producción de cacao en el departamento del tolima, colombia

Los sistemas de uso del suelo con leñosas perennes, como cacaotales, mitigan el cambio climático, al capturar CO2 atmosférico. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la fijación de carbono en biomasa total en los sistemas de producción de cacao, dominantes del Tolima, Colombia. El estudio, se realizó en Rovira y Falan, empleando un diseño experimental, completamente al azar, con seis sistemas de producción de cacao: monocultivo, sistema agroforestal (SAF) con maderables, SAF con aguacate, SAF con cítricos, SAF con frutales, y SAF con maderables y frutales y tres repeticiones. Se establecieron dos parcelas de muestreo rectangulares, de 1.000m² por unidad de muestreo, donde se identificaron y midieron los árboles con dap ≥ 10cm (diámetro del tronco a la altura del pecho -dap- y altura total -ht). Se establecieron dos sub-parcelas de 256m², por parcela principal, para medir arbustos de cacao: ht y diámetro del tronco, a 30 cm de altura (D30). Se emplearon modelos alométricos, para estimar la biomasa. El SAF con maderables y frutales y SAF con frutales presentaron la mayor biomasa total (122,0 y 72,5t/ ha). En el SAF con maderables y frutales, se evidenció el mayor almacenamiento de carbono, con 61,0t C/ha, mientras que la mayor tasa de fijación de carbono fue de 17,7t/ha/ año, para el SAF con cítricos. Los resultados sugieren que la producción de cacao, que incluyen otras especies vegetales, diversifica la producción e incrementa la seguridad alimentaria y la generación de servicios ambientales, tal como la captura de carbono atmosférico.

The land use systems with woody perennials species, such as cacao plantations, mitigate climate change by capturing atmospheric CO2. The aim of the study was to estimate the fixation of atmospheric carbon in total biomass in the most dominant cocoa production systems in Tolima, Colombia. The study was carried out in Rovira and Falan using a completely randomized experimental design with six cocoa production systems: monoculture, agroforestry system (SAF) with timber trees, SAF with avocado, SAF with citrus species, SAF with fruit trees and SAF with timber and fruit species with three replications. Two rectangular sampling plots 1000m² were established by sampling unit where trees with diameter of trunk at breast height (dbh) ≥ 10cm were identified and measured (dbh and total height - th). Two subplots of 256 m² by main plot, for measuring cocoa bushes were established: ht and trunk diameter at 30cm height (D30). Allometric models to estimate biomass were used. The AFS with timber and fruit species and AFS with fruit species had the greatest biomass (122.0 and 72.5t/ha). In the AFS with timber and fruit species presented the highest carbon storage in biomass with 61.0t C/ha; whereas the greatest carbon fixation rate was 17.7 t/ha/year in AFS with citrus species. The results suggest that cocoa plantations that include other plant species diversify the production and increase food security and generation of environmental services, such as capturing atmospheric carbon.

Assessment of Leachate Pollution Index and Greenhouse Gas Emission at MSW Dumpsites along Ganga River at Varanasi, India.

Recent scientific attention has shown serious concern towards municipal solid wastes (MSW) as a source of greenhouse gases and concentrated leachate. We studied the leachate pollution index (LPI) and emission fluxes of two greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) at two municipal solid waste dumpsites situated along the Ganga River at Varanasi (India). The LPI is a quantitative tool by which the leachate pollution data of dumping sites can be reported uniformly. Concentration of nutrient ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NO3 -, Cl-, PO4 3- ) and heavy metals (Cd2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ ,Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+ ) in leachate varied with season with values being highest in rainy season. Total dissolved solids, conductivity and salinity in leachate showed a similar trend. Leachate pollution index was found to be 87.19 and 82.56 at KZP and BPS sites respectively. The LPI was much higher than the permissible limit at both the sites indicating high contamination potential for surface and ground water and risk to human health. Among all the study metals, Pb was found in abundance at Site 1. The emission flux of CH4 ranged from 10.73 to 96.74 mg m-2 h-1 and that of CO2 from 17.28 to 321.89 mg m-2 h-1. Emission flux of both the greenhouse gases increased with rising moisture and temperature. The rates were higher at young landfill site and between-site differences in the emission of CH4 and CO2 were significant. The study has relevance establishing landfill associated contamination to Ganga River and reducing uncertainties in greenhouse gas emission estimates in India.