Evidencias complementarias de validez de la Escala Grit-S y adaptación de la Escala para medir la agencia y el empoderamiento en Colombia

Introducción: el constructo grit predice el desempeño en distintos dominios; aunque con resultados variables en la estructura de las pruebas. El objetivo de la investigación es aportar evidencias de validez de la Grit-S, a través de la confirmación de la estructura y la convergencia con la Escala para Medir Agencia Personal y Empoderamiento. Método: en primer lugar, estudiantes universitarios (n = 313) de modalidad virtual respondieron la prueba Grit-S y se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio de la prueba. A continuación, se evaluó la convergencia con la Escala para Medir Agencia Personal y Empoderamiento. Resultados: Los hallazgos sugieren mantener la estructura bifactorial de Grit-S. Por otra parte, se adaptó la escala de agencia y empoderamiento a través de un análisis factorial exploratorio, con una estructura de cuatro factores que explican el 44.6 % de la varianza. A su vez, la correlación de las subdimensiones de Grit-S y la escala de agencia y empoderamiento son positivas. Conclusiones: La prueba Grit-S es válida y sensible a dimensiones de funcionamiento individual, por la convergencia con las subdime0nsiones de agencia y la baja relación con el empoderamiento social.

Introduction: Grit is a construct that can predict performance in different domains. This research aims to provide evidence about the validity of the Grit-S Scale through a factorial structure confirmatory analysis and a convergence study with the Scale to Measure Personal Agency and Empowerment. Method: Firstly, university students from virtual learning programs (n = 313) answered the Grit-S Scale, and a confirmatory analysis was performed. Afterwards, the Scale to measure personal agency and empowerment was used to evaluate the convergence validity of the Grit-S Scale. Results: Findings confirm that the Grit-S scale has a bifactorial structure. On the other hand, the ESAGE Scale was adapted using an Exploratory Factorial Analysis, with four factors that explain 44.6% of the variance. Correlations between Grit-S subdimensions and the ESAGE Scale are positive and statistically significant. Conclusions: The Grit-S scale accurately measures Grit. Besides, it is possible to confirm the relationship between Grit and personality traits considering its convergence with the agency dimension in the Scale to measure personal agency and the low relationship with the social empowerment dimension.

Validación de la estructura psicométrica de las escalas Grit-O y Grit-S en el contexto colombiano y su relación con el éxito académico / Validation of the psychometric structure of the Grit-O and Grit-S scales in the Colombian context, and its relation with academic success

Resumen Dentro de los constructos que se han estudiado en los últimos años como predictores del desempeño académico se encuentra el factor grit. En la presente investigación se realizaron dos estudios con el objetivo de adaptar y validar la escala Grit-O a un contexto colombiano, así como determinar la validez de criterio de la escala Grit-S por medio del desempeño académico en estudiantes universitarios. En el primer estudio (n = 500) se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio a través de un método de extracción de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados y un análisis factorial confirmatorio a través de un método de extracción de máxima verosimilitud. Los análisis arrojaron adecuados índices de validez y confiabilidad para las dos escalas (Grit-O y Grit-S) -siendo Grit-S la que presentó mejores índices de ajuste-, y la distribución de ítems por factor de la escala coincidió con la validación original. Sin embargo, los dos factores -perseverancia en el esfuerzo y consistencia en el interés- no se agruparon bajo el constructo grit. En el segundo estudio (n = 89) se observó la relación existente entre la puntuación obtenida en la escala Grit-S y diferentes indicadores de desempeño académico -promedio, número de materias perdidas, entre otros-. Para esto, se realizó un análisis de correlación y de regresión lineal múltiple, tras lo cual se encontraron correlaciones moderadas entre el puntaje total de la escala Grit-S y sus dos componentes con las medidas de desempeño académico. En el análisis de regresión se encontró que el puntaje total de la escala es mejor predictor del desempeño académico (.016**) que el puntaje de cada uno de los componentes de la escala por separado. Al final, en la discusión se comparan los hallazgos con validaciones realizadas en otros países y se dan algunas recomendaciones respecto al uso de la escala.

Abstract One of the constructs that have been studied in recent years as predictors of academic performance is the grit factor. In the present research, two studies were conducted with the aim of adapting and validating the Grit-O scale to a Colombian context, as well as determining the Grit-S scale's criterion validity by means of academic performance in university students. In the first study (n=500), an exploratory factor analysis was performed using an Unweighted Least Squares Extraction Method and a confirmatory factor analysis through a maximum likelihood extraction method. The analysis yielded adequate validity and reliability indexes for the two scales (Grit-O and Grit-S) -Grit- S being the one with the best fit indexes-, and the distribution of items per scale factor coincided with the original validation. However, the two factors (perseverance of effort and consistency of interest) were not grouped under the grit construct. In the second study (n=89), the relationship between the score obtained on the Grit-S scale and different academic performance indicators (grade point average, number of failed subjects, among others) was observed. For this purpose, a correlation and multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Findings show moderate correlations between the Grit-S scale total score and its two components, with the measures of academic performance. In the regression analysis, the total score was found to be a better predictor of academic performance (0.016 **) than the score of each of the scale components separately. Finally, the discussion compares the findings with validations carried out in other countries and gives some recommendations regarding the use of the grit scale.

Transforming Fragile Perfects into Dynamic Perfects to tide over the 2020 Pandemic Crises

@#Today the world is facing challenges because of the pandemic crises and the medical students are not exempted. It is time to build the paragons of grit in our students which is one of the character strengths that is vital to keep the students in the game. In addition to academic excellence we need to inculcate these other capabilities like grit to produce resilient doctors. Our future doctors need to be “dynamic perfects” as opposed to “fragile perfects”.

Development and Validation of the Clinical Nurses Grit Scale (CN-GRIT) / 간호행정학회지

The influence of different surface treatment protocols and bonding agents on the repair microtensile bond strength of six-month' aged composite: An in vitro study / A influência de diferentes protocolos de tratamento de superfície e agentes de união na resistência de união à microtração de reparo de compósito envelhecido por seis meses: um estudo in vitro

Objective: To compare the effect of three surface treatment protocols and two intermediate agents on repairing aged composite, regarding microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and mode of fracture, at two time intervals. Material and methods: Six-monthaged microhybrid composite blocks, were randomly distributed into three groups, subjected to; Fine, Super Fine grit diamond burs or Erbium- Yag Laser surface treatment. Each block had both One Coat bond SL (Bond) and Brilliant Flow flowable composite (Flow) intermediate agents, alongside. Blocks were incrementally repaired using nanohybrid composite, cut into beams, then randomly subjected either immediately (IM) to µTBS test or after thermocycling (TC) for 5000 cycle. Mode of failure was determined using stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed through three-way ANOVA followed by pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction. Kruskal Wallis test compared groups for failure mode analysis (α=0.05) Results: Super Fine grit showed the highest mean µTBScompared to control for both intermediate agents, IM and after TC at P<0.05. No difference between Fine grit and Laser application for all groups (P>0.05). IM, Bond showed the highest µTBS compared to TC, Flow for all tested groups. Beams roughened with Fine and Super Fine burs showed significantly lower adhesive failures than those roughened with Laser. Flow suffers significantly higher adhesive failure than those with Bond. For TC tested groups; beams with Super Fine bur and Bond showed significantly lower adhesive failure at P=0.029. Conclusion: Super Fine grit and Bond provide the highest µTBS and the least adhesive failure; moreover TC resulted in significant decrease in µTBS (AU)

Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de três protocolos de tratamento de superfície e dois agentes intermediários no reparo de compósito envelhecido, quanto à resistência à microtração (µTBS) e modo de fratura, em dois intervalos de tempo. Material e métodos: Blocos de compósito microhíbrido envelhecidos por seis meses, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos, submetidos a; Pontas diamantadas de granulação Fina, Superfina ou tratamento de superfície com laser de Erbio-Yag. Cada bloco tinha ambos os agentes intermediários One Coat bond SL (Adesivo) ao lado de Brilliant Flow (Resina Fluida). Os blocos foram reparados de forma incremental usando compósito nanohíbrido, cortados em palitose, em seguida, submetidos aleatoriamente imediatamente (IM) ao teste de µTBS ou após termociclagem (TC) por 5000 ciclos. O modo de falha foi determinado usando estereomicroscópio. Os dados foram analisados por meio de ANOVA de três fatores, seguida de comparação pareada com correção de Bonferroni. O teste de Kruskal Wallis comparou os grupos para análise do modo de falha (α = 0,05). Resultados: a granulação Super fina apresentou a maior média de µTBS em comparação com o controle para ambos os agentes intermediários, IM e após TC (P <0,05). Não houve diferença entre granulação fina e aplicação de laser para todos os grupos (P> 0,05). IM, Adesivo apresentou a µTBS mais alta em comparação com TC, Resina Fluida para todos os grupos testados. Os palitos asperizados com pontas de granulações Fina e Superfina apresentaram falhas adesivas significativamente menores do que as asperizadas com Laser. Resina Fluida sofreu falhas adesivas significativamente maiores do que aquelas com Adesivo. Para grupos testados TC; palitos tratados com ponta Superfina e Adesivo apresentaram falha adesiva significativamente menor com P = 0,029. Conclusão: a granulação Superfina e o Adesivo fornecem a maior µTBS e o mínimo de falha adesiva; além disso, o TC resultou em uma diminuição significativa da µTBS. (AU)

Validation of the Grit Scale and the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) in the Mexican context / Validación de la escala Grit y del Cuestionario de Autorregulación del Tratamiento (TSRQ) al contexto mexicano

Abstract The lack of valid tools to measure variables related to healthy behaviors in Mexico has led the authors to adapt and validate the Grit Scale and the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) for diet into Mexican Spanish, and explore the relationship between grit and types of motivation towards healthy eating as evidence of validity. The Grit Scale and the TSRQ in Spanish were put to 353 adults from the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The Grit Scale was composed of 12 items distributed into two factors (consistency of interest and perseverance of effort), and the TSRQ for diet was composed of 15 items distributed into three factors (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and amotivation). Results showed acceptable fit indices for the long and short versions of the Grit Scale, confirming its two-factor structure. In addition, acceptable fit indices were found for the TSRQ for diet, indicating the presence of three latent factors. Significant and positive relationships were found between grit and autonomous motivation, and negative relationships with controlled and amotivation. The analyses carried out indicated that the instruments administrated are valid and reliable tools for use in Mexico.

Resumen La ausencia de instrumentos válidos para medir variables relacionadas con las conductas saludables en México, nos lleva al objetivo de adaptar y validar al idioma español hablado en México la escala Grit y el cuestionario de autorregulación del tratamiento (TSRQ) de la dieta, y explorar la relación entre el Grit y la motivación hacia la alimentación saludable como evidencia de validez. 353 adultos del estado de Nuevo León respondieron a la escala Grit adaptada al español conformada por 12 ítems distribuidos en dos factores (consistencia del interés y perseverancia del esfuerzo) y al TSRQ adaptada al español compuesto por 15 ítems en tres factores (motivación autónoma, motivación controlada y no motivación). Los resultados mostraron índices de ajuste aceptables para la versión larga y corta de la escala Grit confirmando su estructura bifactorial. Además, se encontraron índices de ajuste aceptables para el TSRQ de la dieta indicando la presencia de tres factores latentes. Se observaron relaciones significativas y positivas entre el Grit y la motivación autónoma, y de manera negativa con la motivación controlada y no motivación. Los análisis realizados indican que los instrumentos administrados son herramientas válidas y confiables para ser utilizadas en México.

The Influence of Grit on Turnover Intention of University Hospital Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Job Involvement / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to confirm the mediating effect of job involvement in the relationship between grit and turnover intention among nurses working at university hospitals. METHODS: Participants included 437 nurses from university hospitals located in C city, Gyeongnam. Data were collected from January 8 to 19, 2018, using self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression, with the SPSS/22.0 program. A mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny, and bootstrapping methods. RESULTS: There were significant relationships between grit and job involvement (r=.40, p<.001), grit and turnover intention (r=−.29, p<.001), and turnover intention and job involvement (r=−.52, p<.001). Job involvement showed partial mediating effects in the relationship between grit and turnover intention. CONCLUSION: Grit increased job involvement and lowered turnover intention. Therefore, to reduce nurses' turnover intention, it is necessary to develop a program and strategies to increase their grit.

The Impact of Grit on University Student's Core Competency in Dental Hygiene Students / 치위생과학회지

BACKGROUND: Recently, competency-based education has been reorganized in the dental hygiene curriculum. In education, non-cognitive factors are emphasized. Grit, the non-cognitive ability to persevere to achieve an individual’s long-term goals, is emerging. This study aims to identify the degree of grit and core competencies in students and to investigate the relationship between them and the factors that affect these core competencies. METHODS: This study was conducted using 350 dental hygiene students who were randomly assigned a structured questionnaire to complete. The final analysis included 321 students. The survey contents evaluated grit, core competencies, and general characteristics. The difference in the degree of grit and core competencies in conjunction with the general characteristics of the subjects was analyzed using the t-test/Mann Whitney U-test and the ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis H test. Multiple regression analysis was then conducted to determine the factors affecting the core competencies of the subjects. RESULTS: The difference of ‘grit’ according to general characteristics was statistically significant in ‘major satisfaction’, ‘relationship’, ‘perceived academic achievement’, ‘grade point average (GPA)’. The difference in ‘core competency’ according to general characteristics was statistically significant in ‘grade’, ‘department selection’, ‘major satisfaction’, ‘relationship’, ‘perceived academic achievement’, ‘GPA’. Among the sub-areas of ‘grit’, ‘perseverance of effort’ showed a high correlation with ‘core competency’ and was statistically significant. As a result of regression analysis, ‘major satisfaction’, ‘perceived academic achievement’ and ‘grit’ of dental hygiene students had a statistically significant influence on ‘core competency’. Meanwhile, ‘GPA’ was not seen to be statistically significant in ‘core competency’. CONCLUSION: Grit, a non-cognitive factor, had a statistically significant effect on core competency, while the effects on GPA, a cognitive factor, were not statistically significant. Among the sub-factors of grit, ‘perseverance of effort’ had a statistically significant effect on ‘problem-solving competency’ and ‘academic competency’, which are ‘core competency’ sub factors.

Tenacidad en estudiantes universitarios chilenos: Un estudio inicial de su estructura y red nomológica / Grit in Chilean university students: An initial study of its structure and nomological network

En los últimos años ha surgido un creciente interés por indagar el rol de las habilidades no cognitivas, como la tenacidad, en el desempeño académico. Si bien la investigación sobre tenacidad no ha generado aún conclusiones definitivas, debe considerarse que ella no ha incluido a poblaciones latinoamericanas. Ante este panorama, este estudio inicial se propuso examinar en estudiantes universitarios chilenos de pedagogía en matemáticas: (1) la estructura interna de la tenacidad y (2) su posición en una red nomológica integrada por desempeño académico, sexo, edad y años en el programa educativo. Un total de 153 estudiantes de la Universidad de La Frontera, una institución estatal chilena, respondió la Escala Corta de Tenacidad y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Análisis factoriales exploratorios revelaron que la tenacidad adquiere una configuración unidimensional que posee una adecuada consistencia interna. Además, adoptando una relación no lineal semejante a una curva hiperbólica, niveles altos de tenacidad se vincularon con desempeño académico alto, en tanto que niveles bajos o moderados se vincularon con desempeño bajo. Finalmente, la tenacidad apareció asociada con sexo (las mujeres mostraron más tenacidad que los hombres) y, en una relación directa, con los años en el programa. Tenacidad no correlacionó significativamente con edad. Este conjunto de hallazgos, que discrepan mayormente de aquellos reportados en la literatura, son discutidos principalmente en términos del dominio disciplinar previo de los participantes y/o de la dificultad del programa educativo. Se proponen explicaciones para estos hallazgos a fin de que sean evaluadas en estudios futuros, empleando un enfoque confirmatorio.

Traditionally, academic performance has been linked to intelligence and some other student´s cognitive abilities. However, in recent 4 years we have witnessed a growing interest in expanding this view by investigating the role that other non-cognitive skills, such as tenacity, may play in academic achievement. Grit can conceptually be conceived as perseverance and passion aimed at achieving long-term goals. A review of the literature shows that grit does not appear to be configured, as some authors claim, as a hierarchical structure with a general second-order construct and two first-order facets (perseverance of effort and consistency of interest). The literature also points out that grit is only a modest predictor of academic performance and that it presents a slightly positive correlation with age and a very weak one with sex and the students' number of years in an academic program. While research on grit has not yet generated any definitive conclusions, it must be considered that it has not included Latin American populations. Given this scenario, this initial study aimed to examine in mathematics teacher Chilean students (1) the internal structure of grit and (2) their position in a nomological network integrated by academic achievement, sex, age and years enrolled in the program. Participants consisted in the total population (n = 153) of students enrolled in a mathematics teacher program at Universidad de La Frontera, a public institution located in the Central-South area from Chile. The program was selected because it presents a high level of difficulty to its students and because it includes highly formalized tasks, as part of its disciplinary courses. Participants responded the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and a demographic questionnaire. In this study, Grit-Swas previously translated and adapted into Spanish from the original English version. Grit-Scontains eight items intended to measure the two facets of grit. Exploratory factorial analysis revealed that, after excluding two items due to low factor loadings (items No. 1 and 2), grit presented a one-dimensional configuration, with an adequate internal consistency (ordinal Alpha: .80). A positive linear correlation, although marginally significant, was obtained between grit and academic achievement, r(143)= .12, p =.069, d = .24. However, a planned contrast revealed that a nonlinear relationship, similar to a hyperbolic curve, better explains the link between these two variables. Specifically, this analysis showed that students in the upper grit quintile obtained a significantly higher grade point average than the combined grade point average of the remaining grit quintiles, t(138) =1.87, p = .032, d = .32. This result suggests that academic achievement remains reduced when grit level is low or moderate and only increases when grit level is high. A multiple regression analysis indicated that sex, age and number of years in the program account for 12.6% of grit variance, F(3, 149) = 7.15, p < .001, d = .76. Sex significantly contributed to the prediction (β =.198, p = .011, d = .38) with women, (M = 3.77,dt = .61) reporting higher levels of grit than men (M = 3.53, dt = .69). Whereas age did not significantly contribute to the prediction (β =.102, p = .206), the number of years in the program showed a significant direct association with grit (β = .261, p = .001, d = .60. Due to the originality of these findings, most differing from those reported in the literature, this study offers tentative explanations that future research could use to formulate and empirically test new hypotheses using, hopefully, a confirmatory approach. These possible explanations mainly refer to the participants' previous level of mathematic mastery and/or the level of difficulty demanded by the educational program.

Evaluation of the stability of sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched implants with tapered straight body design

PURPOSE: Implant surface modification and implant design are the principle targets for achieving successful primary stability. The aim of this study was to measure implant stability quotient (ISQ) values of sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) implants with tapered straight body design during the healing period, and to determine the various factors affecting implant stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To measure implant stability, resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed in 26 patients (13 women and 13 men) with 44 SLA implants with tapered straight body design. Implant stability (ISQ values) was evaluated at baseline and healing abutment connection (12 weeks), and the correlations between RFA and insertion torque (IT), bone quality, and jawbone were determined. RESULTS: The mean ISQ value of the implants was 69.4 ± 10.2 at the time of implant placement (baseline) and 81.4 ± 6.9 at the time of healing abutment connection (P 0.05). CONCLUSION: ISQ values of SLA implants with tapered straight body design were high at baseline and healing abutment connection. It was concluded that SLA implants with tapered straight body design show improved primary and secondary stability, and that immediate or early loading may be applicable.

Comparison of removal torques between laser-etched and modified sandblasted acid-etched Ti implant surfaces in rabbit tibias

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of two different implant surface treatments on initial bone connection by comparing the Removal Torque Values (RTQs) at 7 and 10 days after chemically modified, sandblasted, large-grit and acid-etched (modSLA), and Laser-etched (LE) Ti implant placements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty modSLA and 20 LE implants were installed on the left and right tibias of 20 adult rabbits. RTQs were measured after 7 and 10 days in 10 rabbits each. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of the two implants were observed by using Quanta FEG 650 from the FEI company (Hillsboro, OR, USA). Analyses of surface elements and components were conducted using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). RESULTS: The mean RTQs were 12.29 ± 0.830 and 12.19 ± 0.713 Ncm after 7 days (P=.928) and 16.47 ± 1.324 and 16.17 ± 1.165 Ncm after 10 days (P=.867) for LE and modSLA, respectively, indicating no significant inter-group differences. Pore sizes in the LE were 40 µm and consisted of numerous small pores, whereas pore sizes in the modSLA were 5 µm. In the EDS analysis, Ti, O, and C were the only three elements found in the LE surfaces. Na, Ca, Cl, and K were also observed in modSLA, in addition to Ti, O, and C. CONCLUSION: The implants showed no significant difference in biomechanical bond strength to bone in early-stage osseointegration. LE implant can be considered an excellent surface treatment method in addition to the modSLA implant and can be applied to the early loading of the prosthesis clinically.

Amendment of grit-12 and testing of its reliability and validity in military college students / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Grit-12 in military college students, so as to provide a reliable measurement tool for studying grit levels of college students. Methods The items of original Grit-12 were translated and back-translated to survey 337 participants in primary test, and were verified by SPSS 21.0 to form the official Chinese version of Grit-12. A total of 997 studentswere formally surveyed with the Chinese version of Grit-12, in which 201 students were assessed for exploratory factor analysis and reliability test using SPSS 21.0 software; 796 students were assessed for confirmatory factor analysis using Amos 17.0 software and for validity test by psychologica capital scale (PCQ-24). After 2 weeks, 47 of 796 studentswere retested. Results The Chinese version of Grit-12 included 12 items, and the factor loading of each item was over 0.56. The accumulating explanatory rate of the 12 itemswas 47.54%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Chinese version of Grit-12 had a good construct validity, with χ2/df=2.31, comparative fit index (CFI)=0.97, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)=0.94, goodness of fit index (GFI)=0.97, incremental fit index (FI)=0.97, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.05, and square residual mean root (SRMR)=0.06. The total score of the Chinese version of Grit-12 and the scores of subscales were positively correlated with the total score of psychological capital and subscale scores (all P<0.001). The Cronbach a coefficient of the Grit-12 was 0.83, and the a coefficients of the two subscales were 0.76 and 0.82, respectively. The retest reliability (correlation coefficient) of the Chinese version of Grit-12 was 0.80. Conclusion The Chinese version of Grit-12 has good validity and reliability, suggesting that it can be used for assessing grit levels of military college students.

Retrospective clinical study of an implant with a sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched surface and internal connection: analysis of short-term success rate and marginal bone loss / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical utility of an implant with a sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface and internal connection. METHODS: Six patients who received dental implants in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chonnam National University Dental Hospital, were analyzed by factors influencing the success rate and marginal bone loss. Factors included patient’s age, sex, implant installation site, whether bone graft was done, type of bone graft materials, approaching method if sinus lift was done, and the size of the fixture. In addition, the marginal bone loss was analyzed by using a radiograph. RESULTS: All implants were successful, and the cumulative survival rate was 100 %. Average marginal bone loss of 6 months after the installation was 0.52 mm and 20 months after the functional loading was 1.06 mm. Total marginal bone resorption was 1.58 mm on average. There was no statistically significant difference in mesial and distal marginal bone loss. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term clinical success rate of the implant with an SLA surface and internal connection was satisfactory. Moreover, the marginal bone loss was also consistent with the implant success criteria.

Comparison of removal torques between laser-treated and SLA-treated implant surfaces in rabbit tibiae

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare removal torques and surface topography between laser treated and sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) treated implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laser-treated implants (experimental group) and SLA-treated implants (control group) 8 mm in length and 3.4 mm in diameter were inserted into both sides of the tibiae of 12 rabbits. Surface analysis was accomplished using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM; Hitachi S-4800; Japan) under x25, x150 and x1,000 magnification. Surface components were analyzed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Rabbits were sacrificed after a 6-week healing period. The removal torque was measured using the MGT-12 digital torque meter (Mark-10 Co., Copiague, NY, USA). RESULTS: In the experimental group, the surface analysis showed uniform porous structures under x25, x150 and x1,000 magnification. Pore sizes in the experimental group were 20-40 mm and consisted of numerous small pores, whereas pore sizes in the control group were 0.5-2.0 mm. EDS analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups. The mean removal torque in the laser-treated and the SLA-treated implant groups were 79.4 Ncm (SD = 20.4; range 34.6-104.3 Ncm) and 52.7 Ncm (SD = 17.2; range 18.7-73.8 Ncm), respectively. The removal torque in the laser-treated surface implant group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=.004). CONCLUSION: In this study, removal torque values were significantly higher for laser-treated surface implants than for SLA-treated surface implants.

Comparative Study of the Early Loading of Resorbable Blasting Media and Sandblasting with Large-grit and Acid-etching Surface Implants: A Retrospective Cohort Study / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

PURPOSE: This study compares the prognosis (the survival rate and marginal bone loss) of resorbable blasting media (RBM) surface implants and sandblasting with large-grit and acid-etching (SLA) surface implants in the early loading. METHODS: This study targeted 123 patients treated by implants installation from January 2008 to March 2010. The loading was initiated in the maxilla within three to four months and in the mandible within one to two months. The types of restoration were single crown and fixed partial prosthesis. Those functioned over one year. The implants were classified by the surface of implants as Group 1: RBM surface (GS III; OSSTEM, Busan, Korea) and, Group 2: SLA surface (Superline; Dentium, Seoul, Korea). The groups were categorized by maxilla and mandible and compared by survival rate, marginal bone loss through clinical records evaluation, and radiographic measurements. RESULTS: The marginal bone loss in the maxilla was 0.14+/-0.34 mm (Group 1) and 0.30+/-0.37 mm (Group 2), a statistically significant difference (P 0.05). There was no significant difference of marginal bone loss between maxilla and mandible by groups. During observation there was no implant failure, a survival rate of 100%. CONCLUSION: Both surfaces showed an excellent survival rate, and the marginal bone loss was not substantial.

Determinação da quantidade de areia no esgoto sanitário: metodologia e estudo de caso / Determination of grit quantity in wastewater: methodology and case study

Apesar de os desarenadores serem largamente utilizados, há mais de um século, como uma das unidades que compõem o tratamento preliminar de estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs), pouco se sabe a respeito de suas eficiências de remoção devido à total carência de métodos analíticos padronizados para determinação da concentração de areia presente no esgoto sanitário. O presente artigo apresenta um método original para determinação da concentração de areia no esgoto, baseado no emprego de procedimentos amplamente conhecidos, como: sedimentação em cones Imhoff, oxidação com peróxido de hidrogênio, enxágües sucessivos, calcinação e pesagem em ba-lança analítica. A aplicação do método desenvolvido demonstrou que a concentração de areia no esgoto sanitário afluente da ETE Jardim das Flores (Rio Claro, SP) apresenta grande variabilidade com picos de até 200 mg/l e que a concentração média de areia encontra-se entre 20 mg/l e 73 mg/l.

Although degritters have been largely used, for more than a century, as preliminary treatment units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), their removal efficiency is yet poorly known due to the lack of standardized analytical methods to determine wastewater grit concentration. This paper brings up this subject and presents an original method to determine wastewater grit concentration based on use of well-known procedures, such as: Imhoff cone sedimentation, hydrogen peroxide oxidation, sequential rinse, calcination and analytical balance weighing. The application of the developed method demonstrated that grit concentration in the influent of WWTP Jardim das Flores varies significantly, with peak concentration of about 200 mg/l, and that the mean grit concentration seems to be among 20 mg/l and 73 mg/l.

The effect of different surface treatment on the osseointegration and stability of implants / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: This experiment examined the effect of different surface treatment on the osseointegration and stability of implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, 40 each of machined, SLA and RBM implants, which are the most commonly used implants, were implanted into the tibia of 20 normal rabbits using OsseoCareTM. The rabbits were sacrificed after 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks for implant stability analysis, removal torque analysis, histologic and histomorphometric analysis. RESULT: ISQ showed significant difference between Machined and RBM at first week and at 4 weeks. There was significant difference between Machined and both SLA and RBM(p<0.05) but after 8 weeks there were no significant difference between each group. In the removal torque, RBM showd significantly higher values than SLA and Machined surface at 1st week. At 4th and 12th week, there was significant difference between Machined and SLA, RBM(p<0.05). In the bone to implant contact variable, there was no significant difference between each surface treatment method. In the Machined surface group, there was no significant difference between each time interval, but in SLA group, there were significant differences between the 1st week and 12th week. and in RBM group, there were significant differences between the 1st week and 8th, 12th week and between 4th and 12th week(p<0.05). The bone area showed significantly higher values in SLA and RBM compared to Machined surface 1st and 8th week and significantly higher values in SLA than Machined surface at the 4th week(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The roughened surface of implants showed positive effect in the early stages of implantation and assisted in bone formation. After the bone formation stage, there was no statistical difference between Machined and roughened surface groups. In dental implantation, where initial stability is critical to the success of implants, the use of roughened surface implants should assist in reducing the healing period after implantation.

Effects of various surface treatments for titanium on surface micro roughness, static wettability, fibronectin adsorption / 대한치과보철학회지

Purpose: This study aims to get the fundamental data which is necessary to the development direction of implant surface treatment hereafter, based on the understanding the surface structure and properties of titanium which is suitable for the absorption of initial tissue fluid by researching effects of additional surface treatments for sandblasted with large grit and acid-etched(SLA) titanium on surface micro-roughness, static wettability, fibronectin adsorption. Materials and Method: In the Control groups, the commercial pure titanium disks which is 10mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness were treated with HCI after sandblasting with 50micrometer Al2O3. The experiment groups were made an experiment each by being treated with 1) 22.5% nitric acid according to SLA+ASTM F86 protocol, 2) SLA+30% peroxide, 3) SLA+NaOH, 4) SLA+Oxalic acid, and 5) SLA+600degree C heating. In each group, the value of Ra and RMS which are the gauges of surface roughness was measured, surface wettability was measured by analyzing with Sessile drop method, and fibronectin adsorption was measured with immunological assay. The significance of each group was verified by (SPSS, ver.10.0 SPSS Inc.) Kruskal-Wallis Test.(alpha=0.05) And the correlation significance between Surface micro-roughness and surface wettability, surface roughness and fibronectin adsorption, and surface wettability and fibronectin adsorption was tested by Spearman's correlation analysis. Result: All measure groups showed the significant differences in surface micro-roughness, surface wettability, and fibronectin adsorption.(p0.05) Conclusion: Surface micro-roughness and surface wettability rarely affected the absorption of initial tissue fluid on the surface of titanium.