Etiological characteristics of viral gastroenteritis in pediatric inpatients under five years old in Shanghai， 2021‒2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes in the pathogen spectrum of viral diarrhea in local pediatric inpatients as well as any variations in genotypes of major pathogens during the COVID-19 control period. MethodsFecal samples were collected from the children <5 years who were hospitalized due to acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric hospital in Shanghai. PCR test was carried out to detect rotavirus， norovirus， sapovirus， astrovirus and enteric adenovirus， and then genotyping was performed for major pathogens. ResultsOut of 546 samples， 37.55% tested positive for virus with the following positive rate ranking： norovirus GⅡ （22.16%）， group A rotavirus （16.12%）， astrovirus （2.93%）， enteric adenovirus （2.38%）， sapovirus （0.92%） and norovirus GⅠ （0.18%）. The predominant genotype within norovirus GⅡ were GⅡ.4［P31］ and GⅡ.4［P16］ with a proportion of 24.79% and 14.05% respectively. The detection rate of GⅡ.4［P31］ dropped significantly over the 2-year period （χ2＝16.140，P<0.001）. In addition， an emerging rotavirus genotype G8P ［8］， which was rarely found nationally， was discovered for the first time locally with an increasing proportion， accounting for 7.95% of all rotavirus positive cases. Phylogenic analysis demonstrated that the representative strains of this genotype were genetically closer to the DS-1-like G8P ［8］ strain found in Southeast Asia. ConclusionThe changes in the prevalence of various norovirus genotypes together with the emergence of rare rotavirus genotype in the local area illustrate the importance of continuous monitoring of viral diarrhea and genotyping of key pathogens. Increased local activity of the rare genotype also adds new parameters in the efficacy evaluation of marketed vaccines and development of potential new vaccines in near future.

Rotavirus A pathogen surveillance and gene typing analysis in Kunming city of Yunnan province from July 2014 to June 2015 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the infectious status and etiological characteristics of rotavirus A (RVA) from children less than five years old in the Kunming city of Yunnan province from July 2014 to June 2015, to provide basic data and methodological references for the disease surveillance, and controling outbreak cases investigations as well as vaccine research and development.@*Methods@#Stool samples were collected from 1 121 diarrhea cases and 319 healthy controls in four sentinel hospitals and transported to laboratory. Two-step reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the presence of RVA in each stool specimen. Suspicious positive specimens of gel electrophoresis was further sequenced to make definite diagnosis of RVA infection. Each RVA positive stool specimen was confirmed with sequencing which was conducted the semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR to detect six G genotypes and six P genotypes.@*Results@#Total 244 samples from the 1 212 diarrhea patients were detected positive for RVA and the total positive rate was 21.8%. G typing of group A rotavirus mainly showed G9(66.4%, n=156), G3(18.7%, n=44), G1(8.9%, n=21)and G8(1.7%, n=4). P typing mainly showed P[8](92.8%, n=218)and P[4](4.7%, n=11); G/P combination genotypes were composed mainly of G9P[8](57.0%, n=134), G3P[8](18.3%, n=43) and G1P[8](8.9%, n=21). The detection rate of RVA in diarrhea patients had obvious seasonal distribution (χ2=46.3, P<0.001), with the prevalent peak in winter (31.2%), and the seasonal distribution of G9P[8](χ2=27.3, P<0.001), G1P[8](χ2=8.2, P<0.039)and G3P[8](χ2=10.2, P<0.042) had strong seasonal pattern with a peak in winter equally. In the subjects under five years, the detection rate of G9P[8](14.9%, 2.9%, χ2=18.1, P<0.001) and G3P[8](4.4%, 0.5%, χ2=5.6, P<0.018) from diarrhea cases were higher than that of in healthy controls, respectively.@*Conclusion@#There existed rather high infection rate of RVA in acute diarrhea cases in Yunnan province, which can be divided into a variety of genotypes, G9P[8]was the dominant genotype.

A cross‑sectional study on aetiology of diarrhoeal disease, India.

Background: Global, regional and national estimates clearly place diarrhoeal diseases as a major, albeit to an extant neglected public health problem. Deaths of children aged <5 years owing to diarrhoea was estimated to be 1.87 million at the global level (uncertainty range from 1.56 to 2.19 million), which is approximately 19% of total child deaths. Objectives: The present report is a cross‑sectional study undertaken to estimate the role of various aetiological agents causing diarrhoea in North Karnataka and adjoining areas of Maharashtra and Goa. Methods: Three hundred stool samples were collected from patients seeking health care at KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum; and processed for detection of various bacterial, viral and parasitic agents. Results: Bacterial pathogens attributed to 65.7% of diarrhoea cases, followed by viral infection (22%), parasitic infection (16.3%) and infection by Candida spp. (5.6%). The study identified Escherichia coli in general and Enteropathogenic E. coli in particular, and Group A Rotavirus to be the most frequently isolated pathogens among diarrhoea patients. Conclusion: The data generated from the current study will help the health officials for better interventional and treatment strategies for diarrhoeal diseases.

Investigation of group A human rotavirus infection situation in 2 378 infantile and young children cases of diarrhea / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the infection situation of group A human rotavirus(HRV)among the infants and young children with diarrhea in Lanzhou city,and to observe the relation between genders and age with the viral positive rate.Methods 2 378 samples of feces in the infants and young children with diarrhea were collected in this hospital from January to December 2013.The group A HRV antigen in samples was detected by using the immunochromatographic sandwich method.The positive rates of group A HRV infection in different months were analyzed and compared with the bacterial diarrhea;the viral positive rates in different genders and ages were analyzed.Results Among 2 378 detected feces samples,the average positive rate of group A HRV was 24.1% and the highest was 39.8% during the months from October to December;the average positive rate of bacterial diarrhea was 28.2% and the highest was 38.2% during the months from July to September.The positive rate of group A HRV was 25.5% in male children patients and 22.6% in female children patients,but the difference was not statistically significant (P >0. 05).The differences in the positive rates of group A HRV among different ages had statistical significance (P <0.05).The average positive rate was highest(29.0%)in children patients aged less than 2 years old,followed by the children patients aged 2 - <4 years old,which was 21.6%.Conclusion The group A HRV has the higher infection positive rate in winter and early spring,which mainly focuses on the children patients aged less than 2 years old.

Detection and analysis on group A rotavirus for 1 040 cases of infantile diarrhea / 上海预防医学

Objective] To investigate the situation of group A rotavirus infection in this region, providing epidemiological data for clinical medicine. [ Methods] The colloid gold fast method was used to detect the stool samples of 1 040 infants with acute diarrhea. [ Results] Among the 1 040 samples, 183(17.6%) strains were detected positive for rotavirus, and the higher positive rate was found between 6 months and 2 years old infants ( 23 .6%) . The season peak was from November to January . [ Conclusion] Rotavirus infection proves to be one of the leading causes of infantile diarrhea.It is suggested that in rotavirus epidemic period, infants aged 2 months to 2 years should be given vaccinations.

The Molecular Epidemiology of Circulating Group A Rotavirus in Gwangju Metropolitan City, Korea: 2008~2012

Group A rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. For the proper management of rotavirus infections, knowledge of the distribution of G and P genotypes including detection of emerging genotype is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe epidemiological changes in rotavirus gastroenteritis in Gwangju metropolitan city, South Korea. Stool samples were collected from 14,314 patients with diarrhea, who visited hospitals in Gwangju from 2008 to 2012. Samples were screened for rotavirus with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method and rotavirus P (VP4), G (VP7) genotypes were determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. And we performed nucleotide sequencing analysis. Among a total of 14,314 samples investigated 1,982 samples (13.8%) were ELISA positive. Genotyping of Rotavirus was performed using 526 rotavirus samples. The most prevalent circulating G genotype was G1 (40.5%), followed by G2 (27.6%), G3 (19.4%), G9 (9.7%), G4 (2.5%) and G12 (0.4%). The predominant type of P genotypes was P[8] (69.6%), followed by P[4] (27.8%) and P[6] (2.3%). In this study, 13 G-P combinations were detected. From 2008 to 2010, G1P[8] was the most prevalent, followed by G3P[8]. Whereas, 2011 and 2012, G2P[4] was the most common, followed by G1P[8]. Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a common disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality and economic burden. Ongoing rotavirus surveillance to understand the distribution of G and P genotypes will be critical for the development of effective prevention measurements.

Detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrences of the group A rotavirus (RVA), norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During one year of surveillance, water samples were obtained from the lagoon and other interconnected ecosystems (river and beach). The samples were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method with a negatively charged membrane and tested by qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. RVA was the most prevalent virus detected (24.3%) with a viral load ranging from 3.0 x 10¹-5.6 x 10(4) genome copies/L, followed by NoV (18.8%) and HAdV (16.7%). Considering water samples suitable for bathing, according to Escherichia coli criterion (< 2,000 most probable number/100 mL), viruses were detected in 50% (57/114) of them. Physicochemical parameters were also measured and showed possible correlations between turbidity and RVA presence and between pH and NoV presence. These data demonstrate the importance of considering viral parameters to ensure water quality and the utilisation of these parameters as additional tools for the characterisation of environmental contamination.

Rotavirus genotyping in gastroenteritis cases of an infantile population from Western Brazilian Amazonia / Genotipagem de rotavírus em casos de gastrenterites de uma população infantil do oeste da Amazônia brasileira

INTRODUCTION: During the period from 2000 to 2002, 79 rotavirus-positive stool samples were collected from children presenting diarrhea in the Western Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: Molecular characterization of the G and P genotypes was performed using RT-PCR and electropherotyping analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: A total of 59 samples were confirmed as group A rotavirus. A long electrophoretic profile was exhibited by the G1P[8], G3P[8], and G4P[8] genotypes. The G1P[8] genotype was found in greater proportion. The short electropherotype was exhibited only by G2 genotype strains. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of the rotavirus genotypes observed was not different from that in other areas of Brazil. This study is the first genotyping of rotavirus in the Western Brazilian Amazon.

INTRODUÇÃO: Entre 2000 e 2002, 79 amostras positivas para rotavírus foram coletadas de crianças com diarreia na Amazônia ocidental brasileira. MÉTODOS: Para a caracterização molecular dos genótipos G e P foram realizadas as reações de RT-PCR e a análise dos eletroferotipos por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE). RESULTADOS: 59 amostras foram confirmadas como pertencentes ao rotavírus grupo A. Os genótipos G1P[8], G3P[8] e G4P[8] apresentaram perfis eletroforéticos longos. O genótipo G1P[8] foi encontrado em maior proporção. O eletroferotipo curto ocorreu apenas em genótipos G2. CONCLUSÕES: A proporção dos genótipos de rotavírus observada não foi diferente de outras áreas do Brasil. Este estudo é a primeira genotipagem de rotavírus na Amazônia ocidental brasileira.

Frequency of group A rotavirus with mixed G and P genotypes in bovines: predominance of G3 genotype and its emergence in combination with G8/G10 types

The present study describes the genotypic distribution of rotaviruses (RVs) in an Indian bovine population with unexpectedly higher proportions of G3 alone or in combination of G8/G10. PCR-genotyping confirmed that 39.4% (13/33) of the prevalent RVs were the G3 type while 60.6% (20/33) were dual G3G10 or G3G8 types. P typing revealed that 93.9% (31/33) of the samples were P[11] while 6.1% (2/33) possessed a dual P[1]P[11] type. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene from G3 strains viz. B-46, 0970, and BR-133 showed that these strains had sequence identities of 90.5% to 100% with other bovine G3 strains. The highest identity (98.9% to 100%) was observed with RUBV3 bovine G3 strains from eastern India. The G3 strains (B-46, 0970, and BR-133) showed 97.5% to 98.8% sequence homologies with the Indian equine RV strain Erv-80. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that G3 strains clustered with bovine RUBV3 and J-63, and equine Erv-80 G3. Overall, these results confirmed that the incidence of infection by RVs with the G3 genotype and mixed genotypes in the bovine population was higher than previously predicted. This finding reinforces the importance of constantly monitoring circulating viral strains with the G3 genotype in future surveillance studies.

Frequency of group a rotavirus in piglet stool samples from non-vaccinated Brazilian pig herds

Neonatal diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in piglets, and it leads to significant economic losses for pig farmers worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of diagnosis, age group, and association of group A rotavirus (GARV) infection with diarrhea in piglets from pig herds in two (south and center-west)Brazilian geographical regions. The frequency of GARV diagnosis was evaluated between 2004 and 2007, using SS-PAGE on 681 fecal samples (428 diarrheic and 253 with normal consistency) from 1-4 week-old piglets. The animals were selected from 130 pig herds and 80 counties in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Mato Grosso, Brazil. None of the herds were vaccinated against porcine GARV. Rotaviruses with the typical GARV electrophoretic pattern was identified in 193 (28.3 percent) fecal samples, and of these, 157 (81.3 percent) were diarrheic (p=0.001).Porcine GARV infection was identified in animals from all age groups evaluated, and the highest infection rate (54.7 percent; p=0.001) occurred in diarrheic piglets between 21 and 28 days of age. Diarrheic feces from 1-7 day-old piglets also had a high rate of rotavirus presence (32.3 percent), suggesting a failure in passive immunity. The high rate of porcine GARV infection in all geographical regions studied demonstrates the involvement of rotavirus in the etiology of neonatal diarrhea in Brazilian pig herds. This study highlights the importance of GARV infection for pig raising and the need of control and prophylactic measures for porcine rotavirus infection, including vaccination in the main areas of pork production in Brazil.

A diarréia neonatal é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em leitões, ocasionando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos à suinocultura em todo o mundo. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de diagnóstico, distribuição etária e a associação com diarreia da infecção por rotavírus grupo A (GARV) em leitões de granjas situadas em duas (sul e centro-oeste) regiões geográficas brasileiras. A frequência de diagnóstico do GARV foi avaliada no período de 2004 a 2007, pela técnica de SS-PAGE, em 681 amostras fecais (428 diarréicas e 253 com consistência normal) de leitões de 1 a 4 semanas de idade. Os animais eram provenientes de 130 granjas, localizadas em 80 municípios dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso. Nenhum dos rebanhos realizava vacinação contra o GARV suíno. Rotavírus suíno com perfil eletroforético característico do grupo A foi detectado em 193 (28,3 por cento) amostras, das quais 157 (81,3 por cento) diarreicas (p=0,001). A infecção foi identificada em animais de todas as faixas etárias avaliadas e a maior frequência (54,7 por cento; p=0,001) de diagnóstico ocorreu em leitões diarréicos com 21 a 28 dias de idade. A alta taxa (32,3 por cento) de diagnóstico do rotavírus em fezes diarreicas de leitões com 1 a 7 dias de vida sugere a necessidade da adoção de condutas que objetivem o incremento da imunidade passiva. A frequência de diagnóstico e a ampla distribuição das infecções pelo GARV, nos rebanhos das regiões geográficas avaliadas nesse estudo, ratificam a importância da rotavirose na etiologia dos episódios de diarreia de leitões no Brasil. Este resultado destaca também a importância do controle e medidas profiláticas na infecção por rotavírus suíno, incluindo a vacinação nas principais áreas de produção suína no Brasil.

Molecular characterization of the NSP4 gene of human group A rotavirus samples from the West Central region of Brazil

Nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4), encoded by group A rotavirus genome segment 10, is a multifunctional protein and the first recognized virus-encoded enterotoxin. The NSP4 gene has been sequenced, and five distinct genetic groups have been described: genotypes A-E. NSP4 genotypes A, B, and C have been detected in humans. In this study, the NSP4-encoding gene of human rotavirus strains of different G and P genotypes collected from children between 1987 and 2003 in three cities of West Central region of Brazil was characterized. NSP4 gene of 153 rotavirus-positive fecal samples was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced. For phylogenetic analysis, NSP4 nucleotide sequences of these samples were compared to nucleotide sequences of reference strains available in GenBank. Two distinct NSP4 genotypes could be identified: 141 (92.2 percent) sequences clustered with NSP4 genotype B, and 12 sequences (7.8 percent) clustered with NSP4 genotype A. These results reinforce that further investigations are needed to assess the validity of NSP4 as a suitable target for epidemiologic surveillance of rotavirus infections and vaccine development.

VP4 and VP7 Genotyping of Group A Rotavirus Isolated from Diarrhea Patients in Seoul by Multiplex PCR

The incidence and distribution of the human rotavirus G types (VP7 associated: G1~G4) and P types (VP4 associated: P[4], P[6], P[8], P[10]) were determined from 89 rotavirus strains isolated from diarrhea patients between 2001 and 2002 using reverse transcription and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. G types were identified from 83 (95.5%) and P types were from 82 (92.1%) strains. The predominant genotypes were P[4]G2 (28.1%) and P[6]G4 (27%) with much lower incidence of genotypes P[10]G1 (1.1%) and P[10]G3 (1.1%). P[9] type was not detected. A significant genotypic shift was observed that P[4] was the most prevalent genotype that accounted for 75% during the spring season of 2001, coinfection with P[4] and P[6] for 17.5%. P[6] increased gradually to account for 53% of the strains analysed in the following 2002 spring season. Mixed G types revealing coinfections G2/G3 and G3/G4 were found at low frequency (2.2%).