Jojoba Seed Yield Response to Water Stress under Circumstances of Sinai

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the five clones of jojoba plant under the influence of irrigation intervals and the impact on growth and yield of chemical content. Study Design: Two field experiments were carried out for five clones (S-L, S-610, S- 700, S-B and S-G), to study the effect of irrigation intervals; one week (control), two weeks and three weeks) on jojoba plants at aged three and thirteen years from planting to investigation growth, yield characters and content seed from oil and some chemical contents. Place and Duration of Study: Almaghara Research and Production Station (latitude: 30,717993''N, longitude: 33, 329103 E) which follow Desert Research Center, Agriculture Ministry, Egypt, at 2015l2016 and 2016/2017 respectively. Methodology: The experimental rows (5 plants) were assigned for each clone in three replications. The farming distances were 4 x 2 meters. Mixed seedlings of both females and males were planted at a rate of one male seedling for every six female seedlings to allow cross-fertilization of each clone. All clones were treatment at three times (October, March and April). The plants were collected on 22nd April to determine the growth, yield characters and some chemical content. Statistical analyses and mean comparisons were conducted using MSTATC software. Results: The jojoba plant was affected by increased irrigation interval, and it was clear in all clones. Irrigation every three weeks had an impact of irrigation every week. The effect of irrigation interval varied from one clone to another and the lowest was s-700. The older seedlings are less affected by irrigation interval than small seedlings. The best results were category s-700 at the age of thirteen years and irrigation every two weeks. Conclusion: All variable of studied confirmed that clones of jojoba had a significant effect with irrigation interval at one week but decrease value at three weeks. Jojoba plants tolerance to water stress but irrigation interval every week increased seed yield.

Improvement of Biocontrol of Damping-off and Root Rot/Wilt of Faba Bean by Salicylic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and Macrophomina phaseolina were found to be associated with root rott and wilt symptoms of faba bean plants collected from different fieldes in New Valley governorate, Egypt. All the obtained isolates were able to attack faba bean plants (cv. Giza 40) causing damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases. R. solani isolates 2 and 5, F. solani isolate 8, F. oxysporum isolate 12 and M. phaseolina isolate 14 were the more virulent ones in the pathogenicity tests. Biocontrol agents (Trichoderma viride and Bacillus megaterium) and chemical inducers (salicylic acid [SA] and hydrogen peroxide) individually or in combination were examined for biological control of damping-off and root rot/wilt and growth promoting of faba bean plants in vitro and in vivo. Both antagonistic biocontrol agents and chemical inducers either individually or in combination inhibited growth of the tested pathogenic fungi. Biocontrol agents combined with chemical inducers recorded the highest inhibited growth especially in case SA + T. viride and SA + B. megaterium. Under green house and field conditions, all treatments significantly reduced damping-off and root rot/wilt severity and increased of survival plants. Also, these treatments increased fresh and weights of the survival plants in pots compared with control. The combination between biocontrol agents and chemical inducers were more effective than used of them individually and SA + T. viride was the best treatment in this respect. Also, under field conditions, all these treatments significantly increased growth parameters (plant height and number of branches per plant) and yield components (number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, weight of 100 seeds and total yield per feddan) and protein content in both seasons (2010~2011 and 2011~2012). Faba bean seeds soaked in SA + T. viride and SA + B. megaterium were recorded the highest growth parameters and yield components. Generally, the combination between biocontrol agents and chemical inducers recorded the best results for controlling damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases in greenhouse and field with addition improved plant growth and increased yield components in field.

Influence of sowing date and crop variety on phenology, growth and yield of rainfed groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.) in Southern Zone of Andhra Pradesh, India.

An experiment was conducted with four dates of sowing (Second fortnight of May, First fortnight of June, Second fortnight of June and First fortnight of July) and four Varieties (TMV-2, JL-24, Narayani and Abhaya). There was wide variation in the weather conditions that prevailed over the cropping periods between the two years of experimentation. During the first year (2006) a continuous dryspell of 51 days prevailed which coincided with different growth stages of groundnut under different dates of sowing. This dry spell has not favoured the growth and development of crop, instead, it has increased the crop duration of different varieties of groundnut studied under the present investigation. The crop duration was 139-146 days in early sown crop to 110-125 days in normal sown crop compared to normal duration of 105 to 120 days. However, the second year (2007) is normal with better temporal distribution of rains and the crop duration ranged from 104-120 days in early sown crop to 108-121 days under normal sown crop. The length of growth period in 2006 is due to receipt of continuous rains after dry spell of 51 days from seed development phase to physiological maturity. In 2007,the crop which received heavy rains (22 June sown crop ) from 90 DAS to harvest was adversely affected resulting poor filling and low yields. The results revealed that Sowing during July first fortnight was found to be optimum time for groundnut during drought year, while during normal year advancing the sowing date by one month may also favour good crop provided there were good rains. The performance of Abhaya cultivar was better than the Narayani, TMV-2 and JL-24 under different kinds of environments like extreme moisture stress, stress free or even under moderate stress conditions. However, in normal year TMV-2 and JL-24 performance was also good compared to drought year.