Análisis In vitro de yesos dentales de alta resistencia y baja expansión disponibles en Perú / In vitro analysis of high resistance and low expansion dental plasters available in Peru

Objetivo. Comparar la dureza, estabilidad dimensional y resistencia a la compresión de los yesos dentales de alta resistencia y baja expansión disponibles en el Perú. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se confeccionaron muestras de forma cilíndrica (8) y rectangular (8), de siete yesos dentales de alta resistencia y baja expansión. Se evaluó la dureza utilizando el Durómetro Universal Identec, la estabilidad dimensional con un calibrador digital y la resistencia a compresión con la Máquina de Ensayo Universal. Para determinar si hay diferencia en cada una de estas propiedades se empleó el análisis de varianza, la prueba F y la prueba de Duncan. Además, se empleó la prueba de comparación de medias, t de Student, para evaluar si difieren con los valores de la ADA (Asociación Dental Americana). Resultados. La dureza, estabilidad dimen-sional y resistencia a la compresión promedio de los yesos dentales presentó diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre cada uno con los promedios estándares establecidos por la ADA. Conclusiones. En relación resistencia a la compresión el 100% de los yesos analizados cumplen con los parámetros establecidos por la ADA, en relación estabilidad dimensional solo el 28.6% y el 100% no alcanzan los estándares de dureza promedio establecidos por la ADA.

Objective. To compare the hardness, dimensional stability, and compressive strength of high-strength, low-expansion dental plasters available in Peru, according to ADA criteria. Methods. A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was developed. A selection of 8 cylindrical-shaped samples and 8 rectangular- shaped ones, from seven high-resistance, low-expansion dental plasters were fabricated. The hardness was evaluated using the Identec Universal Durometer. Dimensional stability was evaluated with a digital caliper and compressive strength was evaluated with the Instron Universal Testing Machine. To determine if there is a difference in each of these properties, the analysis of variance, F test, and the Duncan's test were used. In addition, to assess whether these values differ from those of the ADA, the mean comparison test, student's t table, were used. Results. The hardness, dimensional stability and average compressive strength of the high-strength, low-expansion dental plasters showed that there are significant di-fferences (p<0.05) between each of the dental plasters and with the standard averages established by the American Dental Association. (ADA). Conclusions. 100% of the high-strength, low-expansion dental casts meet the parameters established by the ADA in terms of their compressive strength, only 28.6% of these comply with the ADA in terms of dimensional stability and that 100% of these do not meet the average hardness standards established by the ADA.

Expression of Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and Alp in Alveolar Bone Regeneration Process Following the Administration of Hydroxyapatite Gypsum Puger (HAGP) Scaffold

@#Introduction: Tooth extraction before denture placement could result in trauma and damage to up to 50% of the alveolar bone, inducing bone resorption, and affecting the patient’s quality of life. Hydroxyapatite Gypsum Puger (HAGP) can be used as an alternative to bone graft material which degrades slowly, affecting the proliferation and activity of cells that are responsible for bone tissue engineering. This study aimed to analyze the regeneration mechanism of alveolar bone by administering the HAGP scaffold and observing the Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and ALP expression. Methods: Laboratory experimental research was conducted and we used 150-355µm HAGP scaffold particles, applied in vivo inside alveolar sockets of the rats for 7, 14, and 28 days, followed by immunohistochemical examination of Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and ALP expressions. Results: The HAGP scaffold group showed that the Stro-1 expression was significantly higher than the K(-) group, and the Runx-2 expression increased on day 7 and decreased on day 28 in the HAGP and K(-) groups. Osterix expression increased from day 7, 14, to day 28. The high expression of Osterix on day 28 means it took over the Runx-2 function. In ALP there was a significant increase on day 7. ALP expression was a sign of early osteoblast differentiation and production by cells, this extracellular matrix mineralization is an indicator of the osteogenic process. Conclusion: Alveolar bone regeneration mechanism in rats revealed that the expression of Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and ALP was higher in the HAGP scaffold group compared to the control group on days 7,14, and 28.

Research Progress of Gypsum Ustum and Application of Calcium-containing Hemostatic Materials / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Mineral medicine is an indispensable part of traditional Chinese medicine and has a long history of application. Among them， mineral-based hemostatics have been widely applied for the treatment of various hemorrhagic diseases with extensive clinical experience and established efficacy. Gypsum Fibrosum （GF）， a commonly used mineral medicine in clinical， can clear away heat， and relieve anxiety and thirst. Gypsum Ustum （GU） is the processed product of GF after calcining at high temperature. It is mainly composed of anhydrous calcium sulfate （CaSO4） with the functions of moisturizing， promoting muscle growth， astringent sores and hemostasis. GU is often used externally to treat ulcer， itching， eczema， water and fire scalds， trauma bleeding， etc. Studies on the mechanism of hemostasis have shown that Ca2+ （coagulation factor Ⅳ） is involved in many key processes of the internal and external coagulation cascades and can prevent bleeding by regulating platelet activation and aggregation， and promoting the production of insoluble fibrin and the ultimate formation of a blood clot. GF and GU both contain Ca2+ which provide an important material basis of hemostatic effect for both compounds， but GU has a significant hemostatic effect， while GF has no hemostatic effect. After processing， the taste and efficacy of the GF have been obviously changed which reflects the characteristics of processing， but the processing mechanism of GU has not been fully clarified. Therefore， based on studies of GF before and after calcining， this paper focused on these aspects including calcining process， crystal form comparison， element content， efficacy comparison， and summarized various aspects of Ca2+ involved in hemostasis. In addition， the hemostatic properties of other calcium-containing mineral medicines and new calcium-containing hemostatic materials such as calcium alginate， mesoporous calcium silicate and nanogel hemostatic materials were also discussed. The paper aimed to provide a reference for elucidating processing mechanism and clinical dialectical use of GU， also to promote development of new calcium-containing hemostatic materials.

Evaluating the effect of different combination of impression and pouring materials on marginal and internal adaptation of zirconia crowns / Evaluación del efecto de diferentes combinaciones de materiales de impresión y vertido en la adaptación marginal e interna de las coronas de circonio

Purpose: Two important factors in dental prosthesis are making an accurate impression and producing a suitable cast which represents the exact relationship between prepared tooth and oral structures. This study, aimed to investigate the effects of different combinations of impression and pouring materials on marginal and internal adaptation of premolar zirconia crowns. Material and Methods: Forty maxillary premolars were prepared considering round shoulder finish line. The impressions were made either by additional (Panasil) or condensation (Speedex) silicon, and poured by two different types of gypsum materials (Siladent or GC gypsum) (N=10). Zirconia crowns were fabricated using a CAD-CAM system. The crowns were cemented, and the samples were cut in bucco-lingual direction. Marginal and internal gaps were measured by stereomicroscope (×25). Results: The mean marginal gaps for Pansil-Siladent, Panasil-GC, Speedex-Siladent, and Speedex-GC were 141 µm, 143 µm, 131 µm, and 137 µm respectively. The internal gaps were 334 µm, 292 µm, 278 µm, and 257 µm respectively. The independent T-Student test showed no significant differences in average marginal or internal gap among various impression and gypsum materials or their interactions (p>0.05). Two-way ANOVA test showed no significant differences in maximum marginal or internal gap among various impression and gypsum materials and their interactions (p>0.05). Conclusion: The present study revealed no statistically significant difference in marginal/internal gap among crowns prepared using different combinations of impression-pouring materials evaluated.

Introducción: Dos factores importantes en la prótesis dental son hacer una impresión precisa y la producción de un modelo adecuado que represente la relación exacta entre el diente preparado y las estructuras orales. Este estudio, tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de diferentes combinaciones de materiales de impresión y vertido sobre la adaptación marginal e interna de coronas de zirconio premolar. Material y Métodos: Se prepararon cuarenta premolares maxilares considerando la línea de meta del hombro redondo. Las impresiones se realizaron con silicio adicional (Panasil) o de condensación (Speedex) y se vertieron con dos tipos diferentes de materiales de yeso (yeso Siladent o GC) (N = 10). Las coronas de zirconio se fabricaron utilizando el sistema CAD-CAM. Las coronas se cementaron y las muestras se cortaron en dirección buco-lingual. La brecha marginal e interna se midió con estereomicroscopio (×25). Resultados: Las brechas marginales medias para Pansil-Siladent, Panasil-GC, Speedex-Siladent y Speedex-GC fueron de 141µm, 143µm, 131µm y 137µm, respectivamente. Las brechas internas fueron 334µm, 292µm, 278µm y 257µm, respectivamente. La prueba de T-Student independiente no mostró diferencias significativas en la brecha marginal o interna promedio entre varios materiales de impresión y yeso o sus interacciones (p>0.05). La prueba ANOVA bidireccional no mostró diferencias significativas en el espacio marginal o interno máximo entre varios materiales de yeso y de impresión y sus interacciones (p>0.05). Conclusión: El presente estudio no reveló diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la brecha marginal/interna entre las coronas preparadas con diferentes combinaciones de materiales de impresión y vertido evaluados.

Changes in chemical soil and corn yield after application of gypsum and potassium doses / Mudanças no solo químico e na produtividade do milho após a aplicação de doses de gesso e potássio

Soil liming is a common practice in agriculture. It aims to reduce soil acidity and to supply calcium and magnesium. Lime, however, is not easily soluble in the soil, and its reaction products are often concentrated in the application zone, which is mainly the topsoil layer. In order to increase the concentration of nutrients in deeper layers, agricultural gypsum­a byproduct of phosphoric acid production process, rich in calcium and sulfur­is used. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical attributes of the oxysoil and the corn ́s yield to the application of gypsum associated with potassium (K) rates. The study was developed in Uberaba city, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The factorial scheme was used 5x5, with five rates of K (0, 100, 180, 240, 360 kg ha-1 K2O) and five gypsum rates (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 kg ha-1) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The soil chemical attributes were evaluated at 0.0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m depth and the biometric and productive attributes of corn. The application of gypsum resulted in the increase of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) contents in all depths; reduced the levels of pH, manganese, potential acidity (H + Al) in the 0.0-0.20 m depth, and increase the levels of base of saturation and sum of bases on the 0.20-0.40 m depth. Corn yield and biometric attributes no were influenced by the factors evaluated.

A calagem é uma prática comum na agricultura. Esta prática visa reduzir a acidez do solo, além de fornecer cálcio e magnésio. Contudo, devido ao fato de o calcário apresentar baixa solubilidade no solo, os produtos de sua reação ficam retidos na camada onde o produto foi aplicado, a qual geralmente é na camada superficial do solo. Para se aumentar a concentração de nutrientes em camadas mais profundas, o gesso agrícola - um subproduto da produção de ácido fosfórico, rico em cálcio e enxofre tem sido usado. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes doses de gesso em associação a doses de potássio, nos atributos químicos do solo e na produtividade de grãos de milho. O estudo foi conduzido no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM), Campus Uberaba, localizado no município de Uberaba-MG, Brasil. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 5x5, sendo cinco doses de gesso (0, 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0, 100, 180, 240 e 360 kg ha-1) no delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os atributos químicos do solo foram avaliados nas camadas de 0,0 a 0,20 m e de 0,20 a 0,40 m, além das características biométricas e produtivas da cultura do milho. A aplicação de gesso resultou no aumento de cálcio e enxofre em ambas as profundidades; reduziu os níveis de pH, manganês, acidez potencial (H + Al) na camada de 0,0-0,20m; e, aumentou os níveis de saturação por bases e soma de bases na camada de 0,20-0,40 m. A produção de milho não foi influenciada pelos fatores avaliados.

Soil biomass and microbial activity in soybean crop area under different cover crops and different soil correction systems / Biomassa e atividade microbiana do solo em área de cultivo de soja sob diferentes plantas de cobertura e diferentes sistemas de correção de solo

This study aimed to evaluate soil biomass and microbial activity and soybean yield under different limestone and gypsum doses and different cover crops. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa Agropecuária de Chapadão, on a Dystrophic Red Latosol, using cultivar Desafio. The experiment consisted of a randomized blocks design, in a split-plot factorial scheme (3x4x3), with three replications. Plots consisted of three gypsum doses: control (without gypsum), recommended dose (2.3 Mg ha-1), and double dose (4.6 Mg ha-1). Subplots consisted of four limestone doses (2, 4, and 6 Mg ha-1) and the control (without limestone). Each block had three different cover crops: Brachiaria, Millet, and allow. The values obtained with the test revealed that brachiaria had better basal respiration in the absence of gypsum. Conversely, millet had better basal respiration in with the gypsum dose. Basal respiration, using brachiaria as cover crop, was higher at the dose of 2700 kg ha-1 of limestone. However, for the fallow and the millet, basal respiration was higher when using the highest limestone dose of 6000 kg ha-1. The variable microbial biomass showed differences between cover crops only in the absence of gypsum. Brachiaria and fallow presented the highest mean for microbial biomass. The use of millet as a cover crop together with gypsum doses increased the microbial biomass. The variables mass of 100 grains and grain yield had higher mean at the limestone dose of 6000 kg ha-1 .

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a biomassa e atividade microbiana do solo, e produtividade da soja sob efeito das diferentes doses de calcário e gesso e diferentes coberturas de solo. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa Agropecuária de Chapadão, sob Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, com a cultivar Desafio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (3x4x3) de parcelas subdividas, com 3 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por 3 quantidades de gesso agrícola, sendo: controle (sem gesso), recomendado (2,3 Mg ha-1) e o dobro (4,6 Mg ha-1), as subparcelas por 4 doses de calcário (2, 4 e 6 Mg ha-1), além do controle (sem calcário), onde cada bloco apresentou 3 coberturas diferentes: Braquiaria, Milheto e Pousio. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey 5%. Com os valores obtidos pudemos observar que a respiração basal foi melhor para braquiária na ausência de gesso, e na presença o milheto se saiu melhor. A respiração basal, utilizando a braquiária como cobertura, foi maior na dose de 2700 kg ha-1 de calcário. Já utilizando o pousio e o milheto foi na maior dose 6000 kg ha-1. A variável biomassa microbiana apresentou diferença entre as coberturas apenas na ausência de gesso, onde a braquiária e o pousio apresentaram as maiores médias para esta variável. A utilização do milheto como cobertura em conjunto com as doses de gesso acarretou aumento da biomassa microbiana. A massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos apresentaram maior média na dose de 6000 kg ha-1 de calcário.

The analysis of health effects of exposure to occupational hazards on works in gypsum mining enterprise / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the health of gypsum miners in Hubei province and analyze the health effects of occupational disease hazards exposure on gypsum miners.@*Methods@#In April 2017, occupational disease hazard factors were tested on the site of a gypsum mine, and 500 workers were selected by random sampling to conduct questionnaires, relevant data such as occupational health examination was collected, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed.@*Results@#The main occupational hazards of gypsum miners were gypsum dust and noise. The time-weighted average concentration of 8 h in the workplace was 4.32 to 9.34 mg/m3, and the post pass rate was 69.2% (9/13) ; Respiratory dust 0.13-5.15 mg/m3, post pass rate 75.0% (3/4). Gypsum miners had finger dysfunction and muscle numbness, joint pain (29.2%, 88/301) and chest pain and breathing difficulties (17.6%, 53/301). Followed by tinnitus, auricle pus, running water (4.7%, 14/301), abnormal muscle tension (2.7%, 8/301). The exposure of occupational disease hazards was associated with respiratory, auditory and neurological symptoms of gypsum miners.@*Conclusion@#The long-term exposure of gypsum workers to gypsum dust, noise and other harmful factors may result in obvious symptoms of respiratory system and other health damage.

Accuracy and reproducibility of 3D digital tooth preparations made by gypsum materials of various colors

PURPOSE: The study aimed to identify the accuracy and reproducibility of preparations made by gypsum materials of various colors using quantitative and semi-quantitative three-dimensional (3D) approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A titanium maxillary first molar preparation was created as reference dataset (REF). Silicone impressions were duplicated from REF and randomized into 6 groups (n=8). Gypsum preparations were formed and grouped according to the color of gypsum materials, and light-scanned to obtain prepared datasets (PRE). Then, in terms of accuracy, PRE were superimposed on REF using the best-fit-algorithm and PRE underwent intragroup pairwise best-fit alignment for assessing reproducibility. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and degrees of similarity (DS) were computed and analyzed with SPSS 20.0 statistical software (α=.05). RESULTS: In terms of accuracy, PREs in 3D directions were increased in the 6 color groups (from 19.38 to 20.88 µm), of which the marginal and internal variations ranged 51.36 – 58.26 µm and 18.33 – 20.04 µm, respectively. On the other hand, RMSD value and DS-scores did not show significant differences among groups. Regarding reproducibility, both RMSD and DS-scores showed statistically significant differences among groups, while RMSD values of the 6 color groups were less than 5 µm, of which blue color group was the smallest (3.27 ± 0.24 µm) and white color group was the largest (4.24 ± 0.36 µm). These results were consistent with the DS data. CONCLUSION: The 3D volume of the PREs was predisposed towards an increase during digitalization, which was unaffected by gypsum color. Furthermore, the reproducibility of digitalizing scanning differed negligibly among different gypsum colors, especially in comparison to clinically observed discrepancies.

The Effectiveness of Byakkokaninjinto Added Gypsum Powder in 12 Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Refractory to Treatment Including Steroid Repellents / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We prospectively studied the effectiveness of byakkokaninjinto added gypsum powder for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) by using the skin disease severity score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score for assessing itch severity, and Skindex-16 for assessing the quality of life (QOL) in 12 patients who were refractory to conventional treatments including steroid repellents. In addition, we retrospectively investigated for what types of “sho” (Kampo diagnosis) and eruptions this treatment was more effective. The results showed that the skin disease severity score and Skindex-16 significantly improved in 4 weeks. There was no significant improvement in eosinophil counts, IgE antibody levels, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine levels. Byakkokaninjinto added gypsum powder was found to be effective for the “sho” of “sensitive to heat” and “excessive sweating.” Thus, it can be one of the options in oral medicine for treating patients with intractable AD including steroid repellents because the rash improved in a short period of 4 weeks in our patients.

Extraction and Separation of Boron in Anhydrite and Gypsum Minerals and Its Isotopic Measurement by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

The anhydrite and gypsum are the main sulfate minerals during evaporation of seawater or lake.They record the information about relative hydrogeology and the composition of mother liquor.Boron is diffluent element, and often occurs in all kinds of evaporites.Presently, the boron isotope has been applied widely in mineral deposits forming, geochemistry and palaeoenvironment.However, there is little research about characteristic of boron isotope in anhydrite and gypsum minerals, because of the low content of boron and micro-solubility in water and hydrochloric acid.This study developed a method of extracting and purifying boron in anhydrite and gypsum by phase transformation and ion-exchange.Firstly, the samples were mixed with ammonium hydrogen carbonate to transform the calcium sulfate to calcium carbonate.And diluted hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L) was added to resolve calcium carbonate.The percent conversion was about 85%in the first stage, and up to complete resolution by repeating this process.Secondly, boron specific ion-exchange resin ( Amberlite IRA 743 ) was used to gather the boron ions fully and further refined the samples with more than 1 μg of boron by anionic and cationic resin mixed by Ion Exchange Ⅱ and Dowex 50 W × 8.Finally, according to the modified method by He, the values of boron isotope were determined by TIMS.The boron content is analytically pure gypsum was 3.501 ± 0.128 μg/g ( n=12 , RSD=3.6%) and the average recovery was 100.47%.Besides, the δ11B value of analytically pure gypsum added with NIST SRM 951 was 17.98‰±0.21‰ (n=3, RSD=1.2%).This method has good repeatability and can meet the requirements of boron isotopic measurement of anhydrite and gypsum.

Effect of the mixing method on the dimensional stability of dental stones / Efeito do método de mistura na estabilidade dimensional de gessos odontológicos

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of mixing method and the empiric water/powder ratio on the dimensional change of two types of dental stones (type III and type IV) at different setting times: baseline, loss of brightness, initial and final setting (1/4 and 1pound Gilmore´s needle, respectively) and, after 48 hours at 37°C. Material and Methods: Five mixing methods were used: Gc ­ manufacturer´s recommendation, G1 ­ weighed powder/ empiric water volume and powder on water, G2 - weighed powder/ empiric water volume and water on powder, G3 ­ empiric powder volume, graduated water and powder on water, G4 - empiric powder volume, graduated water and water on powder. The linear expansion was measured according to ISO 6873. The expansion values (x10-2mm) were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (α=0.05). Results: For type III, the results showed significance for both factors and for interaction; for type IV, only the time were significant ( p<0.05). Limited by methodology, it could be concluded that both dental stones expanded more than the recommended by ISO. Conclusion: The expansion of type III was dependent on the mixing method, and once correct consistency is reached with type IV, there is no influence of mixing method on dimensional stability. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do método de mistura e da relação empírica de água/pó na alteração dimensional de dois tipos de gessos odontológicos (tipo III e tipo IV) em diferentes tempos de trabalho: baseline, perda de brilho, inicial e final (agulha de Gilmore de 1/4 e 1 libra, respectivamente) e, após 48 horas a 37 ° C. Material e Métodos: Cinco métodos de mistura foram utilizados: Gc - recomendação do fabricante, G1 - pó pesado / volume empírico de água e pó na água, G2 - pó pesado / volume empírico de água e água no pó, G3 - volume empírico de pó, água graduada e pó na água, G4 - volume de pó empírico, água graduada e água no pó. A expansão linear foi medida de acordo com a norma ISO 6873 (1998). Os valores de expansão (x10-2mm) foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA dois fatores e teste de Tukey HSD (α = 0,05). Resultados: Para o tipo III, os resultados mostraram significância para ambos os fatores e para interação; para o tipo IV, apenas o tempo foi significativo (p < 0,05). Limitado pela metodologia, pode-se concluir que ambos os gessos odontológicos expandiram mais do que o recomendado pela ISO. Conclusão: A expansão do tipo III foi dependente do método de mistura e, uma vez atingida a consistência correta com o tipo IV, não há influência do método de mistura na estabilidade dimensional. (AU)

Study on the Regularity of Clinical Use of Gypsum from TCM Prescriptions / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the efficacy difference of gypsum in oral and external prescriptions,so as to provide reference for safe and effective drug use in clinic. METHODS:According to Chinese Medical Classics(electronic books)and Selected Dictionary of Chinese Medical Prescriptions,the prescriptions containing gypsum from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Modern Times (up to 1979)were summarized;the regularity of clinical use of gypsum by physicians in past dynasties were analyzed. RESULTS:A total of 682 prescriptions containing gypsum were collected. According to the time,there were 169 prescriptions of the Song Dynasty (24.8％)and 152 prescriptions of the Qing Dynasty(22.3％);there were 138 prescriptions of the Ming Dynasty(20.2％)and 118 prescriptions of the Modern Times(up to 1979,17.3％);there were 53 prescriptions of the Jin and Yuan Dynasty(7.8％)and 52 prescriptions of the Han Dynasty,the Jin Dynasty,Northern and Southern Dynasties,and Tang Dynasty(7.6％). Gypsum mainly showed the efficacy of clearing heat-fire,relieving restlessness and slaking thirst,promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration, astringing dampness and stopping bleeding,etc. Among them,there were 516 prescriptions of clearing heat-fire (75.7％),69 prescriptions of relieving restlessness and slaking thirst(10.1％),56 prescriptions of promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration (8.2％),20 prescriptions of astringing dampness and stopping bleeding(2.9％),21 prescriptions of other efficacy(tooth fixation, cosmetology,health care and so on,3.1％). This indicated that the effect of gypsum was mainly clearing heat-fire;gypsum could treat heat-induced disease by combining with other drugs. It could be used in following prescriptions,such as yangming heat syndrome, syndrome of flaring heat in Qifen and Xuefen(Ying),Qifen fever complicated with syndrome of deficiency of Qi and Yin,other meridians complicated with excess-heat syndrome,miscellaneous dosease due to internal injury. In addition,gypsum could be cyed erally or externally,and it can be taken orally after being calcined. CONCLUSIONS:By studying the prescriptions of gypsum used by physicians in past dynasties,it can promote the further use of gypsum,and give better play its clinical efficacy.

Effect of sepium and calcined gypsum for the treatment of diabetic foot / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the cuttlebone and calcined gypsum comfeel dressing treatment of diabetic foot results and provide reference basis for measures to explore the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes foot selection methods in January 2016 to March 2017 in our hospital 80 casesⅠ-Ⅲ diabetic foot patients hospitalized with, take meter method is divided into trial group and control group randomly 40 cases, all patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Two groups based on diabetic foot ulcers qing disinfection comprehensive treatment, treatment group give cuttlebone and calcined gypsum with comfeel dressing therapy, the control group simply give comfeel dressing treatment, the result of the two groups to compare the effect of diabetic foot patients with diabetic foot treatment after 15 days, the experimental group cure the total effective rate 85.00%, control group total effective rate 47.50%, two groups of treatment was significant difference.

Effect of sepium and calcined gypsum for the treatment of diabetic foot / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the cuttlebone and calcined gypsum comfeel dressing treatment of diabetic foot results and provide reference basis for measures to explore the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes foot selection methods in January 2016 to March 2017 in our hospital 80 casesⅠ-Ⅲ diabetic foot patients hospitalized with, take meter method is divided into trial group and control group randomly 40 cases, all patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Two groups based on diabetic foot ulcers qing disinfection comprehensive treatment, treatment group give cuttlebone and calcined gypsum with comfeel dressing therapy, the control group simply give comfeel dressing treatment, the result of the two groups to compare the effect of diabetic foot patients with diabetic foot treatment after 15 days, the experimental group cure the total effective rate 85.00%, control group total effective rate 47.50%, two groups of treatment was significant difference.

1H-NMR-based metabonomics study on toxicity alleviation effect of Bovis Calculus Artificialis, Gypsum Fibrosum, and Borneolum Synthcticum to Realgar (As2S2) in Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet / 中草药

Objective: To study the toxicity alleviation effect of Bovis Calculus Artificialis, Gypsum Fibrosum, and Borneolum Synthcticum to Realgar in Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet based on 1H-NMR metabonomics. Methods: Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: group A (control group), group B (treated with realgar), group C (treated with Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet), group D (treated with Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet without Bovis Calculus Artificialis), group E (treated with Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet without Gypsum Fibrosum), and group F (treated with Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet without Borneolum Synthcticum). Based on 1H-NMR spectra of urine and serum from rats, PLS-DA was performed to identify different metabolic profiles. Results: The metabolic profiles of group B were different from control group, while the metabolic profiles of all other groups were almost in line with those of control group. Conclusion: The toxicity alleviation effects of Bovis Calculus Artificialis, Gypsum Fibrosum, and Borneolum Synthcticum to Realgar in Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet are not obvious.

Research Progress in Heat-clearing Activity of Mineral Drug Gypsum Fibrosum / 中国药师

Gypsum Fibrosum is one of mineral medicines, which is widely used in clinics for a long time. It is mainly used for treating epidemic febrile diseases and excess-heat syndrome. The studies on the heat-clearing effects and mechanisms of Gypsum Fibro-sum in recent years were summarized in the paper,which can provide scientific reference for its further research, application and the heat-clearing mechanism exploration.

Research Progress in Quality Evaluation of Gypsum / 中国药师

Gypsum as a common mineral medicine is widely used in clinics, which is mainly used for the treatment of all kinds of fever. Through reviewing the historical document records of gypsum, the effects of the mineral resources and production process on the quality, and the quality studies were investigated in order to guide the production process,the preparation process and decoction pieces classification of gypsum, and further expand the effective application of gypsum in clinics.

Study on Grading of Gypsum Pieces / 中国药师

Objective:To comprehensively evaluate the intrinsic and external quality, and explore the grading of gypsum pieces. Methods:The characteristics, contents of main components and trace elements and X-diffraction exclusive characteristic peaks of gyp-sum pieces from different origins were detected. Combined with the market grading, the grading standard for gypsum pieces was further improved. Results:According to the tested indices, gypsum pieces were graded into two classes:excellent pieces and common decoc-tion pieces. Conclusion:The study shows reference value for guiding the market grading of gypsum pieces.

Antipyretic and anti-asthmatic activities of traditional Chinese herb-pairs, Ephedra and Gypsum / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Mahuang-Shigao herb-pair is a famous formula composed of Ephedra and Gypsum. The herb-pair is frequently used for treating cold symptoms and bronchial asthma in the clinical practice of Chinese medicine (CM). In the present study, we evaluated evidence for the benefit of combined use of Ephedra and Gypsum by analyzing the antipyretic and anti-asthmatic activities of Ephedra-Gypsum.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The antipyretic effects of Ephedra-Gypsum were evaluated in yeast-induced hyperthermia test. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including control group, standard aspirin group, and 3 Ephedra- Gypsum groups of different doses (6, 12, 24 g/kg). Ephedra-Gypsum extract and asprin were administered orally 6 h after the injection of yeast solution and body temperature was measured every 1 h for 8 h. The antiasthmatic effects of Ephedra-Gypsum were evaluated using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic rat model. Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Rats were alternately sensitized and OVA+Al(OH) challenged by exposure to mists of ovalbumin. Ephedra-Gypsum extracts (6, 12, 24 g/kg) or dexamethasone were administered 45 min prior to the allergen challenge for 8 days. Latent period and the weight of wet to dry ratio of lung were determined. In addition, the eosinophils in blood and white blood cell (WBC) were counted by an YZ-Hemavet Analyzer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The Ephedra-Gypsum extracts at test dose (6, 12, 24 g/kg) significantly and dose-dependently attenuated yeast-induced fever in rats. The Ephedra-Gypsum extracts also prolonged the latent period, reduced OVA-induced increases in eosinophils and WBC, and decreased the wet and dry weight ratio of the lungs in the anti-asthmatic test.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These findings indicate that the Ephedra-Gypsum extract has antipyretic and anti-asthmatic properties. Hence, the results support additional scientific evidence in prescriptions.</p>

Analysis on Characteristic Peaks of Gypsum Fibrosum from Authentic Product Area Hubei Yingcheng by X-ray Diffraction / 中国药师

Objective:To analyze the characteristic peaks of gypsum fibrosum from authentic product area Hubei Yingcheng via X-ray diffraction. Methods:The fingerprint and common peaks of gypsum fibrosum from different areas were analyzed via X-ray diffrac-tion, and the characteristic peaks of gypsum fibrosum from authentic product area Hubei Yingcheng were identified Results:The finger-prints of X-ray diffraction of gypsum fibrosum from different areas were obtalned. Sixteen common peaks were determined, and two characteristic peaks of gypsum fibrosum from authentic product area Yingcheng were determined via X-ray diffraction with interplanar spacing of 1. 68 and 1. 51, respectively. Conclusion:The determination of two characteristic peaks of gypsum fibrosum from authentic product area Hubei Yingcheng can distinguish gypsum fibrosum from the other areas and provide basis for the quality evaluation of gyp-sum fibrosum.