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Objetivo: analisar o desenvolvimento da enfermagem traumato-ortopédica a partir da primeira turma de residentes de um hospital especializado. Método: o estudo seguiu a metodologia histórica com abordagem qualitativa. As fontes foram documentos escritos e orais. Resultados: trabalhar em uma instituição especializada foi o ponto de partida para a busca por especialização de enfermeiras atuantes no cuidado traumato-ortopédico, que perceberam o saber/poder adquirido no trabalho assistencial, além da intenção de qualificar a assistência e elevar o hospital a instituto. Estratégias empregadas reúnem a busca por parcerias com instituições universitárias e associativas, além da criação de uma associação própria. Considerações finais: a enfermagem traumato-ortopédica ampliou seu espaço científico ao criar um curso de especialização com uma unidade acadêmica. Foi possível delimitar o poder acadêmico e institucional da enfermagem na instituição de saúde pela formação de enfermeiras especialistas constituindo um grupo de reconhecido pelo saber científico.
Objective: to analyze the development of trauma and orthopedic nursing care from the very first class of residents of a specialized hospital. Method: historical methodology study with a qualitative approach. The sources consisted of written and oral documents. Results: working in a specialized institution was the starting point for nurses who were seeking specialization in the field of trauma and orthopedic care as they noticed the power-knowledge acquired through care work, plus they were willing to improve assistance and take the hospital up to an institute level. Strategies used include the search for partnerships with universities and associative-type institutions, in addition to creating their own association. Final considerations: trauma and orthopedic nursing care expanded its scientific space by creating a specialization course together with an academic unit. It was possible to define the academic and institutional power of the nursing staff in the health institution by considering the training process of its nurse specialists, who consisted of a group recognized for their scientific knowledge.
Objetivo: analizar el desarrollo de la enfermería traumatológica ortopédica a partir del primer grupo de residentes de un hospital especializado. Método: estudio con metodología histórica con un enfoque cualitativo. Las fuentes fueron documentos escritos y orales. Resultados: el trabajo en una institución especializada fue el punto de partida para la búsqueda de la especialización de las enfermeras que trabajaban en la atención traumatológica ortopédica, quienes notaron el saber/poder adquirido en el trabajo asistencial, además de la intención de cualificar la atención y elevar el hospital al nivel de instituto. Las estrategias empleadas incluyen la búsqueda de alianzas con instituciones universitarias y asociaciones, y la creación de una asociación propia. Consideraciones finales: la enfermería traumatológica ortopédica amplió su espacio científico mediante la creación de un curso de especialización con una unidad académica. Se logró delimitar el poder académico e institucional de la enfermería en la institución de salud a través de la formación de enfermeros especialistas, que es un grupo reconocido por el conocimiento científico.
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La presente investigación documental con diseño bibliométrico pretender caracterizar la producción científica del Dr. Hugo Ariel Hernández-Parada, fundador del actual Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología de la Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh). Por medio de la búsqueda electrónica en seis bases de datos se identificaron 42 estudios (41 artículos y 1 tesis), cuyo análisis bibliométrico determinó que su quehacer dentro de la investigación en el campo de la Anatomía Humana estuvo centrado en el estudio del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo, seguida del Sistema Nervioso Periférico, Miología y Anatomía de cabeza y cuello. La mayoría de sus obras fueron realizadas en muestras humanas (fetos), publicadas en idioma español, en revistas chilenas, y como autor principal en 41 de los 42 registros encontrados. Por medio de esta investigación, se pretende recordar y rendir homenaje a este destacado anatomista, cuya obra contribuyó al desarrollo y difusión de la Anatomía Humana en Chile.
SUMMARY: This documentary research via bibliometric design, aims to characterize the scientific contribution of Dr. Hugo Ariel Hernández-Parada, the founder of the current Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology of the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh). An electronic search was carried out in six databases, 42 studies (41 articles and 1 thesis) were identified. Their bibliometric analysis determined that the work of these research studies in the field of Human Anatomy was focused on the study of the Autonomous Nervous System, followed by the Peripheral Nervous System, Myology and Anatomy of the head and neck. Most of his works were carried out on human samples (fetuses), published in Spanish in Chilean science journals, and as the main author in 41 of the 42 records found. Through this research, it is intended to remember and offer tribute to this outstanding anatomist, whose work contributed to the development and diffusion of human anatomy in Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bibliometrics , Anatomy/history , ChileABSTRACT
Este trabajo, que gira entorno a la consulta por una joven de 14 años, permite desplegar algunas ideas acerca del diagnóstico en psicoanálisis. Se sostiene en una palabra clave: la construcción. Construir un diagnóstico habla de un recorrido singular que lleva tiempo y en la especificidad de la clínica con adolescentes pone en juego múltiples transferencias. Por lo tanto, diagnosticar para un psicoanalista no consiste en subsumir un ejemplar a una clase nosológica sino delinear un trayecto: el trayecto de alguien frente a sus circunstancias AU
This work revolves around the consultation of a 14-year-old girl, allowing us to display some ideas about diagnosis in psychoanalysis. It is based on a key word: construction. Building a diagnosis speaks of a unique journey that takes time and in the specificity of the clinic with adolescents, multiple transfers come into play.Therefore, diagnosing for a psychoanalyst does not consist of subsuming a specimen to a nosological class but rather outlining a path: someone's path in the face of their circumstances AU
Ce travail, qui s'articule autour d'une consultationd'une jeune fille de 14 ans, permet de développer quelques idées sur le diagnosticen psychanalyse. Il repose sur un mot clé: construction. Construire un diagnostic parle d'un parcours unique qui prend du temps et dans la spécificité de la clinique auprès des adolescents, de multiples transferts entrent en jeu.Ainsi, diagnostiquer pour un psychanalyste ne consiste pas à subsumer un spécimen à une classe nosologique mais plutôt à tracer un chemin: le chemin de quelqu'un face à sa situation AU
Este trabalho, que gira em torno da consulta de uma menina de 14 anos, permite-nos desdobrar algumas ideias sobre o diagnóstico em psicanálise. Baseia-se numa palavra-chave: construção. Construir um diagnóstico fala de um percurso único que leva tempo e na especificidade da clínica com adolescentes coloca em jogo múltiplas transferências.Portanto, diagnosticar para um psicanalista não consiste em subsumir um exemplar a uma classe nosológica, mas sim delinear um caminho: o caminho de alguém diante de suas circunstancias AU
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Psychoanalytic Therapy/methods , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/psychology , Transference, PsychologyABSTRACT
The trajectory of healthcare has evolved from ancient holistic practices to the present biomedical model, reflecting the dynamic interplay between scientific progress, technological advancements, and the integration of humanistic values. While biomedical advancements have revolutionized medical treatments, there is an emerging recognition of the importance of integrating neuroscience and humanities to foster holistic patient care and understanding. This paper aims to explore the historical development of medicine, emphasizing the convergence of neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurology within the biomedical framework. Additionally, it investigates the resurgence of humanities in healthcare and its role in promoting patientcentered care. Through a comprehensive review of literature, this study traces the historical roots of medicine and examines the interdisciplinary intersections of neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and medical humanities. The exploration reveals the significant contributions of interdisciplinary approaches in enhancing patient-centered care, fostering a comprehensive understanding of health and well-being, and shaping modern healthcare practices. The integration of neuroscience and humanities offers valuable insights into the complexities of human health, bridging legacy practices with innovative approaches. Embracing this interdisciplinary perspective is crucial for promoting holistic healthcare, emphasizing patient-centered care, and enriching the understanding of health and well-being in contemporary healthcare settings.
A trajetória dos cuidados de saúde evoluiu das antigas práticas holísticas para o atual modelo biomédico, reflectindo a interação dinâmica entre o progresso científico, os avanços tecnológicos e a integração de valores humanísticos. Embora os avanços biomédicos tenham revolucionado os tratamentos médicos, há um reconhecimento emergente da importância de integrar as neurociências e as humanidades para promover a compreensão e os cuidados holísticos dos doentes. Este artigo tem como objetivo explorar o desenvolvimento histórico da medicina, salientando a convergência da neurociência, da psiquiatria e da neurologia no quadro biomédico. Além disso, investiga o ressurgimento das humanidades nos cuidados de saúde e o seu papel na promoção de cuidados centrados no doente. Através de uma revisão exaustiva da literatura, este estudo traça as raízes históricas da medicina e examina as intersecções interdisciplinares da neurociência, psiquiatria, neurologia e humanidades médicas. A exploração revela os contributos significativos das abordagens interdisciplinares para melhorar os cuidados centrados no doente, promover uma compreensão abrangente da saúde e do bem-estar e moldar as práticas modernas de cuidados de saúde. A integração das neurociências e das humanidades oferece conhecimentos valiosos sobre as complexidades da saúde humana, fazendo a ponte entre práticas antigas e abordagens inovadoras. A adoção desta perspetiva interdisciplinar é crucial para promover cuidados de saúde holísticos, enfatizando os cuidados centrados no doente e enriquecendo a compreensão da saúde e do bem-estar nos contextos de cuidados de saúde contemporâneos.
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El microscopista francés Louis Joblot (1645-1723), contemporáneo de Antoine van Leeuwenhoek y Robert Hooke, puede ser considerado uno de los padres de la protistología/microbiología. Su obra titulada "Descripciones y usos de varios microscopios nuevos" de 1718 contiene varias extraordinarias imágenes de protozoos en movimiento y en división binaria. Lamentablemente, algunas imágenes de dicha obra contenían figuras fantásticas, por lo que su legado fue rápidamente obscurecido. Sus experimentos sobre el fenómeno de generación espontánea marcaron un hito en el desarrollo de este debate y se adelantaron en casi siglo y medio a los experimentos de Louis Pasteur.
The French microscopist Louis Joblot (1645-1723), a contemporary of Antoine van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, he can be considered one of the fathers of protistology/microbiology. His work entitled "Descriptions and uses of various new microscopes" of 1718 contains several extraordinary images of protozoa in motion and in binary division. Unfortunately, some images of this work contained fantastic figures, so his legacy was quickly obscured. His experiments on the phenomenon of spontaneous generation marked a milestone in the development of this debate and anticipated Louis Pasteur's experiments by almost a century and a half.
Subject(s)
History, 18th Century , Microbiology/history , Bacteriology/history , FranceABSTRACT
Con motivo del Día Mundial de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, se realizó en la Casa Museo Bernardo Houssay un conversatorio en el que expertos biógrafos resaltaron algunos aspectos de la trayectoria profesional del Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1947, destacando su actividad como investigador en fisiología y sus cualidades humanas. Estos importantes estudiosos del tema compartieron sus conocimientos en un selecto auditorio. (AU)
On the occasion of World Science and Technology Day, a discussion was held at the Bernardo Houssay House Museum in which expert biographers highlighted some aspects of the professional career of the 1947 Nobel Prize in Medicine, highlighting his activity as a researcher in physiology and his human qualities. These important scholars of the subject shared their knowledge in a select audience. (AU)
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Physiology/history , Biomedical Research , Academies and Institutes/history , Argentina , History of Medicine , Nobel PrizeABSTRACT
Toda especialidad médica, y en especial las quirúrgicas, necesitan, de alguna manera, vislumbrar el futuro que puedan ofrecer a los miembros más jóvenes de la especialidad y eventuales interesados en esta, de manera de asegurarles las mejores posibilidades de desarrollo profesional y personal, para, a su vez, poder reclutar a los mejores. Empero, para imaginar y forjar el futuro, es necesario vivir y enfrentar el presente. Pero, todo presente se asienta en un pasado, que es necesario conocer y meditar. Y de esto trata este artículo especial: pasado, presente y futuro de la cirugía de corazón, desde la particular visión de su autor.
Every medical specialty, mainly surgical specialties, needs to envision the future they can offer to the specialty's younger members and those eventually interested in it to assure them of the best possibilities for professional and personal development and, in turn, to be able to recruit the best one. However, it is necessary to live and face the present to imagine and forge the future. But every present is based on a past, which must be known and meditated upon. This article is about the past, present, and future of heart surgery, according to the particular vision of its author.
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La presente revisión narrativa trata de caracterizar como ha sido el proceso de enseñanza de la anatomía en la Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), presentando una visión histórica desde los inicios de la Universidad a los tiempos actuales y una reflexión sobre el futuro de la Anatomía Humana. Se describen los orígenes del Instituto de Anatomía de la UACh, primeros académicos, logros institucionales, convenios interinstitucionales; además, se detallan los métodos y estrategias educativas utilizadas en la actualidad para la enseñanza anatómica y se presenta una visión panorámica del porvenir como instituto de docencia e investigación en el campo de la Anatomía humana.
SUMMARY: This narrative review tries to characterize how the anatomy teaching process has been carried out at the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), presenting a historical vision from the beginnings of the University to the present time and a reflection on the future of Human Anatomy. The origins of the Human Anatomy Institute at the UACh, first academics, institutional achievements, inter-institutional agreements are described; in addition, the educational methods and strategies currently used for anatomical teaching are detailed and a panoramic vision of the future as a teaching and research institute in the field of human anatomy is presented.
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Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Universities/history , Anatomy/education , Anatomy/history , ChileABSTRACT
RESUMEN Laura Rodriguez Dulanto ha sido destacada por su calidad de primera mujer graduada en Medicina en el Perú, se ha señalado desde diversas perspectivas sus elevadas cualidades intelectuales, así como el esfuerzo y tesón para vencer las dificultades para seguir estudios universitarios, en particular en disciplinas científicas, entonces reservadas exclusivamente a varones. Se ha señalado sin embargo que por las limitaciones impuestas a las mujeres en la época tuvo una disminuida actividad profesional, y una escasa producción científica, lo cual no ha sido revisado por la historiografía existente. En el presente artículo se analiza, su producción científica especialmente el estudio "empleo de ictiol en la inflamación pélvica" mostrando sus ideas sobre la ciencia y la medicina e identificando un pensamiento claro, moderno e innovador, no exento de sensibilidad social, además de mostrarse como una aguda y minuciosa observadora de problemas clínico-quirúrgicos.
ABSTRACT Laura Rodriguez Dulanto has been highlighted for her status as the first woman to graduate in Medicine in Peru. Her high intellectual qualities have been noted from various perspectives, as well as her effort and tenacity to overcome the difficulties of pursuing university studies, particularly in scientific disciplines, then reserved exclusively for men. It has been pointed out, however, that due to the limitations imposed on women at the time, she had a diminished professional activity and little scientific production, which has not been reviewed by existing historiography. This article analyzes his scientific production, especially a clinical study developed in a women's hospital in Lima, Peru, showing his ideas about science and medicine and identifying a clear, modern and innovative thought, not exempt from social sensitivity, in addition. to show herself as a keen and thorough observer of clinical-surgical problems.
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RESUMEN La pandemia de la Covid 19 forzó a las facultades de medicina a optar por una metodología virtual de enseñanza por la suspensión de las prácticas presenciales con pacientes reales en los establecimientos de salud, debido al confinamiento social y riesgo de contagio. Objetivo Determinar las ventajas y desventajas percibidas por los estudiantes de medicina en relación con la transición de las prácticas presenciales en hospitales a las sesiones virtuales de aprendizaje en un curso de semiología en una facultad de medicina de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en estudiantes del 4to año de la carrera de Medicina. Los datos se recolectaron mediante una encuesta virtual no validada. Resultados 94 estudiantes respondieron la encuesta (tasa de respuesta: 51,1%). Las ventajas percibidas fueron: 57,4% tener mayor tiempo para estudio teórico y 38,3% en ahorro de tiempo en transporte y movilidad. Las desventajas fueron: 42,6% falta de contacto con pacientes reales y 39,4% no poder realizar una historia clínica adecuada. En cuanto al logro de objetivos de aprendizaje, el 72,3% consideró que logró identificar los problemas de salud del paciente, mientras que el 24,4% afirmó que logró realizar una adecuada historia clínica, y sólo el 9,6% que logró realizar un examen físico completo en pacientes. Conclusión La modalidad virtual de enseñanza permitió a los estudiantes tener más tiempo para revisar aspectos teóricos del curso, pero limitó la adquisición de habilidades prácticas, como realizar una anamnesis adecuada, presentar historias clínicas y examinar pacientes.
SUMMARY The COVID-19 pandemic forced the school of medicines to opt for a virtual teaching modality due to the suspension of face-to-face activities imposed by the lockdown. Objective To determine the advantages and disadvantages of the virtual teaching modality perceived by the students in an introduction to clinical medicine course of a school of medicine in Lima, Peru. Methods A virtual non-validated survey was circulated among fourth year medical students. Results 94 studentes answered the survey (51%). Perceived advantages were to have more time to study (57.4%) and saving time in transportation (39.4%). The disadvantages were lack of contact with real patients (42.6%) and not to be able to obtain a clinical history from patients (39.4%). The 72.3% of students were able to identify the medical problems of patients, but only 24.4% were able to obtain an adequate clinical history and just 9.6% performed an adequate physical examination. Conclusion The virtual teaching modality allowed the student to have more time for self-study but limited their abilities to obtain a clinical history and to perform a physical examination.
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Introducción. Los traumatismos cardíacos son lesiones graves y con elevado índice de letalidad, aspecto que influye en el interés mostrado por los lectores cada vez que aparecen reportados en publicaciones científicas. En ocasiones existe cierto grado de incongruencia a la hora de establecer el origen histórico de sucesos o eventos ocurridos y relacionados con la historia de la medicina. En el caso del trauma cardíaco penetrante han sido descritos diversos orígenes en algunos de los artículos científicos publicados, lo cual puede generar un grado de duda en los lectores. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, médica y no médica, para buscar información que ayudara a esclarecer el verdadero origen histórico de esta entidad. Resultados. El trauma cardíaco penetrante fue descrito por primera vez en la obra griega titulada La Ilíada, escrita por Homero en el siglo VIII A.C., y no en El papiro quirúrgico de Edwin Smith, como varios autores mencionan. Conclusiones. De todos los eventos de trauma cardíaco penetrante descritos, el más irrefutable es el narrado en el canto XIII, donde se cuenta la muerte de Alcátoo, producto de una herida cardíaca ocasionada por una lanza arrojada por Idomeneo durante una batalla
Introduction. Cardiac traumatic injuries are serious injuries with a high lethality rate, an aspect that influences the interest shown by readers each time they appear reported in scientific publications. Sometimes there is a certain degree of inconsistency when it comes to establishing the historical origin of occurrences or events related to the history of medicine. In the case of penetrating cardiac trauma, different origins have been described in some of the published scientific articles, which may generate a degree of doubt in the readers. Methods. A review of the medical and non-medical literature was carried out to seek information that would help to clarify the true historical origin of this entity. Results. Penetrating cardiac trauma was first described in a Greek work entitled The Iliad, written by Homer in the 8th century B.C., and not in The Surgical Papyrus of Edwin Smith as several authors mention. Conclusions. Of all the events of penetrating cardiac trauma described, the most irrefutable is the one narrated in canto XIII, where it recounts the death of Alcathous product of a cardiac wound caused by a spear thrown by Idomeneo during a battle.
Subject(s)
Humans , Wounds, Penetrating , History of Medicine , Wounds and Injuries , Heart Injuries , HistoryABSTRACT
The Republic of China period （1912—1949） was an important stage of transition from traditional herbalism to clinical Chinese materia medica. The clinical application of Chinese materia medica became the focus of academic attention. During the Republic of China period， the research objectives， methods， and content of clinical Chinese materia medica were clarified， and the basic framework of Chinese materia medica was established through efficacy classification and item description. Based on the historical background at that time， striving for survival in adversity were the internal factors driving the construction of clinical Chinese materia medica， and the rise of academic education and the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine journals provided favorable conditions for the development of clinical Chinese materia medica. The clinical Chinese materia medica during the Republic of China period gradually formed a theoretical structure and core content that was distinctly different from that of traditional herbal medicine， which was integrated with the scientific research of Chinese materia medica and promoted the continuous development of Chinese materia medica together with other subdisciplines， presenting distinctive characteristics of the times and important academic significance.
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Objective Based on the epidemic situation of hepatitis B and liver cancer patients in Nantong from 2019 to 2022, to analyze the trend of hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV-DNA) changes and provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B and liver cancer. Methods The data of patients with hepatitis B and liver cancer in Nantong Cancer Hospital were collected, and the general data, the time of infection with hepatitis B and the results of quantitative HBV-DNA test were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 487 patients with hepatitis B and liver cancer were collected, including 395 males and 92 females. Among them, patients aged 51-60 were the most common, accounting for 28.34%, followed by those aged 41-50 and 61-70, accounting for 23.00% and 21.56% respectively. In addition to 84 patients with unknown infection time, most of the patients with hepatitis B infection time distributed in 11 to 20 years, followed by 21 to 30 years and 1 to 10 years. Except for 126 patients with unknown levels of HBV DNA, the positive rate of HBV DNA in 361 patients was 64.82%. Between 2019 and 2022, except for patients with unknown levels of HBV-DNA, the proportion of patients with HBV-DNA<500 copies/mL showed an upward trend, while the proportion of patients with HBV-DNA (103-106) copies/mL showed a downward trend. Conclusion Sex and the time of infection with hepatitis B are high risk factors for hepatitis B liver cancer. Most patients with liver cancer are positive for HBV-DNA, which needs to be tested regularly to guide antiviral treatment.
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XI Yuan Ji Lu is widely recognized as the earliest and most systematic forensic monograph in the world.It has a profound impact on Chinese society and the world in terms of prosecution system,forensic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.It has a lengthy and systematic record of human organs and tissues.Given its exemplary role,it is a valuable corpus for the study of human body-part terms.This article conducted an inventory of the terms on the human body surface of XI Yuan Ji Lu.By examining the characteristics of vocabulary composition and usage,it explored the reasons for the formation of human body-part terms,aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the human body structure recognized by ancient people,provided a reference for deeply analyzing the semantic system of human body words,constructing ancient autopsy images and describing the formation of modern forensic medicine.
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Tic disorder(TD), including Tourette syndrome, was first reported in 1825 and officially named in 1885.Until 1961, Haloperidol was proven to be effective in treating TD, which ushered in a new era of clinical understanding and research on TD.This paper introduces the history of research, development issues and research prospects related to TD.
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Objective To evaluate the mediating effect of lifestyles on the association between family history and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods This study was based on the "Early Screening and Comprehensive Intervention of High-risk Populations of Cardiovascular Disease Project". The data were collected from 6 project sites in Hubei Province. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of family history and lifestyle on CVD, and the relationship between family history and lifestyle. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the mediating effect of lifestyle on the association between family history and CVD. Results A total of 5 871 subjects were included in the study from 2015 to 2016, of whom 500 (8.52%) developed CVD and 484 had family history of CVD. The risk of developing CVD was significantly increased in participants with family history of disease (OR = 1.458, P = 0.014) and in those with high level of physical activity (OR = 1.081, P = 0.026). The increase of leisure physical activity time showed a protective effect on developing CVD (OR = 0.977, P < 0.001). Participants with family history significantly increased leisure physical activity (OR = 2.085, P < 0.001), and were less likely to choose occupations with high levels of physical activity (OR = 0.524, P < 0.001). The results of mediation analysis showed that leisure physical activity and occupational physical activity mediated the relationship between family history and CVD, and the β value of the mediating effects were -0.004 (P = 0.010) and 0.002 (P = 0.045), respectively. The β value of the direct effect of family history on CVD was 0.033 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Leisure physical activity and occupational physical activity might mediate the relationship between family history and CVD. People with family history would reduce the risk of developing CVD by increasing leisure physical activity time and choosing occupations with low levels of physical activity.
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Cohort studies play an important role in elucidating the association between risk factors and diseases， and are widely used in etiology research， the assessment of disease prognosis， understanding the natural history of diseases， and the surveillance following the market release of new drugs. The data produced by cohort studies possess great scientific value and can provide essential evidence for public health practice. A well-conceived scientific design is a prerequisite to conducting a cohort study， and the design should focus on aspects such as sample size， selection of exposed and non-exposed populations， follow-up procedures， outcome assessments， research duration， and the choice of analytical indicators and methods. Cohort studies have become an important way to obtain scientific evidence. Internationally renowned population-based cohorts， such as China Kadoorie biobank and the Framingham heart study cohort， have provided a wealth of scientifically valuable evidence for promoting human health. The quality of data produced by a cohort study is extremely important， and a cohort study should continuously incorporate new technologies and methods to provide objective， accurate， and reliable means to determine exposure and outcomes， as well as control for bias. Cohort studies have great potential for application and will continue to provide abundant high-quality scientific evidence for the development of strategies and measures to enhance human health.
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Steaming is one of the commonly used methods in the processing of Chinese materia medica,which can be used to change the medicinal properties,expand the scope of use,enhance the efficacy,reduce side effects and facilitate slicing.By reviewing ancient herbal texts and literature,this article summarized the historical development of TCM steaming:from the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period,it has mainly gone through the stages of germination,growth,maturity,and prosperity.It further sorted out the research progress of modern steaming from the aspects of steaming technology,chemical composition and drug effect changes before and after steaming,and analyzed and discussed the establishment of quality standards of steamed products and the development of traditional and modern processing techniques,with a view to clarifying the mechanism of steaming,and providing basis for standardizing steaming technology,improving the quality standards of steamed decoction pieces and rational clinical application.
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Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to replicate. HDV infection is prevalent worldwide, but the number of HDV infections varies in different regions of the world, and there is no exact global prevalence data for hepatitis D. China belongs to an area with low prevalence of anti-HDV. However, the positive rates of anti-HDV are relatively high in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. compared to HBV monoinfection chronic HBV/HDV coinfection progresses more rapidly and frequently to cirrhosis,liver decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Anti-HBV nucleotide analogues (NAs) that inhibit HBV replication are ineffective in controlling HDV infection. The newly approved drug Burweipeptide (BLV) has demonstrated good safety and efficacy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis D, and no drug-resistant mutations have been found so far.
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Purpose@#The field of speech-language pathology (SLP) is a young profession in the Philippines compared and relative to the other health sciences in the country. The emergence of this profession is marked by the milestones laid by the development of the first speech pathology education and training program at the University of the Philippines (UP); the establishment of its national professional organization, the Philippine Association of Speech Pathologists (PASP); and the enactment of RA 11249 or the Speech Language Pathology Act, which created the Professional Regulatory Board for Speech-Language Pathology (PRB-SLP) under the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). This article looks back at these early beginnings, focuses at the current status of the profession, and provides perspectives for its growth moving forward. Specifically, this article provides an overview of the education and training, professional organization, and local practice of Filipino SLPs. Some emerging issues about the local practice and research gaps are also discussed.@*Conclusions@#The SLP profession in the Philippines has come a long way in developing education and training programs, expanding its national professional organization, and obtaining regulation of the practice of this profession under the law. However, there is still much work to be done to ensure its growth and further its development as a health science. Among these, strengthening the body of research to respond to the evolving needs and distinct landscape of local practice could further the growth of SLP in the Philippines.