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Introducción: Se presentan los resultados de un estudio experimental para contrastar el efecto de la modalidad de presentación de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento (escrito versus audiovisual) en los procesos cognitivos de recepción, en función de la necesidad de cognición. Método: Participaron 109 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos condiciones experimentales (mensaje escrito versus mensaje audiovisual). Resultados: Se encontró que la necesidad de cognición moderó el efecto de la modalidad del mensaje sobre la elaboración cognitiva (el mensaje escrito incrementaba la elaboración cognitiva en participantes con baja necesidad de cognición) y sobre la contraargumentación (el formato escrito generó menor contraargumentación en participantes con alta necesidad de cognición), pero no sobre la reactancia. Conclusiones: La efectividad de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento está determinada tanto por las características del mensaje (la modalidad de presentación) como por las diferencias individuales de las personas (la necesidad de cognición). De manera particular, la necesidad de cognición es una variable relevante para comprender los procesos cognitivos de recepción (la elaboración cognitiva y la contraargumentación) que desempeñan un papel fundamental en el estudio de la persuasión narrativa.
Introduction: This article presents the results of an experimental study that sought to contrast the effect of the entertainment education message (written versus audiovisual) on the cognitive processes of reception, as a function of the need for cognition. Method: 109 MSM participated, randomly distributed, in two experimental conditions (written versus audiovisual message). Results: We found that the need for cognition moderated the effect of message modality on cognitive elaboration and in contra-argumentation, but not on reactance. Data shows that written message increased cognitive elaboration in participants with low need for cognition and generated less contra-argumentation in participants with a higher need for cognition. Conclusions: The effectiveness of an entertainment-education message is determined by both the characteristics of the message (the modality of presentation) and the individual differences of people (the need for cognition). In particular, the need for cognition is a relevant variable for understanding the cognitive processes of reception (cognitive elaboration and contra-argumentation) that play a fundamental role in the study of narrative persuasion.
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An integrative review of the literature of the last thirty years on evaluations of HIV prevention strategies implemented in the mass media in Latin America was conducted. A total of 246 documents were identified, of which 12 met the selection criteria and 15 campaign evaluations were identified. The results indicate that the most commonly used message was to promote the use of condoms. Most evaluations focused on remembering the message of campaigns and media exposure. Only three yield results on knowledge assessments and two on attitudes to condom use; nine reported behavioral changes. In conclusion, there are few articles with evaluation results. The assessment of behaviors is increasingly taken into account. Pre-experimental evaluation designs are used.(AU)
Foi feita uma revisão integrativa da literatura dos últimos trinta anos sobre avaliações de estratégias de prevenção ao HIV implementadas nos meios de comunicação de massa na América Latina. Foram identificados 246 documentos, dos quais 12 atenderam aos criterios de seleção e 15 avaliações de campanhas foram identificadas. Os resultados indicam que a mensagem mais usada foi promover o uso de preservativos. A maioria das avaliações focou em lembrar a mensagem das campanhas. Apenas três apresentam resultados de avaliações do conhecimento e outros dois sobre a atitude em relação ao uso de preservativos. Cerca de nove relataram mudanças comportamentais. Concluindo, existem poucos artigos com resultados de avaliação desse tipo de campanhas. A avaliação comportamental é cada vez mais levada em consideração. Desenhos de avaliação pré-experimental com uma única medida pós-teste e sem um grupo controle são utilizados.(AU)
Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura de los últimos treinta años sobre las evaluaciones de las estrategias de prevención del VIH implementadas en los medios de comunicación masiva en América Latina. Se identificaron 246 documentos, de los cuales 12 cumplieron los criterios de selección, y se identificaron 15 evaluaciones de campañas. Los resultados indican que el mensaje más utilizado era promover el uso del condón. La mayoría de las evaluaciones se centraban en recordar el mensaje de las campañas. Solo tres arrojan resultados de evaluaciones de conocimientos y otras dos sobre la actitud frente al uso del condón. Acerca de nueve cambios de comportamiento. En conclusión, existen pocos artículos con resultados de evaluación de este tipo de campañas. Se utilizan diseños de evaluación pre-experimentales con una única medida pos-test y sin grupo control.(AU)
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Humans , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Health Promotion/statistics & numerical data , Mass Media , Disease Prevention , Health Communication , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the awareness of contraceptive methods, understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention and the perception of HIV/AIDS risks among secondary school students in Tanzania.Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among secondary school students in Tanzania. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, awareness of contraceptive methods, an understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention, and the perception of HIV/AIDS risks. Three secondary schools were selected by considering the gender balance and location, which included the urban and surrounding areas. The research objectives, methods, and ethical considerations were explained, and the students voluntarily completed the questionnaire.Results: A total of 233 responses were collected, and 204 responses were considered valid for the analysis. The mean and standard deviation of age were 18.5 ± 1.0. Regardless of the gender, age, religion, and major course of study, the maternal educational status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.129; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.324, 7.398; P=0.009) and the number of information sources (AOR: 7.023, 95% CI: 3.166, 15.579, P<0.001) demonstrated associations with the awareness of contraceptive methods. Respondents who lived outside a dormitory (AOR: 3.782; 95% CI: 1.650, 8.671; P=0.002) and who currently had a partner (AOR: 3.616; 95% CI: 1.486, 8.800; P=0.005) were associated with a high level of understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention regardless of gender, age, religion, and major course of study. Respondents with few information sources were associated with a high level of perception of HIV/AIDS risks (AOR: 0.293; 95% CI: 0.115, 0.747; P=0.010), regardless of gender, age, religion, and major course of study.Conclusion: Factors associated with the awareness of contraceptive methods, the understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention, and perception of HIV/AIDS risks were not consistent. To ensure the improvement of these factors among secondary school students, sexual health education should be integrated into educational programs and provided holistically.
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A partir de un relevamiento de tipo etnográfico, este artículo describe prácticas sexuales y lugares de encuentro de HSH (Hombres que tienen Sexo con Hombres) en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Tales espacios, así como las características que asumen en ellos los encuentros sexuales, delinean obstáculos específicos en la adopción de comportamientos preventivos, y generan nuevos desafíos para las actividades de prevención. Se plantean además dificultades y debates conceptuales que la categoría HSH presenta, y sus consecuencias en el abordaje preventivo y teórico-metodológico para las ciencias sociales. Se proponen asimismo nuevos interrogantes acerca de los alcances y las limitaciones del modelo preventivo del VIH/Sida para HSH...
A partir de um levantamento de tipo etnográfico, este artigo descreve práticas sexuais e lugares de encontro de HSH (Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens) na cidade de Buenos Aires. Tais espaços, assim como as características que neles assumem os encontros sexuais, delineiam obstáculos específicos na adoção de comportamentos preventivos, e geram novos desafios para as atividades de prevenção. Estabelecem-se, além disso, dificuldades e debates conceituais que a categoria HSH apresenta, e suas consequências na abordagem preventiva e teórico-metodológica para as ciências sociais. São propostas também novas interrogações a respeito dos alcances e das limitações do modelo preventivo do HIV/AIDS para o HSH...
Based on findings from an ethnographic study, we describe cruising sites and sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the city of Buenos Aires. These dynamics present specific obstacles to adopting HIV preventive behaviors, thus generating new concerns about the effectiveness of prevention approaches. We also introduce the difficulties and debates around the use of "MSM" as an analytical category, and their consequences as related to prevention and social science theory and methods. New concerns are raised regarding the reach and limitations of the current HIV/AIDS prevention model for MSM...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , HIV , Sexual Behavior/ethnology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Epidemiologic Factors , Risk Factors , Argentina/ethnologyABSTRACT
En la actualidad, el preservativo masculino continúa siendo el principal método para prevenir enfermedades de transmisión sexual, incluido el VIH/SIDA. El objetivo de este estudio transversal analítico-descriptivo es evaluar la frecuencia de uso de dicho preservativo en las relaciones sexuales coito-vaginales de jóvenes españoles con edades entre 14 y 24 años, e identificar las variables relacionadas con los factores que predisponen, facilitan y refuerzan su utilización. La muestra estuvo integrada por 2.171 jóvenes de las comunidades de Galicia, Madrid y Andalucía. El 50,4% de los jóvenes encuestados manifestaron haber tenido relaciones coitovaginales en los últimos seis meses. Se encontró que ser mayor de 18 años y tener más actividad sexual se asocia a menor frecuencia de uso del preservativo. Se tomó como referencia el modelo Precede; los análisis de regresión logística identificaron como predictores confiables: la intención de conducta de no riesgo y la habilidad autopercibida para usar el preservativo masculino con la pareja habitual (dentro del grupo de factores predisponentes); uso del preservativo masculino la primera vez que mantuvo relaciones coito-vaginales, hablar con la pareja sobre las prácticas sexuales por llevar a cabo, hablar con la pareja sobre los métodos de prevención que se van a utilizar y la baja frecuencia de relaciones con penetración vaginal (dentro del grupo de factores facilitadores); y haber sentido agobio, culpa o arrepentimiento por no tomar precauciones tras alguna práctica coito-vaginal (dentro del grupo de factores reforzantes). Los resultados de este estudio confirman la utilidad del modelo Precede para efectuar el diagnóstico de la conducta sexual.
The male condom continues to be the primary method of preventing sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. This is a transversal descriptive research, their objective is assess the frequency of use of the male condom in sexual relations involving vaginal penetration using a sample of young Spanish men from 14 to 24 years of age. We attempt to identify reliable predictors for condom use, factors that predispose, facilitate and reinforce its consistent use. The sample was made up of 2.171 young belonging to three regions in Spain (Galicia, Madrid and Andalusia) among the ages of 14 and 24. A 50,4 % of the young men polled expressed having had vaginal intercourse in the previous six months. Participants who were 18-year-old and older as well as those who engaged more frequently in sexual activity were less likely to use the male condom at all times. Taking the Precede model as a point of reference, the models of logistic regression identified the following variables as reliable predictors: a declared intention of partaking in non-risk conduct with a stable partner and the self-perceived skill at using the male condom with a stable partner (within the group of predisposing factors); having used the male condom the first time they engaged in vaginal intercourse, the habit of speaking to one's partner about sexual practices, speaking to one's partner about prevention methods to use, and low frequency of sexual relations with vaginal penetration (within the group of facilitating factors); having felt a sense of guilt or repentance for not taking precautions after engaging in vaginal intercourse (within the group of reinforcing factors). In conclusion the results of this study confirm the utility of the Precede model to carry out the diagnosis of the sexual behaviour.
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Background: The adolescent\u2019s reproductive health is more and more concerned, especially in face of risk of HIV/AIDS epidemic for mankind. A variety of study and document show that adolescents have not had correct knowledge of reproductive health and HIV/AIDS preventive measures. Therefore, they have not had correct attitude and practice of their reproductive health as well as prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission. Objective: To define the current knowledge, attitude and practice of adolescents on reproductive health and HIV/AIDS prevention at two communes of Ly Nhan district, Nam Dinh province. Subjects and method:A cross-sectional, descriptive investigation combining with comparison of results of SAVY study was conducted in 401 adolescents between the age of 10 and 19 at Hop Ly and Hop Chinh communes of Ly Nhan district, Nam Dinh province, from April/2006 to June/2006. Results and Conclusion: Among 401 adolescents: men were more than female, 52.62% and 47.38%, respectively. 98.8% of them had the level of secondary or high school education. Only 1.2% had the level of primary education. 44.14% of adolescents had limited knowledge on safe sex. 21.5% of adolescents had correct and adequate understanding HIV transmission. 88% of adolescents could access to information of HIV/AIDS and RH via mass media.
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Reproductive Medicine , HIV , AttitudeABSTRACT
Background: Lang Son is a north mountianous province in Vietnam with population 727.081. It\u2019s residents belong to 8 ethnic minorities. Because their living conditions and education level is still low, they have limited access to new techniques to improve their living conditions, especially their health. In addtion, some districts in the province have to confront drug evil and HIV/AIDS epidemic. Objective: To define the current situation of maternal and child health care, reproductive health, HIV/AIDS and sexual transmissiondiseases prevention and offer interventional measures. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted in health workers and patients at the 4 commune health stations in Huu Lung and Chi Lang district on October/2004.Results and Conclusion: Termination of water and sanitation cause some diseases of mothers and children. Knowledge of people about pregnancy care as well as maternal and child health care are limited (32.2/12.6% pregnancy at labors in both districts has not been supported by trained attendance. In whole province, 32.6% children under 5 year older have malnutrition). Knowledge and practice of people on safe sex are limited so they might expose to HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy and sexual transmission diseases.
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Child Welfare , Maternal Welfare , Reproductive Medicine , Methods , HIVABSTRACT
Sexual negotiation has been proved to be one of the most effective prevention strategies for managing the conflicts related with sexual safe practice and to help women to protect themselves from contracting HIV/AIDS. Self-efficacy is a main concept in Social Cognitive Theory (SCT); it constitutes a mediator variable during sexual negotiation. The objective of this study was to explore self efficacy perception in a group of Puerto Rican women (N=110). We administered the Self-Efficacy Scale. Women perceived themselves with lower levels of self efficacy when negotiating non-penetrative sexual practices and managing their emotions during sexual negotiation. We discuss the implications of the use of self-efficacy in developing HIV preventive interventions in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
La negociación se ha planteado como la estrategia más adecuada para trabajar conflictos vinculados a las prócticas sexuales seguras, alternativa que le permite a las mujeres protegerse contra el VIH/SIDA. La autoeficacia, concepto central de la Teoría Social Cognitiva (TSC), constituye una variable mediadora en dicho proceso. Por esto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la percepción de autoeficacia en un grupo de mujeres universitarias puertorriqueñas (N=110) como resultado de la administración de la Escala de Autoeficacia (EAE). Entre los resultados mós pertinentes encontramos que las mujeres expresaron percibirse menos autoeficaces negociando la próctica de conductas no penetrativas, y manejando sus emociones. Discutimos las implicaciones que tiene la autoeficacia particularmente en el desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas del VIH/SIDA tanto en Puerto Rico como el Caribe.
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Objective To identify factors influencing behavioral changes among injection drug users(IDUs)by assessing the outcome of the Kunming Sunshine Homeland Project(SHP)in 2007,so as to design more effective and relevant interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in China.Method Data obtained from SHP were analyzed by Logistic regression,in which the relationship between related factors and effectiveness of the interventions were examined.Results Based on Fishbein and Guinan’s hypothesis(1996),among the three factors,i.e.attitude,perceived behavioral norm and self-efficacy,the perceived behavioral norm was the most effective one to change IDUs’ behaviors.Conclusions In designing HIV/AIDS prevention and control projects targeted to IDUs,perceived behavioral norms should be given high priority in combination with other 2 factors,and the approaches applied should match with the objective of the designed project.
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Objective To explore a legal system which helps to provide effective HIV prevention and treatment for commercial sex workers.Method A method of literature review was adopted to analyse the major international literature on the interaction between sex work law and HIV prevention and treatment.Results In an international perspective,there are generally three types of legal frameworks of sex work:prohibitive law,law of regulating sex work through licensing,and decriminalization of sex work.In terms of public health,the prohibitive law drives sex workers to the underground state,hindering HIV/AIDS prevetion and treatment;the law of regulating sex work through licensing is unable to deal with the health problems of the unlicensed sex workers;decriminalization of sex work can not only avoid driving sex workers to the underground state,but can also advance HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment by providing integrated health service and behavioural interventions.Conclusion Among the three legal approaches to sex work,decriminalization of sex work provides the most enabling legal framework for HIV prevention and treatment in sex work community.
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Objective To identify main problems and related factors existing in monitoring and evaluation(M&E)of HIV/AIDS prevention and control in China through status quo investigation and problem analysis.Methods Data collected from the existing information and field investigations were analyzed with horizontal,longitudinal comparison and GAP analysis to identify current situation and problems.Results 1)Basic situation in the seven aspects,including;institution,staff,funding,use of indicators,data management,result feedback and operation of M&E was defined;2)Problems in the five aspects,including coordination mechanism,staff ability,use of indicator system,data analysis and use and level of M&E were identified.Conclusions In order to improve the overall quality of M&E of HIV/AIDS prevention and control in this country,a unified nationwide M&E system of HIV/AIDS prevention and control should be established.
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Objective To develop an accurate understanding of the policy impact of China-UK HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project.Methods Questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were employed for 20 key informants in Beijing including government officials,NGO workers,medical professionals,scholars,police officers,and representatives of international organizations involved in AIDS issues in China.Results The project was noted for its scale and a strong guarantee for fund allocation.It was also noted for having broken some policy taboos.The experience gained from the project was integrated into local policy development and became the evidence base for national policymaking.Conclusion Guided by scientific evidence,the China-UK Project has produced excellent experience for developing national AIDS prevention and control strategy by applying pilot-study based management and making continuous improvement through practice,but its sustainability is challenged when the Project ends.
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A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), é uma pandemia com alto nível de letalidade. Os adolescentes no início da atividade sexual, podem se deparar com as Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST), e entre estas a AIDS. A gravidez na adolescência é uma epidemia no país, indicando que, se a prevenção para gravidez não está ocorrendo, também não está ocorrendo para as DST. Fazer um diagnóstico prévio da situação em que se deseja intervir, é uma conduta objetiva, utilizada por educadores na elaboração de programas de educação em saúde cientificamente elaborados. Nesse sentido, este estudo têm o objetivo de obter dados que possibilitem identificar o perfil demográfico e os fatores que levam os estudantes do ensino médio a adotarem comportamentos de risco para a AIDS. A população deste estudo foi constituída de 360 estudantes da primeira, segundo e terceira séries do ensino médio das duas escolas estaduais do município de Peruíbe, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, para a qual foi aplicado um questionário estruturado. Os resultados demonstraram que 50,6% dos estudantes têm dúvidas de que a masturbação mútua seja uma prática sexual segura; a maioria tem conhecimentos corretos relacionados à AIDS, porém 50,5% ainda acreditam, erroneamente, que a doação de sangue pode contaminar o doador; 62,3% referem utilizar o coito interrompido na prevenção da AIDS e 30,4% a pílula anticoncepcional; 53,2% consideram não correr nenhum risco ou pequeno risco para a AIDS; consideram como muito importante ou importante 87,7% a fidelidade do homem e 89,3% a fidelidade da mulher; 29,7% a virgindade do homem e 40,6% a virgindade da mulher 23,5% a abstinência sexual masculina e 26,9% a abstinência sexual feminina na prevenção da Aids; 58,6% já tiveram relação sexual; 49,5% dos meninos ) iniciaram a atividade sexual entre os 10 e 13 anos e 70,0% das meninas entre os 14 e 17 anos de idade; 56,9% relataram atividades sexual nos últimos 30 dias; 48,3% afirmam fazer uso da camisinha todas as vezes que têm relação sexual; 38,3% algumas vezes e 11,0% nunca usam; 45,1% afirmaram que fazem uso de bebidas alcoólicas; 95,2% não usam drogas injetáveis; 62,5% declararam que não tem plano ou seguro saúde ou convênio médico; 60,6% utilizam recursos da saúde pública; 45,3% dos estudantes trabalham; 63,3% ganham entre 1 e 2 SM; 25,8% das famílias dos estudantes têm renda mensal entre 1 a 4 SM; citaram como pessoas escolhidas para conversarem sobre HIV/AIDS: 70,8% os amigos; 54,4% a mãe; 43,9% o (a) namorado (a); 40,3% os irmãos; 30,6% os professores; 29,7% o pai e 17,5% o profissional da saúde; 50,3% responderam seguir o que essas pessoas dizem; 30,8% seguem às vezes e 12,8% não seguem; 70,8% citaram a televisão como fonte de informação considerada mais importante na formação do conhecimento atual sobre a doença. Este projeto de pesquisa, tem a finalidade de obter dados que possam servir de subsídios, para que os setores
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids), is a pandemy with high level of lethality. Adolescents beginning their sexual activity, may get sexual diseases and among these Aids. Adolescence pregnancy is very common all around the country indicating that preventive mesures are not efficient; the same can be said do STD. A previous diagnosis of the situation where one intend to act is an objective way used by educators in education programs of health, scientifically elaborated. Based on these concepts, this study has the target to get information in order to make the demograph profile and identify the factors that make the students of high-school to have a hehaviour of risk in relation to Aids. The sample studied was represented by 360 students of the first, second and third series of high-school, in two schools in the town of Peruíbe, São Paulo, Brazil. It was an exploratory and descriptive study in which was used an organized questionnaire. The results showed that 50.6% of the students have doubts on they safety of mutual masturbation as sexual practice; the majority has good knowledge in relation to Aids, but 50,5% believe that people who donate blood can be contaminated; 62.3% say that use interrupted coitus to prevent Aids and 30.4% anticonceptional drugs; 53.2% think that there is small or no risk to get Aids; 87.7% think that it is very important or important men's fidelity and 89.3% women's fidelity; for 29.7% and 40.6%, the virginity, respectively of men and women, is considerated important; 23.5% and 26.9% respectively men's and women's sexual abstinency are important in preventing Aids; 58.6% have already had sexual intercourses; 49.5% of boys began sexual activities around 10 and 13 years old and the girls between 14 and 17 years old; 56.9% had sexual intercourses on the last 30 days; 48.3% declare that use condoms in all sexual intercourses, 38.3% somentimes and 11.0% never; 45.1% declare that use alchoolic drinks; 95.2% say that don't use injected drugs; 62.5% don't have health insurance; 60.6% use the public health system; 45.3% work; 63.3% receive between 1 and 2 minimum salary; 25.8% of the student's family have a monthly income between 1 and 4 minimum salary; 70.8% talk about Aids with friends, 54.4% with the mother, 43.9% with boy/girl friends, 40.3% with brother or sister, 30.6 with teachers, 29.7% with the father, 17.5% with the health professional; 50.3% say that follow what these people say, 30.8% follow sometimes and 12.8% don't follow at all. 70.8% say that TV is the most important source of information. This study has the aim to obtain information to help the authorities responsible for education and health in elaboration of preventive programs according to reality presented by the students