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Abstract Introduction In Brazil, though Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is available to all, the benefits may not be experienced uniformly. We projected Life Expectancy (LE) for People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in care as currently observed and estimated the impact of guideline-concordant care. Methods Using a microsimulation model, we projected LE for a cohort of PLHIV and for four population groups: cisgender Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), cisgender Men who have Sex with Women (MSW), Cisgender Women (CGW), and Transgender Women (TGW). Cohort data from Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/Fiocruz) informed model parameters. We modeled five scenarios: 1) Current care: ART initiation, adherence, and retention in care as currently observed, 2) Guideline-concordant care: immediate ART initiation, full adherence to treatment, and consistent retention in care, 3) Immediate ART initiation with observed adherence to treatment and retention in care, 4) Full adherence to treatment with observed timing of ART initiation and retention in care, and 5) Consistent retention in care with observed timing of ART initiation and adherence. Results With current care, LE from age 15 would be 45.9, 44.4, 54.2, and 42.3 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW, and TGW. With guideline-concordant care, LE would be 54.2, 54.4, 63.1, and 53.2 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW and TGW, with TGW experiencing the greatest potential increase in LE (10.9 years). When investigating the components of care separately, MSW and CGW would gain most LE with immediate ART initiation, whereas for MSM and TGW consistent retention in care would be most impactful. Conclusions In settings like INI/Fiocruz, MSW and CGW would benefit most from interventions focused on earlier diagnosis and linkage to care, whereas TGW and MSM would benefit from interventions to sustain engagement in care. Assessment of the HIV care continuum for specific populations should inform care priorities.
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Resumo Neste artigo, busco desenvolver algumas reflexões sobre aspectos do risco e do prazer, considerando avanços importantes em relação ao HIV. É o caso dos estudos atuais que mostram que a pessoa com carga viral indetectável, em tratamento, não transmite o HIV em suas relações sexuais. Apesar desses avanços, darei destaque a algumas ambivalências presentes nesse campo, principalmente diante da possibilidade do sexo sem preservativo. A partir de diferentes narrativas (online e offline), oriundas de uma pesquisa com jovens vivendo com HIV, mas também a partir de minhas próprias interações como usuário de aplicativos para encontros, pretendo colocar em foco algumas questões/tensionamentos diante do sexo/prazer e do cuidado ao HIV. Deste modo, destaco também as múltiplas formas de produção de prazer/cuidado para além do que é normatizado pelo campo da saúde. São questões abertas por uma nova categoria (indetectável) que parece borrar a fronteira entre negativos/positivos.
Resumen En este artículo busco desarrollar algunas reflexiones sobre aspectos de riesgo y placer, considerando importantes avances en relación al VIH. Este es el caso de estudios actuales que demuestran que las personas con carga viral indetectable, en tratamiento, no transmiten el VIH durante las relaciones sexuales. A pesar de estos avances, destacaré algunas ambivalencias presentes en este campo, especialmente ante la posibilidad de sexo sin preservativo. Basado en diferentes narrativas (en línea y fuera de línea), que surgen de una encuesta de jóvenes que viven con el VIH, y de mis propias interacciones como usuario de aplicaciones de citas, pretendo centrarme en algunas cuestiones/tensiones relacionadas con el sexo/placer y el cuidado del VIH. El articulo resalta las múltiples formas de producir placer/cuidado más allá de lo normalizado por el campo de la salud. Son interrogantes que abre una nueva categoría (indetectable) que parece desdibujar la frontera entre negativos/positivos.
Abstract In this article, I seek to develop some reflections on aspects of risk and pleasure, considering important advances in relation to HIV. This is the case of current studies that show that the person with an undetectable viral load, under treatment, does not transmit HIV in their sexual relations. Despite these advances, I will highlight some ambivalences present in this field, especially when there is the possibility of sex without a condom. From different narratives (online and offline), in the context of a research on young people living with HIV, but also from my own interactions as a user of dating apps, I intend to focus on some issues/tensions about sex/pleasure and HIV care. In addition, I expect to emphasize the multiple forms of pleasure/care production beyond what is normalized by the health field. Finally, this article brings some reflections around a new category (undetectable) that seems to blur the border between negative/positive people.
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Objective:To explore the impact of multidisciplinary transitional nursing on AIDS patients' nursing participation, nursing continuation and virus suppression.Methods:A total of 322 patients with AIDS who were hospitalized in the Infection Department of Dalian Sixth People's Hospital from March 2014 to March 2018 were selected and randomly divided into general nursing group and multidisciplinary transitional nursing group with 161 cases in each group. The demographic and clinical data of each patient were recorded and compared, and the barriers of patients to participate in nursing and medical consultation were recorded. Consulted The patients were consulted about the nursing participation before hospitalization and the times of nursing continuation. After one year of follow-up, the number of cases of nursing participation, nursing continuity and virus suppression were recorded. The differences between the two groups were compared. The patients in the multidisciplinary transitional care group were divided into three subgroups after discharge, and the comparison between the subgroups was made. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed.Results:In the multidisciplinary nursing group, 119 cases (81.51%, 119 / 146) and 105 cases (71.92%, 105 / 146) were involved in nursing and 105 cases (71.92%, 105/146) in the multidisciplinary nursing group, and 100 cases (62.11%, 100/161) and 90 cases (55.90%, 90/161) in the general nursing group 1 year after discharge, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2 value was 14.09, 8.48, P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the number of cases in the multidisciplinary transitional care group without consulting the subgroup, only the medical and nursing consulting subgroup and medical, and the nursing and social support consulting subgroup in nursing participation, nursing continuation and increased viral suppression ( χ2 value was 22.90, 37.21, 23.07, P<0.05). The results of the regression model suggested that patients with medical and nursing consultation only, patients with medical, nursing, and social consultation had OR value of 1.67 and 1.89 compared with patients without consultation. The OR value was 1.35 and 1.76, which were significantly different. Conclusions:Through multidisciplinary transitional nursing, it can significantly improve nursing participation and nursing continuity and can improve virus suppression.
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ABSTRACT Effective medical treatment with uninterrupted engagement in care is critical to improving the survival and the quality of life of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objectives: Multiple behavioral interventions have been conducted to promote adherence behaviors. However, adherence to HIV medications and medical appointments is still an issue of global concern. Method: The Health Promotion Model (HPM) is a nursing adaption of the health belief model. The HPM focuses on individual characteristics and experiences, as well as behavior specific cognitions and outcomes. Integrating the HPM in addressing adherence behaviors could be one of the building blocks of success in changing health behavior. Results: A search of the literature turned up no studies that applied the HPM in adherence behavior studies conducted among HIV-infected populations. Conclusion: This paper presents the reader with the availability of current adherence-behavior interventions and strategies that align with the HPM model components. It further proposes the need for medical treatment team members to adopt the HPM in current clinical practice settings so as to effectively address adherence behavior issues.
RESUMEN Un tratamiento médico eficaz con un compromiso ininterrumpido en el cuidado es crítico para mejorar la supervivencia y la calidad de vida de los pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Objetivos: se han llevado a cabo múltiples intervenciones conductuales para promover comportamientos de adherencia. Sin embargo, la adhesión a los medicamentos contra el VIH y las citas médicas siguen siendo un tema de preocupación mundial. Método: el modelo de promoción de la salud (HPM) es una adaptación de enfermería del modelo de creencias de salud. El HPM se centra en características y experiencias individuales, así como cogniciones y resultados específicos del comportamiento. La integración del HPM en el abordaje de los comportamientos de adherencia podría ser uno de los pilares del éxito en el cambio del comportamiento de la salud. Resultados: una búsqueda en la literatura no mostró ningún estudio que aplicó el HPM en los estudios de comportamiento de adherencia realizados entre las poblaciones infectadas por el VIH. Conclusión: este artículo presenta al lector la disponibilidad de las actuales intervenciones de adherencia-comportamiento y estrategias que se alinean con los componentes del modelo HPM. Además, propone la necesidad de que los miembros del equipo de tratamiento médico adopten el HPM en la práctica clínica actual con el fin de abordar eficazmente los problemas de comportamiento de adherencia.
RESUMO Um tratamento médico eficaz com um compromisso ininterrupto no cuidado é fundamental para melhorar a sobrevivência e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Objetivos: realizaram-se múltiplas intervenções comportamentais para promover condutas de adesão. No entanto, a adesão aos medicamentos contra o HIV e às consultas médicas continua sendo um tema de preocupação mundial. Método: o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde (HPM, por sua sigla em inglês) é uma adaptação de enfermagem do modelo de crenças em saúde. O HPM centra-se em características e experiências individuais, bem como cognições e resultados específicos do comportamento. A integração do HPM na abordagem dos comportamentos de adesão poderia ser um dos pilares do sucesso na mudança do comportamento da saúde. Resultados: uma busca na literatura não mostrou nenhum estudo que aplicou o HPM nos estudos de comportamento de adesão realizados entre as populações infectadas pelo HIV. Conclusão: este artigo apresenta ao leitor a disponibilidade das atuais intervenções de adesão-comportamento e estratégias que se alinham com os componentes do modelo HPM. Além disso, propõe a necessidade de que os membros da equipe de tratamento médico adotem o HPM na prática clínica atual ao fim fim de abordar eficazmente os problemas de comportamento de adesão.
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Humans , HIV , Health PromotionABSTRACT
Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is becoming a pillar in the rehabilitative efforts for many people living with HIV AIDS (PLWHA). The efficacy of naturopathic and yoga intervention, a CAM therapy is an area to be explored in rehabilitation of PLWHA. Aim: The present study, a parallel matched control study to was designed to compare the efficacy of naturopathic and yogic interventions as an adjuvant therapy with standard Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to PLWHA. Methods: Twenty matched subjects were screened for the study based on the criteria: HIV positive subjects aged between 25 to 55 years, both sexes, no secondary infections, under ART care, last CD4 estimate done on June 2014. The intervention group (IG) underwent Naturopathic and yogic intervention along with ART in a HIV sanatorium for a month followed by periodical follow up and control group (CG) received only ART. The outcome measure was a change in CD4 count. Results: After the end of 6 month, the IG showed significant changes CD4 cell count (p=3.96E-05). The CG also showed a significant improvement in CD4 cell counts (p= 0.024) but not of the same magnitude as of IG. An independent t-test between the groups has shown that the IG was more significant (p=0.047). Conclusion: The improved levels of CD4 cells in the intervention group suggests that naturopathy and yoga can augment the efficiency of ART care and can be safely prescribed to PLWHA and prescribed as a adjuvant therapy.
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OBJECTIVE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a chronic disorder for which adaptation of current healthcare practices is needed. In Curaçao, a new organization of chronic HIV care is being set up based on task shifting in which healthcare workers (HCWs) will deliver HIV care more prominently within the primary healthcare system. In preparation for implementation of the proposed task-shifting model, we investigated the perception of HCWs regarding existing HIV care in Curaçao and the need for training in HIV/AIDS among HCWs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An in-depth questionnaire based study was used. Nineteen HCWs of seven different cadres were interviewed. The questionnaire constituted four sections: quality of existing HIV care, respondents own knowledge and willingness to be trained, need for training in HIV/AIDS and preferred educational approaches. RESULTS: Quality of existing HIV services in Curaçao is considered acceptable but needs improvement mainly to facilitate integration of chronic HIV care. All respondents indicated that training in HIV/AIDS is needed among HCWs in Curaçao, especially for nurses and general practitioners. All were willing to participate in training with varying amounts of time to be spent. Training should be tailored to the level of expertise of HCWs and to the role a HCW is expected to have in the new healthcare delivery framework. CONCLUSION: There is need for training to ensure the effective integration of chronic HIV care into the existing healthcare delivery system in Curaçao. There is a willingness and need in all cadres for training with e-learning as a preferred educational tool.
OBJETIVO: La infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) se ha estado convirtiendo en un trastorno crónico que requiere la adaptación de las prácticas actuales de salud. En Curazao, se ha estado creando una nueva organización de la atención del VIH crónico, basada en un cambio de tareas en las que los trabajadores de la salud (TS) brindarán un cuidado prominente al VIH dentro del sistema primario de atención a la salud. En preparación para la implementación del modelo de cambio de tareas propuesto, investigamos la percepción de los TS en relación con la atención actual al VIH en Curazao y la necesidad de capacitación en torno al VIH/SIDA entre los TS. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un estudio basado en un cuestionario detallado. Se entrevistaron diecinueve TS de siete cuadros diferentes. El cuestionario estaba constituido por cuatro secciones: calidad del cuidado existente al VIH, conocimiento y voluntad de los propios encuestados para recibir capacitación en la atención al VIH/SIDA, y los enfoques educativos preferidos. RESULTADOS: Calidad de los servicios del VIH existentes en Curazao se considera aceptable pero necesita mejorar principalmente en cuanto a facilitar la integración de la atención del VIH crónico. Todos los encuestados indicaron que se necesita capacitación en VIH/SIDA entre los TS de Curazao, especialmente para las enfermeras y médicos generales. Todos estaban dispuestos a participar en el entrenamiento, siendo variable la cantidad de tiempo a emplear en el mismo. La capacitación se debe diseñar de acuerdo con el nivel de conocimientos de los TS, y el papel que se espera que un TS desempeñe en el nuevo marco de cuidados de la salud. CONCLUSIÓN: Hay necesidad de entrenamientos para integrar de manera efectiva la atención al VIH crónico al sistema actual de servicios de cuidados de la salud en Curazao. Todos los cuadros tienen la voluntad y la necesidad de recibir capacitación en esta área, para lo cual el aprendizaje electrónico es la herramienta educativa de preferencia.