Diagnostic efficacy of indirect haemagglutination assay for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections among boatmen and fishermen in the Dongting Lake region / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections among boatmen and fishermen in Dongting Lake region, so as to provide insights into improving the schistosomiasis surveillance program among boatmen and fishermen.@*METHODS@#The boatmen and fishermen were detected for S. japonicum infections using IHA and Kato-Katz technique or miracidium hatching test nylon gauze simultaneously at schistosomiasis testing sites in the anchor sites for boatmen and fishermen in the Dongting Lake region during the period from 2014 to 2016, and using IHA for serological screening followed by parasitological testing of seropositives during the period from 2017 to 2019. The sensitivity and specificity of IHA were evaluated for detection of S. japonicum infections among boatmen and fishermen, with the 2014-2016 parasitological testing results as a gold standard. In addition, the seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections was compared among boatmen and fishermen with different characteristics and among years.@*RESULTS@#A total of 306 schistosomiasis testing sites were assigned for boatmen and fishermen, and a total of 143 360 person-time boatmen and fishermen were tested for S. japonicum infections in the Dongting Lake region from 2014 to 2019. The sensitivity and specificity of IHA were 69.9%, 97.3% and 96.1% (χ2 = 74.6, P < 0.05), and 70.9%, 74.5% and 71.9% for detection of S. japonicum infections from 2014 to 2016 (χ2 = 29.4, P < 0.05), respectively. The seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections reduced from 30.3% in 2014 to 1.8% in 2019 among boatmen and fishermen, appearing an overall tendency towards a decline (Z = 1 552.4, P < 0.05). In addition, male, individuals at ages of 45 to 60 years, full-time boatmen and fishermen were more likely to be seropositive for S. japonicum infections (all P values < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections appeared a tendency towards a decline among boatmen and fishermen in the Dongting Lake region year by year from 2014 to 2019. IHA presented a high efficacy for screening of S. japonicum infections among boatmen and fishermen in the Dongting Lake region.

Alopecia areata y vitamina D sérica en pacientes iraquíes: un estudio de casos y controles / Alopecia Areata And Serum Vitamin D in Iraqi Patients: a case-control study

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a typical hair issue, which may have obliterating mental and social outcomes and is portrayed by the nearness of nonscarring alopecia. Objective: This examination has targets to assess the serum nutrient D levels , with AA; contrast the outcome and clearly sound control; and confirm relationship between AA types and serum nutrient D levels. Patients Also Methods: the examine might have been led clinched alongside Tikrit educating healing facility throughout those time starting with June 2019 of the limit for January 2020. Irrefutably the quantity of subjects associated with the assessment was ninety individuals isolated in two social events; the patients bundle were forty five the people who whimper of AA while the resulting gathering including a forty five age and sex-made solid volunteers were picked as a benchmark gathering. The degree and movement of the alopecia were noted and the patients were meticulously broke down for signs of various ailments. Research center assessments were led to patients and also to those control population, these included serum vitamin D levels were measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D {25(OH)D} using a chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Blood models were gotten starting with patients and control subjects after totally taught consent was gotten. Results : An essential complexity may have been found for serum 25-OH Vit D levels between patients other than controls. Vitamin D sufficiency were more common in controls than in patients. Serum Vitamin D was deficient in both cases and controls group; but, the deficiency was significantly more throughout AA group (35. 6%) compared to the handle group (11. 1%). Among the list patients gathering, levels associated with nutrient D were totally higher in guys in contrast with females. Conclusions: AA might be related with nutrient D deficiency as mean degrees of nutrient D of patients were seen as fundamentally lower than typical sound controls.

Comparative analysis of virulence factors & biotypes of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from the genital tract of women with & without bacterial vaginosis

Background & objectives: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) involves the presence of a thick vaginal multispecies biofilm, where Gardnerella vaginalis is the predominant species. The reason for an increase in the number of G. vaginalis which are usually present as normal flora of the female genital tract in cases of BV, is not known. Hence, the objective of the present study was to compare the biotypes and virulence factors of G. vaginalis isolated from the genital tract of women with and without BV. Methods: High vaginal swabs collected from 811 women of reproductive age were cultured. G. vaginalis isolates were biotyped and tested for adherence to vaginal epithelial cells, biofilm formation, agglutination of human red blood cells (RBCs), protease production, phospholipase production and surface hydrophobicity. Results: Of the isolates from women with BV, 83.3 per cent (60/72) showed good adherence, 78.4 per cent (58/74) produced biofilm, 82.9 per cent (63/76) produced phospholipase, 67.1 per cent (51/76) produced protease, 77.3 per cent (58/75) were positive for surface hydrophobicity and 61.6 per cent (45/73) were positive for haemagglutination of human RBC. In case of G. vaginalis from non-BV women, 25 per cent (15/60) isolates showed good adherence, 18.4 per cent (9/49) biofilm production, 35 per cent (21/60) phospholipase, 36.6 per cent (22/60) protease, 41.7 per cent (25/60) surface hydrophobicity and 10.1 per cent (6/59) agglutination of human RBCs. Maximum number of isolates belonged to biotypes 6, 2 and 3. Biotype 3 was more associated with non-BV rather than BV; biotype 6, 2 and 1 were more associated with cases of BV. Maximum virulence factors were expressed by biotypes 6, 2 and 1. Interpretation & conclusions: Virulence factors were more expressed by G. vaginalis isolates obtained from women with BV rather than from non-BV. Biotypes 6, 2 and 1 were more associated with cases of BV and expressed maximum virulence factors.

Molecular genotyping of clinically important blood group antigens in patients with thalassaemia

Background & objectives: In multitransfused thalassaemic patients, haemagglutination fails to phenotype the patient's blood group antigens due to the presence of donor-derived erythrocytes. DNA-based methods can overcome the limitations of haemagglutination and can be used to determine the correct antigen profile of these patients. This will facilitate the procurement of antigen-matched blood for transfusion to multitransfused patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the serological phenotyping of common and clinically important antigens of Rh, Duffy, Kell, Kidd and MNS blood group systems with molecular genotyping amongst multitransfused thalassaemic patients. Methods: Blood samples from 200 patients with thalassaemia and 100 'O' group regular blood donors were tested using standard serological techniques and polymerase chain reaction-based methods for common antigens/alleles (C, c, D, E, e, Fya, Fyb, Jka, Jkb, K, k, M, N, S, s). Results: Genotyping and phenotyping results were discordant in 77 per cent of thalassaemic patients for five pairs of antithetical antigens of Rh, Duffy, Kell and Kidd blood group systems. In the MNS blood group system, 59.1 per cent of patients showed discrepancy. The rate of alloimmunization among thalassaemics was 7.5 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: Molecular genotyping enabled the determination of the actual antigen profile in multitransfused thalassaemia patients. This would help reduce the problem of alloimmunization in such patients and would also aid in the better management of transfusion therapy.

Evaluation of ABO blood groups in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma-a retrospective study in South Indian population

Context Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a multifactorial aetiology. Risk factors such as individual's lifestyle like chronic use of tobacco, spicy food, alcohol and smoking are associated with cancer. Recent studies have revealed the possibility of ABO blood group antigens role in development of cancer. Aims and objectives To detect and correlate ABO blood group type in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and OSCC and to compare the ABO blood group type among controls, OPMDs and OSCC. Materials and methods Study included 100 subjects, 35 cases each of OPMDs and OSCC and 30 controls. ABO blood grouping was carried out by standard agglutination method (Spanclone ARKRAY Health Care Private Limited) based on the principle of haemagglutination reaction. Results We found that OPMDs and OSCC subjects to be more prevalent among cases with B blood group. There was a significant variation in age (P=0.004), sex (P=0.004) and blood group (P= 0.003) among controls, OPMDs and OSCC. Conclusion ABO blood grouping may be used as one of the diagnostic marker for OPMDs and OSCC.

Quantification of rutin and quercetin by HPTLC/HPLC and in vitro immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of Capparis moonii fruits extracts

Background: The current research was undertaken on dried fruits of Capparis moonii to screen its potential for immunomodulatory and cancer indications with identification of phytoconstituents by chromatographic techniques.Methods: Methanolic (MECN), hydro-methanolic (HMECN) and aqueous extracts (AQCN) of Capparis moonii were subjected to high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after studying the total phenolic and flavonoid content by using rutin and gallic acid as standards respectively as well as undertaking powder characteristics and preliminary phytochemical screening. Immunomodulatory activities covered were hemagglutination antibody titre and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction with the aid of sheep red blood cells (0.5×109) as antigens. The extracts were studied for antioxidant potential. Anticancer prospects were focusing on in vitro cell lines screening (MCF 7 and HCT 15) by Sulforhodamine B assay method and potato disc assay.Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid content of MECM, HMECM and AQCM fruits extracts were found to be 0.20, 0.11 and 0.47 mg of gallic acid/g and 78.3, 18.8 and 64.4 mg of rutin/g respectively. Rutin and quercetin were confirmed by HPTLC and HPLC showing well resolved peaks. IC50 values in antioxidant studies were found to be significant with all the extracts. Significant immunomodulatory effect was noticed at 200mg/kg in both models (high antibody titre levels and decrease paw volume after 48 h). Unsatisfactory results were observed with selected cell lines and disc assay.Conclusions: Thus, selected fruits may probably have immunomodulatory potential due to presence of flavonols (rutin and quercetin).

Analysis of antibody titer value of IHA in 135 acute schistosomiasis patients / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To analyze the antibody titer value of indirect haemagglutination test(IHA)in 135 confirmed acute schistosomiasis patients,so as to provide the evidence for improving the diagnosis and treatment of acute schistosomiasis. Meth-ods A total of 135 acute schistosomiasis inpatients were selected from 2001 to 2006. They all received the IHA antibody titer de-tection,and the correlation among the age,incubation period,and hospitalization days was calculated. Results The antibody titers of IHA were higher than 1:320 in all the cases. The percentages of 1:640,1:1280,1:2560,1:5120 and 1:10240 were 1.48%,28.15%,35.56%,20.00%,and 14.81%respectively. The mean age was(47.70 ± 14.58)years,average incuba-tion period was(38.03 ± 4.59)days and mean hospital stay time was(15.08 ± 3.79)days. The antibody titer value had no corre-lation with the age distribution(r=0.109,P>0.05). There was a negatively correlation between the antibody titer value and in-cubation period,(r=-0.558,P<0.01),there was a positive correlation between the antibody titer value and hospitalization time(r=0.791,P<0.01),and there were significant differences among different groups(F=17.07,64.53,both P<0.01). Conclusions The antibody titer of acute schistosomiasis cases detected by IHA is 1:640 and above. There is no correlation be-tween the antibody titer value and age,but the antibody titer value is higher,the incubation period is shorter and hospitalization time is longer.

Study on cut-off value of IHA method for schistosomiasis diagnosis in differ-ent endemic areas / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To explore the cut?off value of the indirect haemagglutination test(IHA)method for schistosomiasis japonica diagnosis in different endemic areas. Methods Totally 55 nature villages of the lake?type endemic counties,Yugan and Xinzi,in Poyang Lake Region of Jiangxi Province were chosen as the study fields,and all the villagers over 5 years old were parallelly examined by Kato?Katz method+miracidial hatching test and IHA method. The detection data were analyzed by the correlation analysis,and the threshold values of the IHA method in different endemic areas were decided by the receiver operat?ing characteristic(ROC)curve. Results The positive rate of stool examinations of the villagers was correlated with the distribu?tion trend of the antibody level of whole population(r=0.588,P0.05). The antibody level of stool?negative population during the period of 2008 to 2011 detect?ed by IHA method dropped year by year,and the annual difference was statistically significant(F=3.650,P0.05). When the positive rates were5%,the specificity of diagnosis could be improved when 1∶80,1∶20 and 1∶10 were used as the cut?off val? ues of IHA correspondingly. Conclusion The different threshold values for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica should be con?sidered while using IHA method to screen out patients in different endemic areas.

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of lectins from Penicillium sp.

Ten Penicillium sp. were screened for lectin activity for occurrence of lectins. Mycelial extracts from submerged cultures of P. corylophilum, P. expansum and P. purpurogenum showed agglutination against human (A, B, AB and O), goat, sheep, pig and rabbit erythrocytes. Neuraminidase treatment to human blood type O erythrocytes substantially increased their agglutinability by all the lectins as compared to untreated erythrocytes. Modification of erythrocyte surfaces by protease increased the lectin titre only of P. corylophilum with no effect on other two lectins. P. corylophilum and P. expansum displayed relatively lower titres in mycelial extracts prepared from agar plate cultures as compared to broth cultures. A panel of sugars was tested for inhibition of lectin activity. All the lectins were found to be specific for asialofetuin, bovine submaxillary mucin, porcine stomach mucin, chondroitin-6-sulphate, D-sucrose and D-glucose. P. corylophilum lectin was expressed (Titre 8) by 5 day old cultures, reaching its maximum level (Titre 32) upon 8 days of cultivation, thereafter declin in lectin activity was observed. P. purpurogenum lectin was expressed by 7-10 days old cultures, while in P. expansum maximum lectin activity was elaborated by 5-8 days old cultures. Lectin extracts from all the three species were found to possess antimicrobial activities. Lectin extracts from the three Penicillium species displayed antifungal activity and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.

Assessment of reactivity of three treponemal tests in non-treponemal non-reactive cases from sexually transmitted diseases clinic, antenatal clinic, integrated counselling and testing centre, other different outdoor patient departments/indoor patients of a tertiary care centre and peripheral health clinic attendees.

In India, many state reference centres for sexually transmitted infections perform only a single screening assay for syphilis diagnosis. In this study, Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) was performed on 1115 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)/rapid plasma regain (RPR) non-reactive and 107 reactive sera out of 10,489 tested by VDRL/RPR according to the National AIDS Control Organisation syphilis testing protocol. A total of 47 Specimens reactive in TPHA and non-reactive with VDRL test were subjected to fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption and enzyme-immunoassay. Seroprevalence considering both VDRL and TPHA positivity was highest (4.4%) in sexually transmitted diseases clinic attendees than in other subject groups. Positivity by two treponemal tests in 24 (2.2%) cases non-reactive by VDRL/RPR was representative of the fully treated patients or latent or late syphilis cases. The findings highlight that a suitable treponemal confirmatory test should be performed in all the diagnostic laboratories.

Immunomodulatory activity of guduchi ghana (aqueous extract of tinospora cordifolia miers).

In the present work, Guduchi Ghana (concentrated form of aqueous extract of Guduchi) was prepared according to the method described in classical text – Sidhdha Yoga Samgraha and the other sample of aqueous extract was purchased from the market for the assessment of the immunomodulatory activity. It was done by haemagglutination antibody titre method for humoral immunity and footpad swelling method for cell mediated immunity on wistar albino rats. Results of present studies suggest that Guduchi Ghana prepared by classically was found to possess significant immunostimulatory action on immune system but market sample of it exhibited significant immunosuppression effect in dose dependent manner when compare with control group at a dose of 50 mg/kg orally.

Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus infection among equines in India

The seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among equines was evaluated from January 2006 to December 2009 in 13 different states of India by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and virus neutralization test (VNT). Antibodies against JEV were detected in 327 out of 3,286 (10%) equines with a maximum prevalence reported in the state of Manipur (91.7%) followed by Gujarat (18.5%), Madhya Pradesh (14.4%), and Uttar Pradesh (11.6%). Evidence of JEV infection was observed in equines in Indore (Madhya Pradesh) where a 4-fold or higher rise in antibody titer was observed in 21 out of 34 horses in November 2007 to October 2006. In March 2008, seven of these horses had a subsequent 4-fold rise in JEV antibody titers while this titer decreased in nine animals. JEV-positive horse sera had a JEV/WNV (West Nile virus) ratio over 2.0 according to the HI and/or VNT. These results indicated that JEV is endemic among equines in India.

Diagnóstico e estudo sorológico da infecção pelo parvovírus canino em cães de Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Diagnosis and serological study of canine parvovirus infection in dogs from Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o ensaio de hemaglutinação (HA) foram comparados para a identificação de parvovírus canino (CPV) em fezes de cães com gastrenterite. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-CPV em uma população de cães sem histórico de vacinação foi avaliada pelo ensaio de inibição da hemaglutinação (HI). A variabilidade fenotípica entre uma amostra vacinal e isolados de campo foi investigada utilizando soro hiperimune. Trinta amostras fecais foram obtidas de cães com diarréia e submetidas à PCR e ao HA, e 185 amostras de soro de cães foram submetidas à HI para detectar anticorpos anti-CPV. Considerando-se somente como positivas as amostras que apresentaram HA na diluição igual ou superior a 1:64, detectou-se CPV em 9 (30 por cento) das amostras fecais. Nove amostras fecais apresentaram HA nas diluições entre 1:2 e 1:32 e foram consideradas negativas nesse teste. Todas as amostras que apresentaram HA na diluição igual ou superior a 1:64 foram positivas pela PCR e, das nove amostras que apresentaram HA nas diluições entre 1:2 e 1:32, seis também foram positivas para CPV na amplificação pela PCR. A pesquisa sorológica de amostras de soros caninos indicou que 178 (96,2 por cento) cães tiveram contato prévio com o vírus. Os soros hiperimunes produzidos em cobaias contra a cepa vacinal e dois isolados de campo indicaram possíveis diferenças fenotípicas entre isolados.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hemaglutination (HA) assay were used to detect canine parvovirus (CPV) in feces from young dogs with gastroenteritis. The hemaglutination inhibition (HI) assay was used to detect the prevalence of anti-CPV antibodies in a non-vaccinated dog population. In addition, hiperimmune serum was used to investigate the phenotypic variability of a vaccine strain and two field isolates of CPV. Thirty fecal samples obtained from dogs with diarrhea were submitted to PCR and HA, and 185 serum samples were submitted to HI to detect anti-CPV antibodies. Nine (30 percent) of the samples demonstrated HA on fecal dilutions equal to or above 1:64 and were considered positive by this test; nine (30 percent) fecal samples had HA activity on dilution from 1:2 to 1:32 and were considered negative, and the remaining samples were negative. All samples with HA activity at dilutions above 1:64 were also positive to PCR and, out of the nine samples with HA activity at dilutions between 1:2 and 1:32, six were also positive by PCR. Serological analysis of the dog serum samples indicated that 178 (96,2 percent) of the dogs had previous contact with the virus. Hiperimmune serum indicated possible phenotypic differences among isolates, in that different HI titers were obtained following cross-HI assay.

Antigenic characterization of canine parvovirus isolates from Brazil using specific monoclonal antibodies / Caracterização antigênica de isolados de parvovirus canino do Brasil utilizando monoclonais específicos

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an emerged pathogen in dogs, first isolated in 1978 in the USA. The original 1978 strain was designated CPV type 2 (CPV-2). However, analysis of CPV isolates in the USA by restriction enzymes and monoclonal antibodies have shown that around the year 1979 a CPV variant strain, designated CPV type 2a (CPV-2a), became widespread. Subsequently, a new antigenic strain, designated CPV type 2b (CPV-2b), was also observed by analysis of CPV isolates from various parts of the world, although the proportion of each strains was different between countries. In this study, the Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test with a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to type canine parvovirus strains in 29 fecal samples collected from symptomatic dogs from 1980 to 1986 and from 1990 to 1995. The results showed a strong predominance of the antigenic type 2a indicating that the CPV epizooty in Brazil followed the same pattern observed in European and Asian countries.

O Parvovírus Canino (CPV) é um patógeno emergente em cães, isolado pela primeira vez em 1978, nos Estados Unidos. A amostra original de 1978 foi designada CPV tipo 2 (CPV-2). Entretanto, análises de isolados de CPV dos Estados Unidos, por enzimas de restrição e anticorpos monoclonais demonstraram que cerca de 1979, uma amostra variante, designada CPV tipo 2a (CPV-2a) tornou-se prevalente. Subseqüentemente, uma nova amostra antigênica, designada CPV tipo 2b (CPV-2b) também foi observada por análises de isolados de CPV de várias partes do mundo, embora a proporção fosse diferente entre os países. Nesse estudo, foi utilizado o teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação (HI) com um painel de anticorpos monoclonais para a tipagem de 29 amostras fecais de parvovirus canino, coletadas de cães sintomáticos de 1980 a 1986 e de 1990 a 1995. Os resultados indicaram uma forte predominância do tipo antigênico 2a indicando que a epizootia de CPV no Brasil seguiu o mesmo padrão observados na Europa e países Asiáticos.

The disposal for syphilis-positive pregnant women by serological test and final results of pregnancy / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To report the diagnosis and treatment of the pregnant women, who were positive for syphilis in serological test, as well as their final pregnant results. Methods we conducted a retrospective analysis of the serological test results of 3 105 pregnant women subjected to childbirth or induced labor in the department of gynaecology and obstetrics at our hospital since January of 2004. Results Of the 3105 pregnant women, 21 (6.76 ) were positive for treponema pallidum (TP). Additionally, 7 (33.33%) cases were positive for TRUST, and 6 (28.57%) negative. Only 2 cases showed skin lesion, canker and soft chancre. Of the 18 cases, who were found to get infection during pregnancy, 11 (61.11%) had taken the treatment against syphilis. Of the 21 women positive for TP, 5 were subjected to induced labor, 13 to cesarean section, and 3 to spontaneous parturition. The average time of pregnancy was (267.44?11.00) d. The Apgar score of all 16 newborns was 10 at birth. The umbilical blood of 5 infants was tested by TP and TRUST, among which 3 were positive by TP, 2 were positive for TRUST. All infants did not have any clinical manifestation of congenital syphilis after birth. There were 5 cases transferred to the ward of pediatrics, among which 2 undertook the treatment against syphilis, 2 against premature delivery, and 1 against asphyxia, and finally all had been cured. Conclusion The patients, who were found positive for TP during the early and middle period of pregnancy, can obtain a fine pregnant result, if undertaking regular examination and treatment against syphilis.

An indirect haemagglutination test to detect serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia.

We used an indirect haemagglutination test with Giardia lamblia trophozoites as the antigen to detect anti-Giardia lamblia antibodies in serum, the soluble tritonated Giardia lamblia antigen being used for detecting anti-giardial antibodies in sera of 60 human subjects. Titers in some of these subjects were 1 : 80-1 : 2560. whereas titers in some subjects were negative button to 1 : 20. The results indicated that Giardia lamblia, an intestinal parasite, induced a systemic antibody response and the indirect haemagglu tination test for anti-Giardia lamblia antibodies is a simple specific and reproducible system which may be useful in epidemiologic and immunologic studies of giardiasis. The specificity of the anti-bodies was demonstrated by the ability of live Giardia lamblia trophozoites, but not Entamoeba histolytica to absorb the antibody activity.

STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF Gm(2)FACTOR IN CHINESE POPULATION LIVING IN BEIJING AND DETECTION FROM BLOODSTAINS / 中国法医学杂志

The investigation on distribution of Gm(2)facotor in 269 Chinese people living in Beijing was carried out using haemagglutination inhibition test and anti-Gm(2)sera from the Biotest Diagnosis of West Germany.Results revealed that Gm(2)factors was positive in 78 cases(29%),while negative in 191 cases(71%).Gm(2)phenotyping were(?)erformed successfully in 230 bloodstains, 14 months old,made of fresh blood selected from 269 samples of known Gm(2) phenotype.Detection of Gm(2)factors was carried out in 11 crime cases.Sus- pects were excluded in 4 cases.