Toxic effects of Arianor Ebony hair dye on human cells

To evaluate the risks of hair dye exposure, we investigated cellular and molecular effects of Arianor Ebony dye, which is a mixture of azo and anthraquinone dyes, used in the composition of the black color. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and gene expression of relevant molecules of apoptotic and oxidative stress mechanisms were investigated in HepG2 cells exposed to Arianor Ebony. Results showed that the dye did not induce cytotoxicity to exposed cells at a concentration up to 50 µg/mL compared to the negative control. However, genotoxic assays indicated that the dye was able to damage the genetic material at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, with induction factor values of exposed cells two- to five-fold higher than those recorded for the negative control. Moreover, the lowest observed effect concentration was 12.5 µg/mL. For gene expression, relevant changes were observed in cytochrome c and caspase 9, which decreased in cells incubated with the dye in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the negative control. In parallel, the expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes was increased in exposed cells, suggesting the presence of metabolic routes that protect cells against the toxic effect of the dye, avoiding exacerbated cellular death. Results suggested that the dye disrupted cellular homeostasis through mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be hazardous to human health. Thus, further investigations are necessary to deeply understand the mechanisms of action of the dye, considering its toxic potential found in our ex vivo assays.

A Study of Characterstics Autopsy Findings in Hair Dye Poisoning

Incidence of hair dye poisoning has been rising in many regions of the country due to easy availability. Mortality rates vary between 0.03% -60%. Post mortem findings in all the cases include laryngeal oedema, oedema of vocal cords and epiglottis. Cause of death in all the cases was probably asphyxia, multiorgan failure, and cardiac toxicity. Aim: To ascertain the cause of death in all the cases who died of hair dye poisoning. Methods: 24 patients who died of hair dye poisoning and who underwent an autopsy in Thoothukudi Government Medical College Hospital for the period from April 2009 to March 2010 were included in the study. Results: Facial puffiness, protruded tongue clinched in between the teeth, swollen neck, blood mixed froth oozing from the mouth, Bluish discoloration of extremities and conjunctival ecchymosis were seen in all the 24 patients. Histological examination of lung parenchyma showed infiltrated of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells, congestion in the pulmonary vasculature, mucosal and submucosal oedema in the laryngeal region along with infiltrates of mast cells, mononuclear cells, and lymphocytes. Pulmonary oedema and petechial haemorrhages on the myocardial surface were also noted. Conclusion: There are a high incidence and the rapid rise of hair dye poisoning in this area. All the autopsies in patients who died of hair dye poisoning showed severe cervicofacial oedema, bluish discoloration of extremities, conjunctival congestion and protruded tongue. All of them had evidence of asphyxia as the cause of death.

Pseudolymphoma due to Hair Dye on Background of Chronic Actinic Dermatitis Responding to Intra-lesional Triamcinolone

Cutaneous pseudolymphoma refers to a heterogenous group of benign T-cell or B-cell lymphoproliferative processes that mimic cutaneous lymphoma clinically and sometimes histologically. The causes of cutaneous pseudolymphoma are diverse, including lymphomatoid drug eruptions, lymphomatoid contact dermatitis, arthropod-bite reactions, chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD). Here we describe a case of pseudolymphoma due to hair dye on background of CAD.

Patch tests with commercial hair dye products in patients with allergic contact dermatitis to para‑phenylenediamine.

Background: Hair dye is one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The main allergen has been identified as para‑phenylenediamine. To prevent the recurrence of contact dermatitis to para‑phenylenediamine, patients should discontinue the use of para‑phenylenediamine‑containing hair dye products. However, many patients are unable to discontinue their use for cosmetic or social reasons. Sometimes, they continue to have symptoms even after switching to so‑called “less allergenic” hair dyes. Objectives: To evaluate the safety of 15 commercially available hair dye products in patients with allergic contact dermatitis due to para‑phenylenediamine. Methods: We performed patch tests using 15 hair dyes that were advertised as “hypoallergenic,” “no para‑phenylenediamine” and “non‑allergenic” products in the market. Results: Twenty three patients completed the study and 20 (87.0%) patients had a positive patch test reaction to at least one product. While four (26.7%) hair dye products contained para‑phenylenediamine, 10 (66.7%) out of 15 contained m‑aminophenol and 7 (46.7%) contained toluene‑2,5‑diamine sulfate. Only one product did not elicit a positive reaction in any patient. Limitations: Small sample size and possibility of false‑positive reactions. Conclusions: Dermatologists should educate patients with allergic contact dermatitis to para‑phenylenediamine about the importance of performing sensitivity testing prior to the actual use of any hair dye product, irrespective of how it is advertised or labelled.

Evaluation of Patch Test in 100 Cases of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Background Patch test is the standard investigation for diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). It throws light on causative allergens responsible for ACD, thereby assisting the physician in advising and treating the patient. Aim To report the results of patch test in 100 patients of ACD conducted at a tertiary health centre. Results A total of 100 ACD patients (49 females, 51 males) was patch tested, out of which 53 showed positive results (27 females, 26 males). Most common allergens observed in our study are fragrance mix (FM) (15.5%), parthenium (12.4%), nickel sulphate (10.8%), potassium bichromate (10.07%) and paraphenylenediamine (9.3%). Among males parthenium bichromate and among females FM were the commonest allergens. Commonest clinical patterns observed were localised eczema (22%), kumkum dermatitis (21%) and hand eczema (21%). Conclusion The increased incidence of hair dye dermatitis and kumkum dermatitis heralds the need for more studies to identify the specific allergens causing ACD and including them in Indian Standard Series.

A Prospective Study of Incidence of ARF in Cases of Hair Dye Consumption.

Background: Hair dye poisoning is the common cause of suicidal poisoning in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. The clinical features are angioneurotic edema, stridor, rhabdomyolysis with chocolate colored urine, acute renal failure. Previous studies highlighted a high incidence of ARF and high mortality. Methods: 389 cases of suicidal poisoning due to Hair dye admitted in our hospital during the period January 2014 to December 2014 were included in our study. We made an effort to find out the incidence of ARF in our institution by observing the signs/symptoms and blood/urine and renal function tests. Results: Out of 389 patients, 268 patients consumed>50ml of toxin. Even though, high colored urine is seen in 161 patients (41.3%), number of patients who presented with raised blood urea, serum creatinine is 39(10%). Out of which 16 patients developed Acute Renal Failure and hence the incidence is 4%. The mortality due to ARF in our study is 0 %. Number patients who required tracheostomy is 33. Number of deaths due to respiratory failure is 10(0.02%). Conclusion: Hair Dye poisoning is a serious social issue and medical personnel should be aware of this poisoning so that early therapeutic intervention can avoid fatality.

Application of natural plant pigment in hair dyes / 中国中药杂志

With the development of living condition, more and more people tend to show unique personality, thus hair dyes as hair cosmetics are highly favored. By the year 2012, the global sales of hair dye had exceeded $15 billion, with a sustained growth at a rate of 8%-10% annually. However, the harm caused by long-term use of hair dyes has aroused widespread public concern, so people begin to seek non-toxic or low toxic natural plant hair dyes. The types of commonly used hair dyes and the corresponding dyeing mechanisms were summarized in this manuscript, and the representative natural botanic dyes were listed. Thereafter, their effective fractions, constituents and application status were described. In addition, the values of botanic hair dyes and their broad market prospect were discussed. Finally, the problems that exist in the research and development of plant hair dyes were issued. This review may help to provide thought for developing novel, green and ecological natural plant hair dyes.

Analysis of the Results from the Patch Test to Para-Phenylenediamine in the TRUE Test in Patients with a Hair Dye Contact Allergy

BACKGROUND: Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is the primary patch test screening agent for hair dye contact allergy (HDCA). However, no recent studies have been published that describe the results of reactions to patch tests using PPD and hair dyes in Korea. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of the patch tests to PPD using the thin-layer rapid use epicutaneous (TRUE) Test system in patients with HDCA and to investigate patients' awareness that hair dyes contains allergens, which cause the development of HDCA. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with suspected HDCA (32 men and 52 women) underwent patch testing using the TRUE Test system and their own hair dyes. The patients' demographic data, behavior associated with hair dyeing, and clinical manifestations of HDCA were examined retrospectively. RESULTS: Positive patch-test reactions to hair dyes occurred in 53.6% of patients who used hair dyes, and they were diagnosed with HDCA. Although there was a significant correlation between HDCA and PPD sensitization (p=0.001), only 40% of the patients with HDCA showed positive reactions to PPD. Of the 45 patients diagnosed with HDCA, only 7 (15.6%) were aware that their hair dyes contained allergens that caused HDCA. CONCLUSION: This study's findings show that PPD is an effective HDCA marker. However, we propose that investigations on hair dye components other than PPD should be conducted to develop and validate additional predictive HDCA markers.

Determination of 11 Kinds of Phenol and Aniline Dyes in Oxidative Hair Dyes by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A method of simultaneous determination of the eleven phenol and aniline dyes in oxidative hair dyes by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The orthogonal and single-factor experiments were designed to and optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions, and the samples were extracted using 10 mL of 5% methanol under the conditions of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant for 10 min. The gradient elution program and the electrospray ionization mode change were together used for the optimization of the measurements, and the determinations were completed by using the multi-reaction monitoring scan. The detection limits were 1. 15-9. 43 μg/g, the recoveries of spiked samples were 88. 0%-118. 1%. The method can be used to determine trace prohibited and restricted dyes in hair dyes.

Hair cosmetics.

The hair cosmetic industry has undergone a revolutionary change over the last two decades. The focus has dramatically veered from merely cleaning to repair, increasing the tensile strength, reducing oxidative damage, and stimulating growth. Newer shorter procedures to make hair look naturally more lustrous, smooth, and manageable have evolved. Specialized grooming products have been formulated to cleanse, calm, and condition the hair, and are tailored for different hair-types, for example, dry, dry-damaged, oily, colored, and gray hair. Other products are formulated to alter the color or structure of the hair shaft, for example, hair dyes, perming/relaxing. Hair sprays and waxes/gels, can alter the 'lift' of the hair-shaft. Although dermatologists are experts in managing scalp and hair diseases, the esthetic applications of newer cosmetic therapies still remain elusive. This article attempts to fill the lacunae in our knowledge of hair cosmetics and esthetic procedures relevant in today's rapidly changing beauty-enhancing industry, with special emphasis on the Indian scenario for chemical and 'natural' hair products.

Premature graying of hair.

Premature graying is an important cause of low self-esteem, often interfering with socio-cultural adjustment. The onset and progression of graying or canities correlate very closely with chronological aging, and occur in varying degrees in all individuals eventually, regardless of gender or race. Premature canities may occur alone as an autosomal dominant condition or in association with various autoimmune or premature aging syndromes. It needs to be differentiated from various genetic hypomelanotic hair disorders. Reduction in melanogenically active melanocytes in the hair bulb of gray anagen hair follicles with resultant pigment loss is central to the pathogenesis of graying. Defective melanosomal transfers to cortical keratinocytes and melanin incontinence due to melanocyte degeneration are also believed to contribute to this. The white color of canities is an optical effect; the reflection of incident light masks the intrinsic pale yellow color of hair keratin. Full range of color from normal to white can be seen both along individual hair and from hair to hair, and admixture of pigmented and white hair is believed to give the appearance of gray. Graying of hair is usually progressive and permanent, but there are occasional reports of spontaneous repigmentation of gray hair. Studies evaluating the association of canities with osteopenia and cardiovascular disease have revealed mixed results. Despite the extensive molecular research being carried out to understand the pathogenesis of canities, there is paucity of effective evidence-based treatment options. Reports of repigmentation of previously white hair following certain inflammatory processes and use of drugs have suggested the possibility of cytokine-induced recruitment of outer sheath melanocytes to the hair bulb and rekindled the hope for finding an effective drug for treatment of premature canities. In the end, camouflage techniques using hair colorants are outlined.

Hair dye poisoning - Walking on a tight rope.

Hair dye poisoning which was uncommon is now raising an alarm in the field of toxicology. It leads to acute angioedema causing airway compromise, thus making it life threatening. It also leads to acute renal failure and multi organ damage. Failure in prompt recognition and timely management may lead to death. We report a 24 year old female who was brought to us six hours after consuming hair dye. She had difficulty in breathing and was unable to talk. Her tongue, submandibular region and neck were oedematous. Resuscitation measures were taken and she was intubated with great effort. Appropriate anaphylaxis treatment along with forced alkaline diuresis to prevent renal damage led to the betterment of her condition.

Emergency Tracheotomy - A Life Saving Procedure in Poisoning.

The commonest poisons used in suicide in rural India include organophosphorus pesticides, other pesticides, and toxic plants such as oleander. In urban areas, recently introduced pesticides which are easily available in agricultural shops are the commonest poisons. A rising trend is being noticed of late, of household poisons, especially hair dye being commonly employed. Characteristic features noted in three cases of suicide with Super Vasmol® hair dye in our hospital are discussed in this paper with emphasis on the importance of emergency measures such as tracheotomy to relieve supra-glottic oedema which is not uncommon in such cases.

Relationship between polymorphism of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 and genetic susceptibility to hair dye dermatitis / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between polymorphism of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and hair dye dermatitis in a Chinese population. Methods Polymorphism chain-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used and the wild-type allele (NAT2 * 4) and three mutant alleles (NAT2 * 5A, 6B and 7A) were determined in 60 patients with hair dye dermatitis and 73 age-matched control subjects in Tianjin region. Results In hair dye dermatitis cases, the frequency of NAT2 * 4, NAT2 * 5A, NAT2 * 6B, NAT2 * 7A was 52. 5 % , 5. 0 % ,26.7 % and 15. 8 %, respectively, and no statistically significant difference of the frequencies was found between the hair dye dermatitis patients and controls (P>0. 05). The frequency of rapid genotype, intermediate genotype and slow genotype was 26. 7 % , 51. 7 % and 21. 7 % in hair dye dermatitis cases, 30. 1 %, 50. 7 % and 19. 2 % in control subjects, respectively, and no statistically significant difference of the frequencies between the two groups (P>0. 05). Conclusions Our study suggests that there might be no relationship between polymorphism of NAT2 and genetic susceptibility to hair dye dermatitis in a Chinese population.

Hair dye poisoning: An emerging epidemic.

In view of the increasing number of case reports of hair dye poisoning it is important to sensitise medical professionals and toxicologists about its potentially lethal toxicity, and guidelines pertaining to management. Most permanent hair dyes contain paraphenylenediamine, which is nephrotoxic. The main aim of this communication is to create awareness amongst the medical fraternity regarding hair dye poisoning, so that cases of accidental or deliberate ingestion can be readily diagnosed and effectively treated.

Incidence of suicides by poisoning with a popular indian brand of hair dye.

Hair dyes are being used extensively by the general populace in India, and several brands are available in the market. There are increasing reports of suicidal ingestion of hair dye from various parts of the country because of easy availability and high lethality. This autopsy study was conducted with reference to deaths resulting from suicidal exposure to one of the most popular brands of permanent hair dye (Super Vasmol 33) in this part of the country, in order to understand the incidence and implications. Results revealed a female preponderance, with the most common age group affected being 20–30 years.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis following hair-dye ingestion induced acute renal failure.

We report a patient who developed acute renal failure following the ingestion of a hair-dye with a suicidal intent. He was managed by hemodialysis and other symptomatic measures. He developed generalized seizures and underwent MRI scan of the brain using gadolinium containing contrast material followed by development of bilateral and symmetrical thickening and induration of the skin over the extremities and verrucous papules and plaques over the lower back. Skin biopsy and immunohistochemistry showed typical features of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy as well as deposits of calcium. Successful management of renal failure resulted in clearing of all skin lesions except a small bony hard plate like area overt the left leg, the biopsy of which showed features of osseous metaplasia.

Suicide by para-phenylenediamine poisoning.

Twenty three cases of acute para-phenylenediamine poisoning were examined clinically at emergency ward of Rama Medical College Hospital, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) irrespective of age, sex and socio-economic strata along with route and manner of administration of the poison. Albuminuria, anaemia, hypocalcemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia, increased serum bilirubin, prolonged bleeding and clotting time alongwith increased levels of liver enzymes and serum creatinine were observed as significant bio-chemical parameters; on investigation in respect to complete haemogram, liver function test, renal function test, serum electrolytes, serum CPK levels and arterial blood gas analysis. The para-phenylenediamine is the ingredient of a traditional cosmetic hair dye available with the trade name Godrej expert powder hair dye, which is orally administered mainly with an intention to commit suicide, sometimes accidentally and very rarely as homicidal poison by hair dye users. The suicidal poisoning is more common in females as compared to males. The systemic toxicity of PPD has serious consequences which may eventually lead to death. The cases are reported with the advice “public education and strict control over the sale and distribution of para-phenylenediamine should be done to reduce poisoning by this agent”.

Dermatología estética a través del tiempo / Aesthetic dermatology through the time

Estudios antropológicos, etnológicos y arqueológicos muestran la evolución del cuidado de la piel desde la prehistoria. La preocupación del hombre por su aspecto estético se inicia con la humanidad misma. A través del tiempo se buscaron fórmulas cada vez más efectivas, para prolongar las condiciones de juventud y belleza. El aspecto estético de la piel siempre se relacionó con la buena salud. En la actualidad el dermatólogo posee sobrados elementos para recuperar y resaltar la salud y el cuidado de la piel.

Anthropologists and archeologists have traced the evolution of skin care since prehistory. The human concern for his aesthetic appearance dates since the beginning of humanity. Through time, more and more efficient formulations were looked for to extend youthfulness and beauty. An aesthetic skin has always been synonymous with health and at the present time the dermatologist has many resources to improve and acentuate the good quality of the skin.