The Impact Of COVID-19 Lockdown on Parents Handling Children with Disability in Chennai, India

Introduction: Millions around the globe were directly or indirectly affected by COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 epidemic has harmed the lives of children with special needs in many ways, whether directly or in-directly. Few studies have evaluated the Impact of covid-19 lockdown among children with disability. Howev-er, the Impact of COVID on parents dealing with special children was scarcely studied in detail. Investigating parental stress, worries, and morbidity during the lockdown is particularly important for assisting these par-ents during further outbreaks. The aim is to assess the Impact of covid-19 lockdown among parents handling disabled children, parenting stress, their concerns, and morbidity during the COVID-19 lockdown.Materials And Method: The study was done among the parents of disabled children attending special schools in Chennai, using a cross-sectional study design. Parents with any recent trauma, mental disorders, or major diseases and undergoing treatment for themselves were excluded. After obtaining ethics approval, a semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the Impact of the covid-19 lockdown. Collected data were ana-lyzed using SPSS v.21.Results: The study includes 305 parents, predominantly mothers (58%) and the mean age was 38.9+8.2 years. We observed that the COVID-19 lockdown impacted 149 parents (48.9%). The significant predictors for the Impact of COVID-19 lockdown were being a single parent [AOR-2.91(95%CI- 1.05-8.08)] and having a part-time job [AOR-0.36(95%CI- 0.14-0.93)]. Conclusion: The COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown significantly impacted the parents of disabled children. It is high time we give importance to these parents of children with special needs during this pandemic to help them during similar occasions in the future.

Association between Satisfaction with Assistive Technology Devices and Psychosocial Impact among Some Mentally or Physically Disabled Children / 農村醫學 地域保健

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify the association between satisfaction with assistive technology devices and psychosocial impact among some mentally or physically disabled children. METHODS: The study subjects were 120 disabled children and their primary caregivers who were using rental assistive technology devices in Gwangju and Jeollanam-Do. Data were collected by structured questionnaire composed of general characteristics of subjects, characteristics related with using assistive devices. Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0 (QUEST 2.0) and Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Device Scale (PIADS). The statistical analysis were performed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlational analysis. RESULTS: The total mean score for QUEST 2.0 was 4.08±0.66 (satisfaction with devices, 4.01±0.70; satisfaction with the assistive devices service, 4.14±0.90) and the mean of PIADS was 1.00±0.75 (ability, 0.99±0.78; adaptability, 1.04±0.86; self-respect, 0.99±0.74). The scores of PIADS was statistically significant difference according to usage time of assistive devices. The PIADS was significantly positive correlated with QUEST 2.0 CONCLUSIONS: The mentally or physically disabled children reported that the higher level of satisfaction and the more positive impact of psychosocial aspect with assistive technology devices. It would be necessary to perform further studies for addressing the effects of assistive technology devices.

Caracterização da audição de crianças em um estudo de base populacional no município de Itajaí / SC / Characterization of hearing in children in a population base study in the city of Itajaí / SC

Introdução: A audição é o sistema sensorial que auxilia o ser humano na aquisição e desenvolvimento da linguagem oral, possibilitando sua inserção no ambiente sociocultural. Objetivo: Caracterizar a audição de crianças do nascimento até os 14 anos e 11 meses de idade, residentes em Itajaí. Método: Estudo prospectivo cuja população foi constituída por moradores da área urbana do Município de Itajaí, SC. Foram incluídos na avaliação audiológica todos os indivíduos residentes nas casas sorteadas, sendo excluídos domicílios coletivos, casas comerciais e desabitadas. As crianças com idade superior a quatro anos passavam pela avaliação do meato acústico, triagem audiológica nas frequências de 1.000, 2.000 e 4.000 Hz,pesquisa dos reflexos acústicos e timpanometria. Nas crianças com idade inferior a três anos e 11 meses era realizada avaliação comportamental e emissões otoacústicas transientes. Resultados: Das 119 crianças avaliadas, a ocorrência de algum tipo de deficiência auditiva foi de 16,84% nas crianças acima de quatro anos, analisando a melhor orelha. Não foi encontrado nenhum caso de deficiência auditiva incapacitante. Ao combinar os resultados da avaliação comportamental de crianças com idade até três anos e 11 meses com os resultados da timpanometria da pesquisa dos reflexos acústicos ipsilaterais e emissões otoacústicas transientes,constatou-se a ocorrência de 59,10% de alterações audiológicas, sendo que destas houve, predominantemente, alterações na timpanometria e reflexos acústicos,sugerindo problemas condutivos. Conclusão: Evidencia-se a importância de atuar na promoção e prevenção das perdas auditivas condutivas, buscando propiciar às crianças o desenvolvimento da linguagem e aprendizagem de forma integral e eficaz.

Introduction: Hearing is the sensorial system that helps mankind in the acquisition and development of the oral language and enables their insertion into the socio-cultural environment. Objective: To characterize the hearing of children since birth until 14 years and 11 months of age, living in Itajaí. Method: Prospective study whose population was composed by inhabitants of the urban region of the city of Itajaí, SC. All individuals living in the sorted houses were included in the audiological evaluation, and the collective, commercial and non-inhabited dwellings were excluded. The children older than 4 years old were evaluated as for the acoustic meatus, audiological selection in the frequencies of 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz, research of acoustic reflexes and tympanometry. In the children younger that 3 years and 11 months the behavioral and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions evaluations were carried out. Results: From the 119 children evaluated, the occurrence of some kind of auditory deficiency was of 16.84% in the children older than four years, in the analysis of the best ear. No case of incapacitating auditory deficiency was found. When we matched the behavioral evaluation results of children aged up to three years and 11 months with the results from the tympanometry of the research of ipsilateral acoustic reflexes and transient otoacoustic emissions, we confirmed the occurrence of 59.10% of audiological alterations, and from these there were alterations predominantly in the tympanometry and acoustic reflexes, which suggested conductive problems. Conclusion: This confirms the importance of acting for the promotion and prevention of conductive hearing losses, by attempting to provide the children with the development of language and learning fully and effectively.

Probe and Practice of Fitting the Education of Handicapped Children to Community-based Rehabilitation / 中国康复理论与实践

@#The education and development of the handicapped children has been regarded as part of the community-based rehabilitation now. Our purpose is to give those handicapped children opportunities to be educated, take part in social life, and come back to the society. The author summarized and analyzed some successful methods about community-based rehabilitation in western poverty region of China by international project, and suggest that great efforts has to be taken to improve the inclusive education of handicapped children by community-based rehabilitation.

Parents' attitude inventory for handicapped children learning in regular class / 中国康复理论与实践

@# ObjectiveTo workout a scale of parents' attitude towards handicapped children learning in regular class.MethodsQuestionnaire on the parents' attitude toward learning in regular class was designed and administered to 240 parents of handicapped children and 480 parents of normal children.ResultsThe questionnaire was consisted of 34 valid items and proved to be a reliable and valid instrument.ConclusionThis questionnaire is an innovation on testing attribute to some limitation, but the normal formulation has to be depended on future study.

Parents' attitude toward children with disabilities learning in regular class / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the parents' attitude toward the handicapped children learning in regular class.MethodsThe Questionnaire of the Parents' Attitude Toward Learning in Regular Class was used to measure the attitude of 240 parents of handicapped children and 480 of normal children. ResultsThe attitude of parents of handicapped children was much more positive than that of parents of normal children. The attitude of parents of deaf children is much more positive than that of parents of mental retarded (MR) children. The attitude of parents of normal children who were studying with the deaf children was much more positive than that of parents of normal children who were studying with the MR children. There was no significant difference among parents of different education levels, occupation and sex. ConclusionHandicapped children learning in regular class need more attention from parents.

Validación de la prueba nacional de pesquisa de trastornos de desarrollo psicomotor en niños menores de 6 años / Validation for screening test of detecting psychomotor development problems in children under six

Introducción. El uso de una prueba de pesquisa en los primeros años de vida permite la detección temprana de retrasos en el desarrollo psicomotor y su tratamiento oportuno. En la Argentina contamos con una Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa preparada en base a un estudio nacional. El objetivo del trabajo fue validar la prueba, comparando sus resultados con evaluaciones diagnósticas, realizadas en forma simultánea por varios servicios del Hospital Garrahan. Pacientes y métodos. Se seleccionó una muestra de 106 niños de 0 a 5,99 años que concurrían al área de bajo riesgo del Hospital. Se realizaron los siguientes estudios diagnósticos: evaluación del desarrollo psicomotor (Bayley II), examen neurológico, salud mental, coeficiente intelectual (Wechsler, Terman), conducta adaptativa (Vineland), lenguaje (prueba de Gardner receptiva y expresiva, ITPA), audición (emisiones otoacústicas, audiometría tonal, PEAT), examen visual. Se utilizó el DSM-IV como referencia de trastornos del desarrollo. Se evaluó la sensibilidad y especificidad obtenidas según la aplicación de diferentes puntos de corte (número de ítems fracasados). Resultados. El mejor punto de corte se estableció en un ítem tipo A o 2 tipo B, con una sensibilidad del 80%, especificidad: 93%, valor predictivo positivo: 94%, valor predictivo negativo: 77%, porcentaje de coincidencia: 85%. Fue inesperada la elevada prevalencia de problemas de desarrollo encontrada en la muestra: 57%. La prueba es capaz de detectar problemas en las cuatro áreas del desarrollo, incluidos trastornos del lenguaje. Conclusión. Los resultados confirman a la Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa como un instrumento válido para ser usado en el primer nivel de atención para el reconocimiento de niños con sospecha de sufrir trastornos del desarrollo. Asimismo, el trabajo de información permite establecer diferentes puntos de corte y constituye un instrumento útil para su aplicación en la práctica pediátrica.

The use of a screening test in the first years of life allows the early detection of delays of psychomotor development and its treatment, thus contributing to improve the prognosis of the child with special needs. In Argentina, a screening test for detecting developmental problems in children under 6, made with local children and data is available (PRUNAPE). A validation procedure for this test was carried out on 106 children attending at low risk outpatient clinic in Hospital Garrahan. The test was administered to the children together with a battery of diagnostic examinations and studies, performed by experienced specialists from different Hospital services: psychomotor development, neurology examination, mental health, intellectual quotient (Wechsler, Terman), adaptive behaviour (Vineland), language (Gardner expressive and receptive, ITPA), hearing (otoacustic emissions, audiometry, BERA), vision. The DSM ­IV was used as a reference for developmental problems. Using as a failure criterion to the PRUNAPE, the failure of performing correctly one type A item or two type B item, sensitivity of the test was 80%, specificity, 93%; positive predictive value, 95%; negative predictive value, 77%; overall agreement, 85%. A very high prevalence of developmental problems was found: 57%. PRUNAPE was found to be capable of detecting a wide range of problems. These results confirm PRUNAPE as a valuable instrument for early detection of developmental problems in paediatric practice at the primary care level.

Health Assessment of Handicapped Chaildren in an Asylum

PURPOSE: To evaluate the health status of institutionalized handicapped children, a general health assessment was done in an asylum in Taegu in May 1998. METHODS: Body measurements, including height, weight, head circumference, skin fold thickness and mid-arm circumference, were done with physical examination on 53 children. Blood tests and chest radiography were done, and fat impedance was measured. RESULTS: Of the 53 children, height, weight and head circumference were below the third percentile in 37(69.8%), 35(66%) and 28(52.8%) children, respectively. Body mass index, skin fold thickness and mid-arm circumference were below the third percentiles in 77.3, 50.9% and 56.6% of the children, respectively. Although serum protein levels were within normal range, anemia was detected in 31 children(58.5%). Two children showed interstitial pneumonia on chest radiograms. And HBsAg was detected in three but their liver enzymes were within normal limits. CONCLUSION: Due to the poor nutritional status of handicapped children in the asylum, the prevalence of anemia was high. Evaluation of the nutritional status and hemoglobin measurernent must be included in the routine health assessment of these children.

Kampo for Otorhinolaryngologic Infections in Handicapped Children / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In their infant years, physically handicapped children have a tendency to develop infections, otitis media, tonsillitis and acute sinusitis repeatedly because their physical development is retarded and metabolism poor.<br>A combination of shosaiko-to and Shokenchu-to were prescribed to a 3-year-old boy with Down's syndrome. and a 2-year-old boy with cerebral palsy. They caught fewer colds, stopped contracting infections, and digestive symptoms were ameliorated. When the sho, or Kampo diagnostic procedure, was followed in the administration of the above combination or other Kampo formulas during infection remission, they were effective in improving weak constitutions.<br>When a combination of Shosaiko-to and Keishikashakuyaku-to were prescribed for a mantally handicapped 14-year-old boy who suffered from frequent colds and acute sinusitis, good results were obtained. Although the patient's physical development was normal, he became weak due to his poor basic physical habits, such as snacking, which arose from his retarded mental development.

A Study of Clinical Diagnosis and Evaluation of Ability of Mentally Handicapped Children

At The lnstitute of Handicapped Children, 1100 mentally handicapped children with the Griffiths Mental Development Scale (GQ) less than 8O were investigated during a 5 year period between January 1981 and December 1985 to determine the cause of their intellectual deficit, to diagnose their condition and to assess their ability. Of 1100 children, 776 (69.6%) were diagnosed clinically. Cerebral palsy was the most common cause (22.5%) followed by microcephaly (14.6%), seizure disorder (12.4%) and chromosomal anomaly (4.4%). Preventable disorders such as cerebral palsy, chromosomal anomaly, metabolic disorder and endocrinologic disorder were found in 314 cases (28.5%). It is emphasized that prenatal care, fetal monitoring, chromosomal study and a screening test for hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria are indeed required for prevention. When the Griffiths Mental Development Scale was used to assess the children's ability, 96.5% required medical and paramedical treatment such as education and training. In order to assess a mentally handicapped child completely, specialists from various fields are needed to work as a team in an assessment unit where knowledge from all fields can be concentrated. In addition, sociefy as a whole should become more interested in these affairs.