Comparison of physical fitness and mental stress in exercising and non-exercising medical students

Background: Both physical fitness and mental fitness are essential to achieve success, especially in medical college students, where the academic pressure is high. Studies have shown that exercise helps to reduce mental stress as well as to maintain the fitness. Aims and Objectives: The present study was aimed to compare the level of physical fitness and level of mental stress in exercising and non-exercising medical students. Materials and Methods: A study was done on 60 medical students of age group of 18–20 years with 30 in the exercise group and 30 in the non-exercise group. Modified Harvard step test was used to assess physical fitness index and perceived stress scale questionnaire to assess mental stress. Descriptive analysis and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The study demonstrated higher physical fitness (P < 0.01) and lower mental stress levels (P < 0.01) in the exercising group when compared to the non-exercising group. Conclusion: There was better physical fitness and lower mental stress levels among the exercising group when compared with the non-exercising group.

Strategic scientific research management of Harvard School of Public Health and its enlightenment / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To introduce the scientific research management strategies and measurements of T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard, and explore possible reflections for the research management of Chinese medical universities.Methods:Identify the administrative measurements of scientific research management of Harvard School of Public Health by typical case analysis.Results:Harvard School of Public Health used strategic management tools to draw long-term vision for the development of public health, formulate strategic objectives and implementation paths, different functional departments of scientific research management conducted concerted work to provide high-quality scientific research management services which aimed to serve the institutional strategic development.Conclusions:In order to improve the scientific research management in medical universities in China, it is important to develop appropriate strategy of scientific research development, cooperation among related departments, as well as professional support and training for scientific research management personnel.

Comparison between incremental shuttle run test and Harvard’s step test on peak exercise performance in healthy males: a cross-sectional study

Background: Cardiovascular fitness is directly related to the physical health of the person. Aerobic capacity (VO2max) is one of the major criteria to decide the cardiovascular fitness of an individual. To help quantify the fitness level by calculating their VO2max, there are various indirect maximal tests available but out of these, which one would predict VO2max better, is a major concern. Hence the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two indirect maximal tests i.e. Incremental Shuttle Run Test (ISRT) and Harvard’s Step Test (HST) on peak exercise performance in young healthy males.Methods: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was performed on healthy untrained 100 males of age group 18-25 years. Day 1 subjects performed ISRT on 20 m track and after a 48 hours rest period, on day 3 same subject performed Harvard’s step test. Pre and post-test parameters (Pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and RPE) were measured and predicted VO2max was calculated.Results: Post-test parameters i.e. PR, RR, SBP significantly increased (p=0.00*) by Harvard’s step test. The diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly (p=0.3) for both the tests. Rating of perceived exertion by both the test was of the range 17-19 (very hard to maximal). Calculated predicted VO2max was significantly more by ISRT than HST in males (p=0.00*).Conclusions: Incremental shuttle run test is more efficient in predicting VO2max than Harvard’s step test in healthy adult’s males.

Discussion on the strategy of medical curriculum integration in China by learning from more than 30 years of curriculum integration in Harvard Medical School / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In the past 30 years,the curriculum integration of Harvard Medical College has undergone three main stages,from'New pathway'to'Pathway',following the law of medical talent growth,and the integration span is becoming larger and larger.The integration runs through basic medicine and clincal medicine,early clinical experience and practice,and professional quality training in the pursuit of individualized training of outstanding doctors.This article draws lessons from the experience of Harvard Medical College.Based on the experience of Harvard Medical College,this paper discusses on the strategies of medical curriculum integration in view of the existing problems in China.

A probe into the psychological theory and enlightenment of the evolution of curriculum integration in three decades of Harvard Medical College / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In 1999,the author,as a visiting scholar,studied the curriculum reform of'New Path'in Harvard Medical School.In the past ten years,the author has concerned with and followed the track of the curriculum integration of Harvard Medical College.This paper discusses the psyc.hology theory foundation of the integration of Harvard Medical College,and involves the theory of cognitive psychology and the theory of humanism learning,which is an important reference for the integration of our medical curriculum.

Molecular dynamics simulation and analysis of BAFF which is incorporated with p-nitro-L-phenylalanine / 中国药科大学学报

In order to study the structure-function relationship in the protein which is incorporated with p-nitro-L-phenylalanine,the method of MD(Molecular Dynamics) simulation was established and successfully used in the analysis of protein which contains p-nitro-L-phenylalanine.The force field of CHARMM can only stimulate protein with natural amino acid in NAMD.Compared with phenylalanine,p-nitro-L-phenylalanine just has one more group of nitro.If the parameter of group of nitro was defined,the protein containing p-nitro-L-phenylalanine can be simulated.CGenFF-paramchem was used to calculate the energy and topological structure of p-nitro-L-phenylalanine' s new bonds (r),angles (θ),dihendrals (φ) and improper angle (ψ).And then the new defined parameter and topology information was input into the related parameter files and topology files in CHARMM.On the basis of correct parameter,NAMD can successfully simulate the modified BAFF(B lymphocyte stimulator) which contains p-nitro-L-phenylalanine.The changes in structure indicated that there might be new B cell epitopes.The temperature distribution of each frame in the process of dynamics stimulation was in accord with normal distribution,which proved the defined force field parameters was feasible.The RMSD of whole protein solution systemis 2.5.Calculate each resides' RMSF in BAFF,the RMSF of p-nitro-L-phenylalanine's residue is 3.7,which is obviously higher than that of the other residues in β-pleated sheet,and close to the loop rings,indicate that there might be variation in the area of p-nitro-L-phenylalanine residue and might produce new comformational epitopes.The results of MD stimulation will guide the immunogenicity experiments of p-nitro-L-phenylalanine modified proteins.

Calidad científica de las pruebas de campo para el cálculo del VO2max. Revisión sistemática / Scientific Quality of Field Tests to Calculate VO2max: Systematic Review / Qualidade científica das provas de campo para o cálculo do VO2max. revisão sistemática

Objetivo: establecer la calidad científica de las pruebas de campo utilizadas para calcular el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) en adultos sanos no entrenados. Materiales y métodos: se hizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica publicada en español, inglés y portugués, entre 1943 y 2013, sobre pruebas diagnósticas para calcular el VO2max por medio de pruebas de campo, con el propósito de sintetizar los resultados y establecer cuáles son las que mejor se correlacionan con la medición directa (ergoespirometría). Fueron consultadas las bases de datos MedLine, PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, Hinari, Ebsco y BVS. Se siguieron las recomendaciones del Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2006. Resultados: inicialmente, 952 artículos, de los cuales después del proceso de descarte, se encontraron diez que cumplían con todos los requisitos. Las pruebas de campo analizadas que se correlacionan bien con el protocolo de laboratorio son el UMTT (1984) con r = 0,99, QCST y 1000m para hombres r = 0,95; el RWFT para hombres r = 0,93; 1,000m para mujeres y 1,5M r = 0,86; QCST para mujeres r = 0,83 y RWFT para mujeres r = 0,74; para adultos el UMTT r = 0,96 y 20m-SRT r=0,9. Conclusiones: dado el coeficiente de validez y el SEE, es posible utilizar pruebas de campo para calcular rápida y económicamente el VO2max en adultos sanos no entrenados. Según edad, sexo, condición física y patologías se recomiendan diferentes pruebas de campo.

Objective: To establish the scientific quality of the field tests used to calculate the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in untrained healthy adults. Materials and methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature on diagnostic tests for calculating VO2max through field tests published between 1943 and 2013 in Spanish, English and Portuguese, , in order to synthesize the results and establish which are the best to correlate with direct measurement (ergospirometry). MedLine, PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, Hinari, Ebsco and BVS databases were consulted. The recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2006 were followed. Results: Initially, 952 articles were found, after the elimination process was reached, ten of these met all requirements. Field tests analyzed to correlate well with the laboratory protocol are: UMTT (1984) r = 0.99, QCST and 1000m. men r = 0.95; RWFT men's r = 0.93; 1,000m. Women and 1.5M r = 0.86; QCST women r = 0.83 and RWFT for women r = 0.74, for adults UMTT r = 0.96 and 20m-SRT r = 0.9. Conclusions: Given the validity coefficient and the SEE, it is possible to use field tests to swiftly and economically calculate VO2max in untrained healthy adults. Different field tests are recommended according to age, gender, physical condition and pathologies.

Objetivo: Estabelecer a qualidade científica das provas de campo utilizadas para calcular o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) em adultos sãos não treinados. Materiais e métodos: se revisou sistematicamente a literatura científica publicada em espanhol, inglês e português, entre 1943 e 2013, sobre provas diagnósticas para calcular o VO2max através de provas de campo, com o propósito de sintetizar os resultados e estabelecer quais são as que melhor se correlacionam com a medição direta (ergoespirometria). Foram consultadas as bases de dados MedLine, PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, Hinari, Ebsco e BVS. Seguiram-se as recomendações do Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2006. Resultados: Inicialmente 952 artigos, dos quais depois do processo de descarte encontramos dez que cumpriam com todos os requisitos. As provas de campo analisadas que se correlacionam bem com o protocolo de laboratório são: o UMTT (1984) com r = 0,99, QCST e 1000m para homens r = 0,95; o RWFT para homens r = 0,93; 1,000m para mulheres e 1,5M r = 0,86; QCST para mulheres r=0,83 e RWFT para mulheres r = 0,74; para adultos o UMTT r = 0,96 e 20m-SRT r = 0,9. Conclusões: Dado o coeficiente de validez e o SEE, é possível utilizar provas de campo para calcular rápida e economicamente o VO2max em adultos sãos não treinados. Segundo idade, sexo, condição física e patologias se recomendam diferentes provas de campo.

Estilos de citas y referencias bibliográficas en revistas odontológicas SciELO: un elemento crítico de la escritura científica / Styles for citations and referencing in dental SciELO journals: a critical element of scientific writing

Uno de los problemas más comunes en las revistas científicas, es el incumplimiento de los estilos al hacer citas y escribir las referencias bibliográficas, debido al descuido o bien al desconocimiento de los diferentes sistemas existentes y sus características. El objetivo fue revisar los estilos de citas y referencias utilizados por revistas odontológicas indexadas en la red SciELO, con el fin describir los más utilizados y evidenciar las diferencias existentes entre las revistas. Fueron revisados 100 artículos pertenecientes a 20 revistas diferentes, seleccionados aleatoriamente por afijación proporcional. El estilo más utilizado para las citas y referencias bibliográficas correspondió al sistema Vancouver. Sólo una revista, International Journal of Odontostomatology publica sus artículos bajo el sistema Harvard. Estos estilos sirven como un sello de las revistas, pero constituyen una carga de trabajo adicional significativa, ya que la atención a los detalles que se requieren para asegurar que las citas y referencias se ajusten a los estilos individuales de las revistas es fundamental. Cualquiera sea el estilo de la revista, es importante utilizarlo de una manera consistente. La responsabilidad de la exactitud en las citas y referencias bibliográficas es de los autores, por lo que deben preocuparse de ello al redactar el artículo, en su revisión final previo al envío, así como en las pruebas de imprenta.

One of the most common problems in scientific journals, it is the failure of the styles to make citations and references due to carelessness or ignorance of the different systems and their characteristics. The aim was to review the different styles of citations and references used by dental journals indexed in SciELO, to describe the most used and highlight the differences between journals. One hundred articles randomly selected by proportional allocation, belonging to 20 different journals were reviewed. The most commonly used format for citations and references corresponded to the Vancouver system. Only a journal, International Journal of Odontostomatology publishes his articles under the Harvard system. These styles serve as a hallmark for journals, but they are a significant additional workload as the attention to detail required to ensure that citations and references fit individual styles of the journals is fundamental. Whatever the style of the journals, it is important to use it in a consistent manner. The responsibility for the accuracy in citations and references belongs to the authors, so they should worry about it in drafting version, its final revision, as well as proofs of the article.

Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Physician Training System:Comparation of Harvard University and Capital Medical University / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To compare the difference of the spinal cord injury rehabilitation physician training systems between Harvard Uni-versity and Capital Medical University. Methods The spinal cord injury rehabilitation physician training systems of Capital Medical Univer-sity and Harvard University were investigated, including the degree training time, residence training time, training fee and institution. Re-sults Degree education time was more in the basic science in Harvard University than in Capital Medical University. The residence training time was 7 years and 5 years for Harvard University and Capital Medical University, respectively, and the ratio of specialties and sub-spe-cialties was not significantly different. There was a total of 26 spinal cord injury community rehabilitation clinics in Harvard University sys-tem, and none in Capital Medical University. Conclusion Some light can be drawn from the spinal cord injury rehabilitation physician train-ing system of Harvard University, to improve the scholastic building of Capital Medical University.

Comparative study on curriculum program of general education in China and U.S / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on reviewing briefly the development of the general education both in China and United States,selecting respectively a university as the example,the article has analyzed comparatively curriculum programs of general education between the two schools.Aimed at existing problem,from curriculum content carding,structure optimizing,teaching operating and evaluation of the effect,the article has proposed new thinking of reform on the general education of higher institutions.

Finding memory: Interview with Daniel L. Schacter / Encontrando la memoria: Entrevista con Daniel L. Schacter

The present interview offers an annotated dialogue with Dr. Daniel L. Schacter, in which we had the chance to learn about his findings, his current studies, in their implications for memory and cognition. Dr. Schacter is currently William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. With more than 40 years of professional experience in research on cognition, Dr. Schacter has published over 400 articles, many in top scientific journals, and some have been cited thousands of times. For his multiple theoretical and empirical contributions to the field of psychology, Dr. Schacter recently received the American Psychological Association's Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.

En esta entrevista se presenta un diálogo con comentarios con el Dr. Daniel L. Schacter, en el cual tratamos de tener la oportunidad de aprender sobre sus hallazgos, sus estudios actuales y sus implicaciones para la memoria y la cognición. El Dr. Schacter es actualmente profesor William R. Kenan Jr. de psicología en la Universidad de Harvard. Con más de 40 años de experiencia profesional en investigación sobre cognición, el Dr. Schacter ha publicado cerca de 400 artículos, muchos en revistas de alto impacto y algunos han llegado a recibir más de mil citas. Por sus múltiples contribuciones teóricas y empíricas en el campo de la psicología, recibió recientemente el premio por contribuciones científicas distinguidas de la American Psychological Association.

Clinical clerkship at the Harvard Medical School / 医学教育

1）As in most other US medical schools, clinical curriculum at the Harvard Medical School consists of clerkship in required core specialties in the third year, which provides a clinical base for exposure to the broad disciplines of medicine and experiences essential to credentialing as a licensed physician, and of elective rotations in the fourth year for advanced experiences in interested specialties or fields.<br>2）Highly–motivated students and teachers enthusiastic in education produce effective participatory clinical training, supported by two–year longitudinal training for clinical skills and patient–doctor relationship and by incentives for residency match and academic promotion.<br>3）The Harvard Medical School continues to improve its curriculum, most recently by creating longitudinal learning experiences and mentoring,.

Clinical Clerkship at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University / 医学教育

1) Clinical education at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University consists of three parts: the preclinical clerkship which prepares students for clerkship, short observatory or partially participatory clinical education, called the combination block, and long participatory clinical education, the clinical clerkship. The clinical clerkship consists of core-and elective-rotations, including ten four-week rotations and two two-week rotations.<br>2) In implementing clinical clerkship, we sent up to 100 faculty staff to and carefully studied the model used at the Harvard Medical School, and developed our own original one that fits the Japanese setting.<br>3) To successfully implement the clinical clerkship, we developed a demo movie clip showing students’ expectation and tips for teaching, handed each student a cell phone to carry, allowed students’ charting to the electronic medical record system under supervision, and distributed a handout describing clerkship to all medical and paramedical staff.

Similarity and differences of dental education between China and USA by taking school or dental medicine in Harvard university as an example / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Dental educations in China and USA have different histories and systems even if they are similar in some respects.In this paper,by taking school of dental medicine in Harvard university as an example,dental educations in China and USA were compared with each other concerning the enrollment requirement,school system,course arrangement,teaching methods,clinical practice,elc.Based on the comparison,advices on how to improve and reform our dental education system were provided by learning from the advantages of dental education in USA.

Raymond D. Adams, gigante de la neurología norteamericana / Raymond D. Adams, a giant of the american neurology / Raymond D. Adams, gigante da Neurologia norte-americana

El profesor Raymond D. Adams (1911-2010) fue una de las figuras más prominentes de la neurología norteamericana en el siglo XX. Realizó sus estudios de medicina en la Universidad de Duke. Posteriormente, inició especialización en psiquiatría, pero optó por dedicarse al estudio de la patología del sistema nervioso y a la neurología en el Hospital de Boston durante 10 años. Luego fue contratado por el Hospital General de Massachusetts, donde dirigió del Departamento de Neurología por más de 25 años. Fue profesor emérito de neuropatología de la Universidad de Harvard y obtuvo distinciones de otras universidades y sociedades científicas en los Estados Unidos y en otros países. Contribuyó de manera decisiva a la consolidación de la neurología en Norteamérica creando una escuela de fama mundial. Describió varios síndromes, aportó al desarrollo de otras ramas de la neurociencia, publicó múltiples artículos científicos y, desde 1977, junto con el Dr. Maurice Victor, el libro Principios de neurología, que se ha convertido en un clásico en la materia, traducido a varios idiomas. Dirigió un Departamento en donde se ha formado un muy destacado grupo de neurólogos de varias nacionalidades que dan brillo a la neurología mundial.

Professor Raymond D. Adams (1911-2010) has been one of the most prominent figures in North American neurology in the XX century. He studied medicine at Duke University. He began training in psychiatry but decided to study nervous system pathology and neurology in Boston City Hospital during ten years. Then he became chairman of the neurology department in Massachusetts General Hospital for more than twenty five years. He was Neuropathology Emeritus Professor at Harvard University and has been recognized by other universities and scientific associations in United States and in other countries. His contribution to North American Neurology consolidation has been crucial. He described various syndromes and contributed to the development of other fields in neuroscience. He wrote and published many scientific articles and since 1977 with his colleague Maurice Victor the books "Principles of Neurology" a classic in the field, being traduced to many languages. He has been the chairman of a Department where many important neurologists from different parts of the world where trained and brighten neurology worldwide.

O professor Raymond D. Adams (1911-2010) foi uma das figuras mais proeminentes da neurologia norte-americana no século XX. Realizou seus estudos de medicina na Universidade de Duke. Posteriormente iniciou especialização em psiquiatria, mas optou por dedicar-se ao estudo da patologia do sistema nervoso e à neurologia no Hospital de Boston durante dez anos. Depois foi contratado pelo Hospital Geral de Massachusetts onde dirigiu o departamento de neurologia por mais de 25 anos. Foi professor emérito de Neuropatologia da Universidade de Harvard e obteve distinções de outras universidades e sociedades científicas nos Estados Unidos e em outros países do mundo. Contribuiu de maneira decisiva à consolidação da neurologia em Norte-América criando uma escola de fama mundial. Descreveu várias síndromes, contribuiu o desenvolvimento de outros ramos da neurociência, publicou múltiplos artigos científicos e desde 1977 junto com o Dr. Maurice Victor, o livro "Princípios de Neurologia" que tem se convertido em um clássico na matéria, traduzido a vários idiomas. Dirigiu um Departamento onde tem se formado em um muito destacado grupo de neurologistas de várias nacionalidades que dão brilho à neurologia mundial.

The analysis of the new concept for appointment and promotion in Harvard Medical School / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Medical faculty’s appointment is one of the key factors to determine the health of medical education. The appointment reform ideology of medical school of Harvard University is to comform with the development trend of medicine science. Embodied in 2008 appointment reform is the integration of basic medical research, teaching and clinical work, stressong both academic freedom and multiple appointment standards so as to emphasize the excellent academic achievement.