Effect of grain maturity stage on the quality of sorghum BRS-610 silages / Efeito do estádio de maturação dos grãos na qualidade das silagens do sorgo BRS-610

The quality of sorghum BRS-610 silages in seven stages of grain maturity, between the milky and dry stage, for determination of the ideal moment of ensilage was evaluated. The silos were open after 56 days of fermentation. The values for dry matter of silages increased from 199 to 473g/kg or from 19.9 to 47.3 percent, with the advance of stage maturity of grains. As for the quality of fermentation, the silages may be classified as excellent quality in every stage of maturity. The lower values of neutral detergent fiber, 539g/kg or 53.9 percent, and acid detergent fiber, 307g/kg or 30.7 percent, were observed between the milky/dough to dough/dent stages. Regression analysis indicated an increase in values of lignin - 0.3 unit por stage - and reduction in values of in vitro dry matter digestibility - -2.5 units por stage - with the advance of the grain's stage maturity. The ensilage of sorghum BRS-610 between the milky/dough and dough stage ensure very good fermentation and nutritive value of silage.

Avaliou-se a qualidade das silagens do sorgo BRS-610 em sete estádios de maturação dos grãos, entre o estádio leitoso a estádio seco, para determinar o momento ideal de ensilagem. Os silos foram abertos após 56 dias de fermentação. Os teores de matéria seca das silagens aumentaram de 199 para 473g/kg, ou de 19,9 para 47,3 por cento, com o avanço do estádio de maturação dos grãos. Quanto à qualidade de fermentação, as silagens foram classificadas como de excelente qualidade para todos os estádios de maturação. Os baixos valores de fibra detergente neutro, 539g/kg ou 53,9 por cento, e fibra detergente ácido, 307g/kg ou 30,7 por cento, foram observados entre os estádios leitoso/pastoso a pastoso/farináceo. A análise de regressão indicou aumento nos teores de lignina, 0,35 unidades por estádio, e redução nos valores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, -2,50 unidades por estádio, com o avanço do estádio de maturação dos grãos. A ensilagem do sorgo BRS-610 entre os estádios de grãos leitoso/pastoso a pastoso, garante excelente fermentação e bom valor nutricional da silagem.

Prácticas agrícolas para el cultivo de Xanthium strumarium L (guizazo de caballo) con fines terapéuticos / Agricultural practices for the culture of Xanthium strumanium L (guizazo de caballo) with therapeutic aims

Xanthium strumarium (guizazo de caballo) se encuentra entre las plantas con antividad antimitótica. OBJETIVOS: determinar en esta especie los aspectos agrícolas que garanticen el adecuado material vegetal. MÉTODOS: se realizaron estudios durante 2007-2009, donde se evaluaron dos fechas de siembra: junio y julio; dos distancias de siembra 90 x 30 cm y 90 x 50 cm y dos momentos de cosecha: 3 meses de edad (parte aérea y raíces) en plantas que presentaban estado de floración-fructificación y 4 meses de edad (solo raíces) en plantas en fructificación. Las semillas, obtenidas de areales silvestres, se sembraron en parcelas, 3 repeticiones en cada caso. Se evaluó la altura de las plantas en el momento de la cosecha, se seleccionaron 10 plantas/parcelas y se cosecharon 39 plantas/parcelas en la distancia de 90 x 30 cm y 24 plantas en la distancia de 90 x 50 cm, en el caso del follaje se evaluaron los rendimientos de 10 plantas/parcelas en cada caso. RESULTADOS: se observó que bajo cultivo la altura de las plantas fueron mayores en las que se sembraron en junio, con distancia de 90 x 30 cm, en tanto que en las de julio se comportaron de forma similar, independientemente a las distancias de siembra empleadas y en correspondencia con ello los rendimientos resultaron iguales; sin embargo, cuando se quieren cosechar también las raíces, es preferible hacer la cosecha a los 3 meses de edad y, en este caso, los mayores valores se presentaron en las siembras de julio, con distancia de 90 x 30 cm. CONCLUSIÓN: para el aprovechamiento de la planta con doble propósito: parte aérea y raíces, pues en ambas se ha encontrado la actividad antimitótica, la siembra se debe realizar entre junio y julio a la distancia de 90 x 30 cm y recolectarse el material a la edad de 3 meses

Xanthium strumarium (guizazo de caballo) is among the plants with antimitotic activity. OBJECTIVES: to determine in this species the agricultural features to guarantee the appropriate plant material. METHODS: during 2007-2009 studies were conducted to assess to sow dates: June and July; two sow distances 90 x 30 cm and 90 x 50 cm at two sow periods: three months of age (aerial parts and roots) in plants with a flowering-fructification states and four months of age (only roots) in plants in fructification process. Seeds obtained from wild aerial plants were sowed in plots, three repetitions in each case. The plants height was assessed at the harvest moment, choosing 10 plants/lots and 39 plants/lots were growed at a 90 x 30 cm distance and 24 plants at the 90 x 50 cm distance, in the case of foliage the yields of 10 plants/lots were assessed in each case. RESULTS: there was that at culture the plants heights were higher in those sowed in June at a 90 x 30 cm distance while those sowed in July behaved in a similar way independently of the sow distances used and in correspondence with it, the yields were similar; however, when we desire to grow also the roots, it is preferable to grow at three months of age, and in this case, the higher values were in sows of July at a 90 x 30 cm distance. CONCLUSION: for the plant exploitation with a double aim: aerial parts and roots, since in both there is antimitotic activity, sow must to be performed between June and July at a 90 x 30 cm distance and to harvest the material at three months age