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This review made a systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the origin， producing areas and quality， harvest time and processing methods， and cultivation technique of Poria in famous classical formulas from the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （the First Batch） by referring to the literature of ancient materia medica and medical books combining with the modern literature in CNKI， Wanfang Data and other databases， which could provide reference for the development and research of the famous classical formulas containing Poria. According to the research， the origin of Poria in ancient times was the dried sclerotia of Poria cocos. The producing area of Poria is widely distributed in China， mainly produced in Anhui， Hubei， Henan and Yunnan provinces. The quality of Poria from Yunnan is better， and the yield is larger in Anhui and Hubei provinces. The quality evaluation of Poria is basically the same from ancient to modern， which has the characteristics of large block， heavy weight， thin and wrinkled skin， and white and delicate cross section. The harvesting period of Poria is usually in August of the lunar calendar. The initial processing has undergone the evolution from drying in shade in the ancient time to drying in shade after sweating in the modern time. From ancient times to the present， Poria has been processed by cutting to prepare the Fuling lumps and Fuling slices. The cultivation technique has experienced the evolution process of "wild Poria-inoculation of live pine root-basswood cultured". At present， Poria is mainly cultivated by artificial basswood with mature technical methods and abundant yields， which can meet the research and development needs of the famous classical formulas.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the composition of volatile compounds in the different accessions of Perilla frutescens (P. frutescens) collected from various habitats of China and Japan.@*METHODS@#In the present study, the essential oil from the leaves of P. frutescens cultivars from China and Japan was extracted by hydro-distillation and the chemical composition and concentration of the volatile components present in the oils were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.@*RESULTS@#Among the volatile components, the major proportion was of perilla ketone, which was followed by elemicin and beta-caryophyllene in the Chinese Perilla cultivars. The main component in the oil extracted from the Japanese accessions was myristicin, which was followed by perilla ketone and beta-caryophyllene. We could distinguish seven chemotypes, namely the perilla ketone (PK) type, perilla ketone, myristicin (PM) type, perilla ketone, unknown (PU) type, perilla ketone, beta-caryophyllene, myristicine (PB) type, perilla ketone, myristicin, unknown (PMU) type, perilla ketone, elemicine, myristicin, beta-caryophyllene (PEMB) type, and the perilla ketone, limonene, beta-cryophyllene, myristicin (L) type. Most of the accessions possessed higher essential oil content before the flowering time than at the flowering stage. The average plant height, leaf length, leaf width of the Chinese accessions was higher than those of the Japanese accessions.@*CONCLUSION@#The results revealed that the harvest time and geographical origin caused polymorphisms in the essential oil composition and morphological traits in the Perilla accessions originating from China and Japan. Therefore, these chemotypes with desirable characters might be useful for industrial exploitation and for determining the harvest time.
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Objective To investigate the composition of volatile compounds in the different accessions of Perilla frutescens (P. frutescens) collected from various habitats of China and Japan. Methods In the present study, the essential oil from the leaves of P. frutescens cultivars from China and Japan was extracted by hydro-distillation and the chemical composition and concentration of the volatile components present in the oils were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Results Among the volatile components, the major proportion was of perilla ketone, which was followed by elemicin and beta-caryophyllene in the Chinese Perilla cultivars. The main component in the oil extracted from the Japanese accessions was myristicin, which was followed by perilla ketone and beta-caryophyllene. We could distinguish seven chemotypes, namely the perilla ketone (PK) type, perilla ketone, myristicin (PM) type, perilla ketone, unknown (PU) type, perilla ketone, beta-caryophyllene, myristicine (PB) type, perilla ketone, myristicin, unknown (PMU) type, perilla ketone, elemicine, myristicin, beta-caryophyllene (PEMB) type, and the perilla ketone, limonene, beta-cryophyllene, myristicin (L) type. Most of the accessions possessed higher essential oil content before the flowering time than at the flowering stage. The average plant height, leaf length, leaf width of the Chinese accessions was higher than those of the Japanese accessions. Conclusion The results revealed that the harvest time and geographical origin caused polymorphisms in the essential oil composition and morphological traits in the Perilla accessions originating from China and Japan. Therefore, these chemotypes with desirable characters might be useful for industrial exploitation and for determining the harvest time.
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Objective: There are abundant Chinese medicinal herb resources in Guangxi province. Especially, there are lots of Ginkgo Folium in the north. To detect the contents of the total flavonoid glycoside and lactone in Ginkgo Folium and to find out their best concentration ratio during the year. Methods: The reflux method was used for the distillation of the total flavonoid glycoside and lactone in Ginkgo Folium and HPLC was used for quantitative analysis. The contents of the total flavonoid glycoside and lactone in Ginkgo Folium were determined on a Ultimate XB-C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) analytical column with different mobile phases and detectors. Results: The concentration ratio of the total flavonoid glycoside and lactone in Ginkgo Folium in August was the smallest and their contents were high. Conclusion: There is significant difference between total flavonoid glycoside and lactone content in Ginkgo Folium from different picking periods during the year, and the concentration ratio of the two compositions in August is the smallest with high contents, which can be used to provide the basis for guiding the farmer to collect Ginkgo Folium in August.
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Objective: To establish a quality control protocol based on microscopic, TLC, and HPLC methods, and to verify the optimal harvesting time for the leaves of Malus hupehensis (LMH). Methods: The LMH were pulverized into powder for microscopic identification or TLC and HPLC analysis after ultrasonic extraction with methanol. Seasonal variations of the phlorizin content and average leaf weight were determined by HPLC analysis and weighing up the leaves collected from May to October. Results: Microscopic and macromorphologic characteristics have been described for the leaf identification. A qualitative TLC assay and a quantitative HPLC method have been established for the quality control of LMH. Phlorizin was selected as a reference marker, which resolved at Rf 0.53 in TLC assay and at 14.0 min in HPLC assay. The content of phlorizin decreased gradually from 17.0% in leaves collected in May to 7.5% in October. The average leaf weight reached the level of 0.6 g in August and maintained until its falling. Conclusion: These methods are simple, selective, accurate, and reliable for the quality control of LMH. The period from late August to early September is suggested as the optimal harvesting time of the LMH. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.
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Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill., Asteraceae, has been used as an antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumor. This study determined the variation in chemical composition, and antibacterial and antioxidant activity of A. chamaemelifolia collected at two phenological stages within five natural habitats in northern Iran.The highest oil yield was obtained from the Shahkoh population with 1.10 ml/100g dry matter harvested at the 50% flowering stage. The highest values of 1,8-cineole (31.82%) was obtained from the Pelor population at the 50% flowering stage.The highest percentages of artemisia ketone (12.27%), camphor (17.21%), and borneol (13.50%) were obtained from the Kandovan population, harvested before flowering. The highest content of chrysanthenone (18.14%) was obtained from the Gadok population before flowering. The essential oil of the Kandovan population harvested at the 50% flowering stage had the highest percentages of Davanone D (28.44%) and Davanone (28.88%). The A. chamaemelifolia oils inhibited the growth of four bacterial pathogens, while these same oils exhibit weak antioxidant (DPPH) activity. The results indicated A. chamaemelifolia contained three chemotypes: 1,8-cineole, davanone and/or Davanone D, and chrysanthenone. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils obtained from various populations of A. chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages may be significant from a pharmaceutical stand point.
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The chemical composition of essential oils and essential oil yield obtained from Rosemarinus officinalis (family Lamiaceae) and Lavandula angustifolia (family Lamiaceae) were determined in two harvesting times. Their essential oil was determined by hydro-distillation, and analysed by GC/MS. The results showed that harvesting time had significant effects on the oil content and compositions in both plants. The maximum essential oil percentage was obtained in full flowering stage in rosemary. Also and in lavender maximum linalool percentage (19.2%) was obtained in full flowering, and minimum linalool percentage (0.2%) was shown in the other time. Also the concentration of β – pinene (2.1%), δ-3-carene (1.5%), β – phellandrene (6.6%), Camphor(10.6%), Cryptone (0.8%), α- terpineol (2.3%) and Linalool acetate (1.2%) were higher than befor flowering stage. Therefore the harvesting time have a great importance in the production of essential oil and influenced on the quantity and quality of essential oil. As consequence, the best harvesting time in both medicinal plants was obtained in full flowering stage.
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A study was carried out in Araruna County, State of Paraná, to understand the relationship between the total dry matter yield and its proportion allocated to the storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plants in the second vegetative cycle. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split-plot scheme with four replications. The plots consisted of the Mico, IAC 13 and IAC 14 cultivars and the monthly harvesting dates were assessed in the sub-plots. The results showed that the Mico and IAC 13 cultivars were more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. The IAC 14 cultivar allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to stems compared with the other two cultivars. With regard to the influence of harvesting time, the lowest harvest indexes were observed in the periods of more intense vegetative growth. However, the highest carbohydrate proportions were allocated to the storage roots during periods of low vegetative growth.
Com o objetivo de uma melhor compreensão da relação entre a produtividade total de massa seca e a proporção de alocação desta nas raízes tuberosas em plantas de mandioca, foi conduzido no município de Araruna-PR, um experimento em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram dispostas três cultivares (Mico, IAC 13 e IAC 14), e nas subparcelas dez épocas de colheita mensais, a partir do início do segundo ciclo vegetativo das plantas. As cultivares Mico e IAC 13 foram mais eficientes do que a IAC 14 em alocar massa seca nas raízes tuberosas, ao passo que esta última alocou maior proporção de massa seca em suas hastes. Em relação às épocas, os menores índices de colheita ocorreram em períodos de mais intenso crescimento vegetativo das plantas, ao passo que a maior proporção de carboidratos foi alocada nas raízes tuberosas em períodos de baixo crescimento vegetativo.
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O objetivo da pesquisa foi caracterizar a influência dos elementos meteorológicos em distintas épocas de colheita, na quantidade de grãos inteiros, em diferentes cultivares de arroz. Utilizou-se três cultivares de arroz irrigado em quatro semeaduras, correspondente a época de semeadura para o Estado de São Paulo. Concluiu-se que o percentual de grãos inteiros está mais relacionado ao conteúdo de água dos mesmos do que com a época de colheita. A amplitude entre a umidade relativa do ar máxima e mínima, associada a duração do período em que a umidade relativa do ar permaneceu maior do que 90 por cento, certamente foi condição suficiente para provocar fissuras nos grãos quando colhidos com teores de umidade abaixo de 18 por cento.
The objective of this research was to characterize the influence of the meteorological elements in the head rice grains. Three irrigated rice cultivars were sowed at four distincts dates, during the recommended sowing period for the state of São Paulo. It was concluded that the percentage of head rice grains was more affected by the moisture content than by the harvesting time. The amplitude between minimum and maximum air relative humidity associated with the duration of the period in which air relative humidity was above 90 percent certainly was sufficient to cause fissures in grains with moisture content below 18 percent.