Pilares y líneas de acción para los sistemas de salud integrados y centrados en las personas y las comunidades / Pillars and lines of action for integrated and people- and community-centered health systems / Pilares e linhas de ação para sistemas integrados de saúde centrados nas pessoas e nas comunidades

RESUMEN Se presenta el posicionamiento del grupo de trabajo latinoamericano de la Fundación Internacional para los Cuidados Integrados (1) (IFIC, por su sigla en inglés). Este reúne a diversos actores y organizaciones de América Latina, con el objeto de apoyar acciones que faciliten la transformación de los sistemas de salud en la Región hacia sistemas integrados y centrados en las personas, no como individuos aislados, sino como sujetos de derecho, en los contextos sociales y ambientales complejos donde viven y se vinculan. El grupo de trabajo plantea nueve pilares de la atención integrada para ser utilizados como marco conceptual en la elaboración de políticas y de cambios en las prácticas: 1) visión y valores compartidos, 2) salud de las poblaciones, 3) las personas y las comunidades como socias, 4) comunidades resilientes, 5) capacidades del talento humano en salud, 6) gobernanza y liderazgo, 7) soluciones digitales, 8) sistemas de pago alineados, y 9) transparencia ante la ciudadanía. Desde estos pilares se proponen líneas de trabajo en los ámbitos del fortalecimiento de alianzas y redes, la abogacía, la investigación y generación de capacidades, que contribuyan a materializar sistemas de salud y sociales efectivamente integrados y centrados no solo en las personas, sino también en las comunidades en América Latina.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the position of the Latin American working group of the International Foundation for Integrated Care (IFIC). The working group brings together various Latin American actors and organizations in support of actions that facilitate the transformation of health systems in the region towards integrated systems that focus on people not as isolated individuals but as subjects of law in the complex social and environmental contexts where they live and interact. The working group proposes nine pillars of integrated care to be used as a conceptual framework for policy development and changes in practices: 1) shared vision and values; 2) population health; 3) people and communities as partners; 4) resilient communities; 5) capacities of human resources for health; 6) governance and leadership; 7) digital solutions; 8) aligned payment systems; and 9) public transparency. Based on these pillars, lines of work are proposed to strengthen alliances and networks, advocacy, research, and capacity-building, in order to help develop health and social systems that are effectively integrated and focused not only on people but also on communities in Latin America.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta o posicionamento do grupo de trabalho latino-americano da Fundação Internacional de Cuidados Integrados (1) (IFIC, na sigla em inglês). A IFIC reúne diversos atores e organizações da América Latina com o fim de apoiar ações que facilitem a transformação dos sistemas de saúde na região para sistemas integrados e centrados nas pessoas, não como indivíduos isolados, mas como sujeitos de direito, nos complexos contextos sociais e ambientais em que vivem e participam. O grupo de trabalho propõe nove pilares de atenção integrada a serem utilizados como marco conceitual na elaboração de políticas e de mudanças nas práticas: 1) visão e valores compartilhados, 2) saúde das populações, 3) pessoas e comunidades como parceiros, 4) comunidades resilientes, 5) capacitação de talento humano em saúde, 6) governança e liderança, 7) soluções digitais, 8) sistemas de pagamento alinhados e 9) transparência perante a população. Com base nesses pilares, são propostas linhas de trabalho nas áreas de fortalecimento de alianças e redes, incidência política, pesquisa e capacitação, que contribuam para materializar na América Latina sistemas sociais e de saúde efetivamente integrados e centrados não só nas pessoas, como também nas comunidades.

Alteridade ou austeridade: uma revisão acerca do valor da equidade em saúde em tempos de crise econômica internacional / Alterity or austerity: a review on the value of health equity in times of international economic crises

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, o sistema capitalista, transformado por meio de crises mais agressivas e globais, tem submetido a sociedade à austeridade fiscal e tensionado a garantia dos direitos à saúde, como imposição para ampliar a eficiência e efetividade dos sistemas de saúde. A equidade em saúde, por outro lado, opera como fator protetor em relação aos efeitos nocivos da austeridade sobre a saúde da população. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o efeito da crise financeira global quanto à valorização da equidade em saúde frente à efetividade nas comparações internacionais de eficiência dos sistemas de saúde na literatura científica. Realizada revisão integrativa, com busca nas bases de dados PubMed e BVS, de 2008-18, com análise cross-case. O equilíbrio entre equidade e efetividade deve ser buscado desde o financiamento até os resultados em saúde, de modo eficiente, como forma de fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde. A escolha entre alteridade ou austeridade deve ser feita de forma explícita e transparente, com resiliência dos valores societais e princípios de universalidade, integralidade e equidade.

Abstract In recent decades, the global and aggressive crises-transformed capitalist system has subjected society to fiscal austerity and strained the assurance of its right to health, as an imposition to increase health systems efficiency and effectiveness. Health equity, on the other hand, provides protection against the harmful effects of austerity on population health The aim of this article is to analyse the effect of the global financial crisis on how health equity is considered against effectiveness in international comparisons of health systems efficiency in the scientific literature. Integrative review, based on PubMed and VHL databases searches, 2008-18, and cross-case analysis. The balance between equity and effectiveness must be sought from health financing to results, in an efficient way, as a means to strengthening health systems. The choice between alterity or austerity must be made explicitly and transparently, with resilience of societal values and the principles of universality, integrality and equity.

Comunidade epistêmica e a formação da reforma sanitária no Brasil / Epistemic community and the formation of health reform in Brazil

O artigo trata da análise política que sustentou a Reforma Sanitária Brasileira (RSB), responsável pela definição do Sistema Único de Saúde e pela ideia do direito universal contemplada pela Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF 1988). O texto ilumina a singular contribuição da comunidade de epistêmica dos sanitaristas para a formação da agenda de política pública redistributiva da saúde no contexto da redemocratização. O artigo revisa também as explicações para a fragmentação e influência do setor privado do sistema de saúde brasileiro, a despeito do sucesso institucional da proposta da universalização redistributiva. Destaca que a RSB não contemplava o veto à presença do mercado no setor saúde, o que reduziu os custos políticos para o setor privado impusesse suas preferências na Nova Democracia. O artigo conclui que a análise dos limites estruturais e institucionais para uma política pública redistributiva na saúde é ainda um desafio para a comunidade de especialistas da saúde coletiva...

This paper addresses the policy analysis that underpinned the Brazilian Sanitary Reform (SR), responsible for the defining the Unified Health System and for the proposal to make universal health care a right under the Federal Constitution of 1988 (FC1988). The paper highlights the role of political argumentation by the epistemic community of experts in the health field as central to the redistributive health sector reform. Although Brazil's health system is defined by the FC1988 as comprising universal access, hegemonic public funding and direct provision of care by the government, today it is fragmented and under huge influence of the private sector. In a comparative perspective, participation by private health insurance is much higher than in other emerging countries. This paper argues that, as FC1988 proposed no veto against the market's operating in the health sector, private health care and health insurance companies with greater voice have succeeded in imposing preferences in decision-making arenas. The paper concludes that the analysis of the institutional limits of redistributive public policies in Brazil presents a challenge to the SR's epistemic community today...

Health Sector Reform Program in Egypt / 国際保健医療

<B>Introduction</B><BR>Health Sector Reform Program (HSRP) in Egypt started in 1997 to improve equity, efficiency, quality and sustainability of Egyptian health systems. This study aims to review reports and publications regarding HSRP in Egypt and to analyze its achievements and problems.<BR><B>Methods</B><BR>Documents of international organizations and other relevant agencies, such as reports of health sector reform programs and statistics, were reviewed and analyzed.<BR><B>Results</B><BR>HSRP aimed to improve quality of health services and equality of access, and to establish sustainable health financing mechanisms, while focusing on primary health care. Major components of HSRP were: health service delivery, health financing, and evaluation. It started in five pilot governorates. Based on the Family Health Model (FHM), each family registered to a physician or a health facility, and was provided with essential medical services called Basic Benefits Package (BBP). Family Health Fund (FHF), the newly established financing agency of FHM, provided health staff with incentives from a pooled fund. Against the original plan, FHF could not function as a health insurance fund, and was financially unsustainable. Mechanisms of health facility accreditation and health services performance evaluation with incentives were installed to ensure the quality of health services.In addition, health staff training programs were enhanced, health facilities and equipment in rural areas were improved, and referral systems were strengthened.<BR><B>Conclusions</B><BR>HSRP introduced a family health model for the first time in Egypt in pilot governorates. Focusing basic health service provision, HSRP succeeded to improve equity, efficiency and quality of health services. However, sustainable health insurance mechanisms were not established yet, and involvement of private health service providers were very limited. It is needed to bring in commitment of Egyptian government across the sectors and to develop health systems that secure good quality of health services for all Egyptians.

Atención materna en un ambiente de mercado de servicios de salud, Medellín, Colombia, 2008-2009 / Atendimento maternal em um ambiente de mercado de serviços de saúde, Medellín, Colômbia 2008-2009 / Maternity care within a health market environment, Medellin, Colombia 2008-2009

Objetivo: analizar el acceso a los servicios para maternas en Medellín, en el contexto del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Metodología: se optó por un estudio cualitativo, se realizaron 23 entrevistas en profundidad a médicos y enfermeras, vinculados directamente a la atención materna y/o a la toma de decisiones gerenciales, y tres grupos focales con maternas. Las entrevistas se analizaron mediante el proceso de codificación y categorización propuesto en la Teoría Fundada. Hallazgos: a pesar de que la atención materno-infantil es una prioridad, las maternas experimentan dificultades con los servicios, dada la problemática del aseguramiento, la fragmentación de servicios en la contratación —ligada a la competencia por bajos precios—, y la posición dominante de las aseguradoras.

Objective: To analyze accessibility to maternity care services in the city of Medellin, within the context of the Colombian Social Security System for Health. Metho dology: A qualitative approach was used; 23 in-depth interviews were conducted to medical doctors and nurses who provide health care to mothers and/or manage health institutions. Also, three focus groups with mothers were carried out. A coding and categorizing process was used to analyze information following Grounded Theory process. Findings: In spite of the fact that maternal-child care is a priority issue, mothers experiment difficulties to access to health services, given by the insurance system, fragmentation of services in contracting out process between insurer and hospitals –linked with competence based on lower prices- and the dominant status of private health insurers.

Objetivo: analisar o acesso aos serviços para mães em Medellín, dentro do contexto do Sistema Geral de Seguridade Social em Saúde. Metodologia: optou-se por um estudo qualitativo, foram realizadas 23 entrevistas com médicos e enfermeiras, vinculados diretamente ao atendimento materno e/ou à tomada de decisões gerenciais, e três grupos focais com mães. As entrevistas foram analisadas mediante o processo de codificação e categorização proposto na Teoria Fundada. Descobrimentos: apesar de que o atendimento materno-infantil é uma prioridade, as mães experimentam dificuldades com os serviços, devido a problemática da afiliação, a fragmentação dos serviços – ocasionada pelo modelo de contratação que se baseia nos preços baixos, e a posição dominante das seguradoras.

Las condiciones laborales de los profesionales de la salud a partir de la Ley 100 de 1993: evolución y un estudio de caso para Medellín / As condições laborais dos profissionais de saúde a partir da Lei 100 de 1993: evolução e um estudo de caso para Medellín / Labor conditions for health professionals starting from the Act 100 of 1993: evolution and a case study for Medellin

Este artículo pretende analizar los cambios en las condiciones laborales del recurso humano en salud a partir de la Ley 100 de 1993. Para esto, el trabajo se desarrolla en dos partes: la primera presenta un análisis de la evolución de las condiciones laborales de los profesionales de la salud con base en fuentes secundarias y la segunda presenta los resultados de una encuesta aplicada a una muestra de profesionales de Medellín. Se encontró que a partir de la aplicación de la Ley, las condiciones laborales se deterioraron, especialmente para aquellos que no poseen contratación directa con las entidades de salud; se ampliaron las brechas salariales; se dieron aumentos en la intensidad horaria y se detectó cierto grado de subempleo.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the major changes in working conditions of human resources in health since Act 100 of 1993. This paper is divided in two parts: the first one refers to the working conditions of health professionals in Colombia based on secondary sources and the second shows the results of a survey of a sample of Medellin professionals. We found that after the implementation of the Act, working conditions have been deteriorated, especially for those professionals who do not have a direct engagement with health agencies, it also has generated wage gaps between professionals from different fields and even within the same; and has increased the working-day hours and underemployment found it in the area.

Este artigo pretende analisar as mudanças nas condições laborais do recurso humano e saúde a partir da Lei 100 de 1993. Para isto, o trabalho se desenvolve em duas partes: a primeira apresenta uma analise da evolução das condições laborais dos profissionais de saúde com base em fontes secundárias; e a segunda, apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa aplicada a uma amostra de profissionais de Medellín. Os resultados ilustram que a partir da aplicação da Lei, as condições laborais se deterioram, especialmente para aqueles que não têm contratação direita com as entidades de saúde; ampliaram-se as brechas salariais; aumento da intensidade de horários e detectou-se certo grau de desemprego.

Caminos divergentes para la protección social en salud en México / Opposite pathways in social health care in Mexico

En México, la reciente pluralidad política se expresa en diferentes modelos de políticas sociales y en la tensión en el ejercicio de gobierno entre los niveles local y nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue contrastar los contenidos y ámbitos principales de conflictividad de la política de salud nacional (México) versus la política de salud local (Distrito Federal). Para ello, se analizaron planes de desarrollo, documentos programáticos, presupuestos e informes del período 1994-2006, en los que se encontraron similitudes en los diagnósticos sociosanitarios y diferencias sustanciales en las agendas, las estrategias y los programas prioritarios.

Current political plurality in Mexico is expressed in different models of social policies and in the tension of the exercise of government between domestic and national levels. The objective of this paper was to contrasts the contents together with the main conflictive points of the national health policy (Mexico) against the domestic health policy (Mexico's Federal District). To achieve this goal, development plans, programmatic documents and budgets within the period 1994-2006 were analyzed. As a consequence, similarities and substantial differences were found regarding socio-sanitary diagnoses, agendas, strategies and priority programs.

Promoción de la Salud, "empowerment" y educación: una reflexión crítica como contribución a la reforma sanitaria / Promotion of Health, "empowerment" and education: a critical reflection as a contribution to the sanitary reform

Se realiza un estudio exploratorio que analiza y discute la Promoción de la Salud en Canadá buscando detectar su contribución en los procesos de la reforma sanitaria. Se observaron variaciones importantes en el ideario investigado en lo referente al compromiso con el cambio del status quo. Esto ocurre de manera marcada entre las vertientes behaviorista y la Nueva Promoción de la Salud. Esta última se caracteriza por la ambigüedad de sus premisas que justifica, en parte, el impacto limitado de sus acciones. A pesar de esto, es posible afirmar que este ideario ha contribuido al fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud en los países de la periferia capitalista. Se destaca, en este sentido, la utilidad del concepto "empowerment" social para repensar las prácticas de educación para la salud y como contribución a las prácticas de cuidados de salud.

An exploratory study, which analyses and discusses the promotion of health in Canada, is carried out to detect its contribution to the sanitary reform processes. Important variations arose in the investigation regarding the commitment to the change of the status quo. This tends to occur mainly between the behaviourists and the supporters of the New Promotion of Health. This last trend is characterized by the ambiguity of its assumptions, which justifies, in part, the limited impact of its actions. In spite of all this, it is possible to state that this conception has contributed to the strengthening of the health system in countries belonging to the capitalist periphery. In this sense, it is important to highlight the usefulness of the concept social "empowerment" to rethink about the practices of health education and the contribution of the practices of heath care.

Capital financiero versus complejo médico-industrial: los desafíos de las agencias regulatorias / Financial capital versus medical-industrial complex: challenges for the regulatory agencies

Se presentan los procesos estructurales consolidados en los 90s bajo la hegemonía del capital financiero; las pujas distributivas generadas con el complejo médico-industrial; las estrategias que éste usó para reposicionarse; y los desafíos que enfrentan las agencias regulatorias estatales. Dos procesos son fundamentales para ubicar la problemática que enfrentan las agencias regulatorias: 1) La hegemonía alcanzada en los 90s por el capital financiero en el sector salud, vía las reformas destinadas a desregularlo; y 2) el reposicionamiento del complejo médico-industrial desde mediados de los 90s, a través de radicalizar la medicalización. Este artículo se basa en varias investigaciones conducidas por la autora en las que se usaron métodos cualitativos y datos secundarios cuantitativos para la contextualización histórico-situacional. El abordaje teórico se basó en Marx, Gramsci, Benasayag, Badiou, Testa y Merhy. El análisis de las reformas más recientes impulsadas por el complejo médico-industrial es producto de una investigación bibliográfica y documental.

This article presents the structural processes that consolidated under the hegemony of the financial capital in the 90s; the dispute between the financial capital operating in the health sector and the medical-industrial complex; the strategies used by the medical-industrial complex for regaining positions; and the challenges all these processes pose for the regulatory agencies. The problems the regulatory agencies are facing lie in two central processes: 1) the hegemony the financial capital reached in the 90s in the health sector through reforms aimed at deregulating the sector in order to facilitate its entrance; and 2) the repositioning of the medical-industrial complex since the mid 90s by radicalizing medicalization. This article is based on several studies conducted by the author using qualitative methods and quantitative secondary data for understanding the historical-situational context. The theoretical approach was based on Marx, Gramsci, Benasayag, Badiou, Testa and Merhy. The analyses of the most recent reforms induced by the medical-industrial complex were the result of a bibliographic and document review.

La descentralización de los servicios de salud: de la teoría a la práctica / Health services decentralization: from theory to practice

Los actuales promotores de la descentralización de los servicios de salud afirman que su implementación mejorará la calidad, la equidad y la eficiencia de los sistemas de salud, y al mismo tiempo incrementará la satisfacción de los usuarios. Además, quienes abogan por la descentralización piensan que la descentralización facilitará la participación de las comunidades en la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la salud, y en consecuencia la democracia. En este trabajo se discute primero la falta de consenso que existe sobre el significado del concepto de descentralización y la dificultad de medir el nivel de descentralización de un sistema de salud. También se identifica a los actores que formularon estas hipótesis, se examinan las razones detrás de su formulación, y si los resultados alcanzados tras la descentralización de los servicios de salud en América Latina las confirman.

The current promoters of the decentralization of health services affirm that its implementation will improve the quality, equity and efficiency of health systems and at the same time will increase users' satisfaction. Additionally, those who advocate decentralization believe that it will facilitate community participation in health decisionmaking, and as a result it will strengthen the democratic process. In this study we discuss first the lack of consensus regarding the meaning of decentralization and the difficulties of measuring the degree of decentralization of a health system. We also identify the actors who have formulated the above hypotheses, examine the reasons behind its formulation, and analyze if the outcome of the decentralization of the Latin American health services confirm the hypotheses.

A reforma sanitária brasileira e o Sistema Único de Saúde: dialogando com hipóteses concorrentes / The Brazilian Health Sector Reform and the Unified Health System: talking to competing hypotheses

Passados 20 anos da 8ª. Conferência Nacional de Saúde e três décadas da fundação do Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde, justifica-se uma análise sobre o projeto, processo e perspectivas da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira. Desse modo, o objetivo da presente investigação é analisar a emergência e o desenvolvimento de uma Reforma Sanitária numa formação social capitalista, seus fundamentos e características, discutindo os desafios da práxis. Partindo de quatro tipos de práxis e de mudanças em sociedades - reforma parcial, reforma geral, movimentos políticos revolucionários e revolução social total - defende-se a tese segundo a qual a Reforma Sanitária Brasileira, como fenômeno social e histórico, constitui uma reforma social. O estudo tem como hipótese que a Reforma Sanitária Brasileira, embora proposta como práxis de reforma geral e teorizada para alcançar a revolução do modo de vida, apresentaria como desfecho uma reforma parcial - setorial e institucional. Realizou-se um estudo de caso, a partir de pesquisa documental, em duas conjunturas, tendo como componente descritivo o ciclo idéia-proposta-projeto-movimento-processo e, como componente explanatório, a análise do desenvolvimento da sociedade brasileira, recorrendo ao referencial "gramsciano", particularmente às categorias de revolução passiva e transformismo. Procura-se discutir a relevância do elemento jacobino no caso de uma Reforma Democrática da Saúde, cuja radicalização da democracia contribuiria para a alteração da correlação de forças, desequilibrando o binômio conservação-mudança em benefício do segundo termo e conferindo um caráter mais progressista para a revolução passiva.

Twenty years after the accomplishment of the Eighth National Health Conference and three decades after the foundation of The Brazilian Center for Health Studies, it is justified an analysis on the project, process and perspectives of Brazilian Health Sector Reform. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to analyze the emergence and the development of a Health Sector Reform inside a capitalist social formation, its foundations and characteristics, discussing the praxis challenges. The point of depart are four types of praxis and social changes: partial reform, general reform, revolutionary political movement and global social revolution. The thesis that is supported is that the Brazilian Health Sector Reform, as a social and historic phenomenon, is a social Reform. The hypothesis of the study is that the Brazilian Health Sector Reform, even though proposed as a global reform in its praxis and theorized to reach a revolution in people's way of life, has became a partial reform - sectorial and institutional. It was carried out a case study research based on documental analysis over two conjunctures. The descriptive component of the study was the cycle: idea-proposal-project-movement-process, and the explanatory one was the analysis of Brazilian society's development based on Gramsci's theoretical referential, particularly the categories of passive revolution and transformism. The results points in the direction of a partial reform. The importance of the Jacobin compound in a Democratic Health Sector Reform is discussed. In this case, the democratic radicalization would help change the correlation of forces, unbalancing the binomial conservation-change in the benefit of the latter and conferring a more progressive characteristic for the passive revolution.

Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) in the Health Sector of the Government of Tanzania:The Present and the Future / 国際保健医療

The Government of Tanzania has gropingly urged an enterprise of development partnership between the host government and funding donor agencies by promoting structural reformation and reinforcement of the government administrative functions. While Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper was accepted and implemented since November, 2000, the Government of Tanzania has spearheaded a challenge of uniformity of development modalities through sector reformations, funding integration and good governance by leading other neighboring countries. Hence, issue prioritization, budgetary integration, executive standardization were intensively discussed by the Government of Tanzania and stakeholders throughout an innovative process of development partnership. <br>Simultaneously, Tanzania has released consecutive development plans such as "Tanzania Development Vision 2025", "Tanzania Assistance Strategy", "Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper" accompanied by the financial arrangement of "Public Expenditure Review" and Mid-term Expenditure Framework". These strategic development dispositions created an attractive environment for development partners to promote integrated financial assistant scheme.<br>According to the Health Sector Reform in the Government of Tanzania since 1994, a practical application of development partnership has been initiated and implemented by the induction of "Health Sector Basket Fund", which was introduced by the accord of several donor partners and international agencies. This pooling fund mechanism aims to integrate current scattered budgetary systems and to promote transparency, accountability and ownership of the finance in the Health Sector. Indeed, the sector-specific Basket Fund forwarded the decentralization process of the Health Sector Reform in light of evidence-oriented health interventions at the district and community levels. <br>In this paper, the present condition of the development partnership in the Health Sector of the Government of Tanzania is examined according to the background, adaptation, application, current considerations and future orientation of the development partnership.

Efectos de la reforma en salud en las acciones de control de tuberculosis en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Se describen efectos de la implementación del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud - SGSSS, en la década de los noventa, sobre las acciones de control de tuberculosis en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. El estudio se llevó a cabo en siete municipios del departamento mediante un abordaje complementario de técnicas de recolección y análisis de información cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se presentó una reducción en el papel de planeación, control y regulación de las acciones de tuberculosis por parte de las entidades estatales. Los nuevos actores y las nuevas fuentes de financiación no produjeron los efectos positivos esperados en las acciones de control de tuberculosis; la cantidad y calidad de las acciones de tuberculosis se redujeron por el efecto de la reforma sectorial. Se concluye que la implementación del SGSSS afectó de manera negativa las acciones de control de tuberculosis.

Effects of the health sector reform upon tuberculosis control interventions in Valle del Cauca, Colombia Implementation of the General System of Social Security in Health (GSSSH) was initiated for the control of tuberculosis (TBC) in the state of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, between 1991- 2000. A study of its effects was centered in 7 municipalities of Valle del Cauca with a complementary set of qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection and analysis. A reduction in planning, control and regulation of TBC activities by state agencies was observed. New administrative structures and new funding sources did not produce the expected positive effects on tuberculosis control. Instead, the quantity and quality of tuberculosis control activity were reduced as a consequence of the health sector reform. In conclusion, GSSSH implementation affected negatively tuberculosis control activity.

Evolution of the health sector and tuberculosis control in Brazil

Objective. To summarize the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis (TB) in Brazil, especially as it relates to the evolution of the health sector in recent decades, the process of health sector reform, and current proposals of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Methods. A review was conducted of data from the Ministry of Health of Brazil on tuberculosis in the country over the last 20 years, as well as of the history of changes in the health sector. Results. There have been major changes in the epidemiological situation of TB and also in the structure of the health system in Brazil. Conclusions. The overall prospects are promising for Brazil's National Plan for Tuberculosis Control.

Objetivo. Resumir la situación epidemiológica de la tuberculosis en Brasil y, en particular, su relación con la evolución del sector de la salud en las últimas décadas, con el proceso de reforma del sector de la salud y con las actuales propuestas del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Métodos. Se efectuó una revisión de los datos del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil acerca de la situación de la tuberculosis en el país durante los últimos 20 años, así como de la historia de los cambios sufridos por el sector de la salud. Resultados. En Brasil ha habido importantes cambios en la situación epidemiológica de la tuberculosis y en la estructura del sistema de salud. Conclusión. El Plan Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis en Brasil tiene, en general, prometedoras perspectivas.

Reforma do setor saúde e controle da tuberculose no Brasil / Healteh Sector Reform and Tuberculosis Control im Brazil

Este documento apresenta um sumário da situação epidemiológica da tuberculose no Brasil, seu histórico, informações gerais sobre a Reforma do Setor Saúde e suas consequências no controle da endemia e as propostas atuais do Ministério da Saúde com respeito ao tema

This paper presents a summary of the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Brazil, its history, general information about Health Sector reforms and its consequences on the control of the endemy and nowadays proposals of the Brazilian Ministry of Health

La eficacia en funcion de los costos y la reforma del sector salud / Cost-effectiveness and the health sector reform

La eficacia en función del costo de una intervención de salud es una estimación de la relación entre lo que cuesta proveer una intervención, y el mejoramiento en salud que se produce como consecuencia. La salud puede mejorar porque se reduce la incidencia de la enfermedad o lesión, porque se evita o demora la muerte, o porque se reduce el intervalo o la severidad de una incapacidad. El cálculo de este beneficio combina factores objetivos, como son la edad de incidencia y si resulta o no en muerte, con factores subjetivos, como son la evaluación del grado de incapacidad no-mortal, la ponderación del valor de la vida sana según la edad, y la tasa de descuento que se aplica al futuro. Se explica cómo se construye el estimado y cómo se debería interpretarlo. Luego, se examina el grado en que el concepto es consistente con normas éticas y de equidad, concluyéndose que no están en conflicto. Finalmente, se discute la incorporación de la eficacia en función de los costos como elemento de una reforma de salud, y las posibles medidas para implementarla.

The cost-effectiveness of a health intervention is an estimate of the relation between what it costs to be provided, and the improvement in health which results from such intervention. Health may improve because the incidence of illness or injury is reduced, because death is avoided or delayed, or because the duration or severity of disability is limited. The calculation of this health benefit combines objective factors, such as the age at incidence and whether or not the outcome is death, with subjective factors such as the severity of disability, the judgement as to the value of life lived at different ages, and the rate at which the future is discounted. The construction and interpretation of the estimate are explained. Also, the paper examines whether the concept of cost-effectiveness is consistent with ethical norms such as equity, and concludes that they are not in conflict. Finally, it addresses the question of how to incorporate cost-effectiveness into a health sector reform, and possible ways to implement it.