Association between health literacy and depressive emotion among occupational groups in Shanghai / 环境与职业医学

Background At present, insufficient support for enterprise health environment and career development may lead to severe depressive emotion among occupational groups. Objective To investigate current state of depressive emotion and the relationship between health literacy and depressive emotion among occupational groups in Shanghai, and to provide evidence for formulating health management measures to alleviate depressive emotion among the occupational population. Methods This cross-sectional survey, using two-stage stratified sampling, was from December 2022 to February 2023, and selected 2548 active workers from 151 enterprises in Shanghai. A total of 2489 valid questionnaires were returned, with a recovery rate of 97.68%. Health literacy, internality health locus of control, and depressive emotion were evaluated by the Health Literacy Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale-Internality Health Locus of Control, and the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 item (PHQ-9), respectively. R 4.2.2 software was used for statistical analysis, binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between health literacy, internality health locus of control, and the risk of depressive emotion, and multiple linear model was used to analyze the correlation between health literacy, internality health locus of control, and PHQ-9 related indicators (total score, affective score, and somatic score). Results A total of 2489 workers aged 18 years and above in Shanghai were included in the analysis, 868 of them reported depressive emotion, and the positive rate of depressive emotion was 34.9%. The total score, affective score, and somatic score of PHQ-9 in M(P25, P75) were 3.00 (0.00, 6.00), 1.00 (0.00, 4.00), and 1.00 (0.00, 3.00), respectively. The results of binary multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for selected confounders, no health literacy (OR=1.32, 95%CI: 1.10, 1.60; P=0.004) and low level of internality health locus of control (OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.35, 2.05; P < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of reporting depressive emotion. The results of multiple linear model showed that the lack of health literacy and low internality health locus of control were positively correlated with the total score, affective score, and somatic score of PHQ-9. Conclusion Depressive emotion among the working population in Shanghai is prominent, and more than 1/3 of them report depressive emotion. Lower health literacy and internality health locus of control are related to an increased risk of depressive emotion in the study population. Improving occupational health literacy and enhancing internality health locus of control are expected to prevent depressive emotion in occupational groups.

Cyberchondria Severity, Health Anxiety, And Health Locus Of Control: The Mediation Role Of Covid-19 Anxiety

@#The current study investigates the relationship among Cyberchondria severity level, health anxiety and health locus of control as a direct response for COVID-19 anxiety among Arab people in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA) and the Gulf States. The study employed four main scales; The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Syndrome (CASS), Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS). Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control – Form C (MHLC-C). The study sample consists of 573 respondents from 15 Arab countries; 243 (42.4%) males and 330 (57.6%) females. Results of the study showed that there are no statistically significant differences between the study participants in the study variables; cyberchondria severity levels, health anxiety, and health locus of control during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, findings revealed that cyberchondria severity was positively elated o health anxiety (r=0.14, p.03). The mediation simple model revealed that high levels of COVID-19 anxiety syndrome symptoms lead to increased levels of health anxiety, whereas, COVID-19 anxiety and health anxiety cannot mediate the relationship between cyberchondria and health locus of control. Based on the study results, it is recommended that individuals form different Arab countries differ in their COVID-19 anxiety syndrome symptoms which may lead to heightened levels of internet use to seek health information and health anxiety. Also, individuals are characterized by external locus of control, they view that protection from COVID-19 infection depends mainly on the external health systems and other experienced physicians.

Preferencias por las decisiones compartidas en pacientes con depresión / Depressive patients' preferences in shared decision-making / Preferências pelas decisões compartilhadas em pacientes com depressão

This study analyzed the role of psychological processes predicting depressed patients' preferences in clinical decision-making about psychiatric treatment. 462 patients diagnosed with depressive disorders, acute or recurrent, participated in a crosssectional survey. Most participants preferred collaborative-passive or totally passive roles. Results showed no significant differences between acute and recurrent patients in their preference of participation in decision-making, but longer treatment duration was associated with a more passive style. MANCOVA, controlling age, educational level and treatment duration variables, showed that collaborative and passive patients had a greater locus of control focused on their psychiatrist than active patients. Gender differences were found. Men showed greater internal locus of control and psychological reactance, while women showed greater external locus of control focused on chance. Regression analysis indicated that, for men, passive preferred role was explained by external locus centered on their psychiatrist. However, age registered the highest weight for women' passive decision-making, followed by the locus focused on chance, locus focused on the psychiatrist and lower self-efficacy. Our findings suggest the need to study shared decision-making from a differential perspective that involves psychological processes and the impact of these processes in adherence to medical treatments.

En el presente estudio se analizaron los procesos psicológicos asociados con las preferencias de los pacientes con depresión en la toma de decisión sobre su tratamiento psiquiátrico. Participaron 462 pacientes diagnosticados con un trastorno depresivo agudo o recurrente. La mayor parte prefirió asumir un rol colaborativo-pasivo o totalmente pasivo. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas entre pacientes en función de su cronicidad en la preferencia por la toma de decisiones, aunque un mayor tiempo de tratamiento se asoció con un estilo más pasivo. El MANCOVA aplicado al total de participantes, controlando la edad, el nivel educativo y el tiempo de tratamiento, indicó que los pacientes colaborativos y pasivos mostraron mayor locus de control centrado en la confianza en el psiquiatra que los activos. Se encontraron diferencias de género mostrando en los hombres mayor locus de control interno y reactancia psicológica, y en las mujeres, mayor locus centrado en el azar. Los análisis de regresión indicaron que en el caso de los hombres, la preferencia pasiva por la toma de decisión es explicada por el locus centrado en el psiquiatra. Sin embargo, en las mujeres tuvo mayor peso la edad, seguida del locus centrado en el azar, el locus centrado en el psiquiatra y una percepción de menor autoeficacia. Los hallazgos señalan la necesidad de estudiar desde una perspectiva diferencial la participación de los pacientes en la toma de decisión de acuerdo con los procesos psicológicos, así como la repercusión que esta tiene en la adherencia al tratamiento médico.

Neste estudo, analisaram-se os processos psicológicos associados com as preferências dos pacientes com depressão na tomada de decisão sobre seu tratamento psiquiátrico. Participaram 462 pacientes diagnosticados com um transtorno depressivo agudo ou recorrente. A maior parte preferiu assumir um papel colaborativo-passivo ou totalmente passivo. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças significativas entre pacientes em função de sua cronicidade na preferência por tomada de decisões, embora um maior tempo de tratamento tenha sido associado com um estilo mais passivo. O MANCOVA aplicado ao total de participantes, controlando a idade, o nível educativo e o tempo de tratamento, indicou que os pacientes colaborativos e passivos mostraram maior lócus de controle centralizado na confiança no psiquiatra do que os ativos. Constataram-se diferenças de gênero que mostraram nos homens maior lócus de controle interno e reatância psicológica, e, nas mulheres, maior lócus centralizado no aleatório, o lócus centralizado no psiquiatra e uma percepção de menor autoeficácia. Os achados indicam a necessidade de estudar, sob uma perspectiva diferencial, a participação dos pacientes na tomada de decisão de acordo com os processos psicológicos e a repercussão que esta tem na aderência ao tratamento médico.

Status and correlation between fatigue and health locus of control in COPD patients / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the status and correlation between fatigue and health locus of control in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . Method The multidimensional fatigue symptom inventory-short form and health locus of control questionnaire were used to investigate the fatigue and health locus of control among 150 COPD patients. Results The score on fatigue was 78.82 ± 1.50, in the middle-high level. The two factors scored the higher were physical fatigue and activity. The total score on health locus of control was 61.76 ± 5.02, at a middle-low level. The dimensions of health locus of control, ranked in a descending way in scores, included external control by destiny and authorities and internal control. The scores on external control by destiny and authorities were positively related that of total score on fatigue (P<0.05 for both) and the score of internal control was negatively correlated (P<0.05). Conclusion The fatigue of COPD patients was at high level and the health locus of control was at middle level. In the clinical practice, nurses should pay attention to the enhancement of patients′health locus of control to help them take up health behaviors for the purpose of lowering their fatigue.

Health Locus of Control, Health Related Behaviors and Demographic Factors: A Study in a Turkish Population.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between sociodemographic variables and the health locus of control (HLC) as well as health locus of control and health-related behaviors. Study Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in 2012 in the fourth largest city of Turkey. Data collection lasted about six months. Methodology: Participation in this study was voluntary and data collection was conducted anonymously. Convenience sampling was used. People on the streets, in parks, in shopping centers, metro stations, and students at the university campus were informed about the study and asked to participate. A total of 1125 people were asked and 885 gave their verbal consent. The participation ratio was 78.7%. The study participants (437 women and 448 men aged 18-84 years) filled out the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, together with a questionnaire about their social, demographic and economic characteristics and a questionnaire regarding their health- related behaviors which was consisted of 10 items. Results: The Cronbach a of the MHLC scale was within the range 0.74-0.78. Internal health locus of control was determined in 71.4% of the participants; chance in 10.3% and powerful others in 18.3%. The rate of powerful others health locus of control (HLC) increased with age. There were no HLC differences between males and females. No significant relationship was found between socio-economic characteristics and HLC. Of the evaluated 10 health related behaviors, physical exercise; reading health related printed material; checking food expiry dates, and reading food content labels were found to be significantly related to HLC. Conclusion: Except for age, no significant associations were found between sociodemographics and health locus of control. The impact of HLC on health related behaviors was small.

Villagers’ Health seeking Behavior in Southern Lao P.D.R / 国際保健医療

<B>Introduction</B><BR>This study's aim was to determine how the villagers' concept of health and health seeking behavior were affected by attributes, self-rated health and the Health Locus of Control (HLC) in Southern Lao P.D.R. (Laos).<BR>The results of this study may be used to assist those involved with health work in Laos.<BR><B>Methods</B><BR>In June 2009, the study was conducted in the L District of Savannakhet Province, Laos. Out of 141 people over 20 years old approached, of whom 70 were men and 71 women, 138 completed the questionnaire (97.8%).<BR>The concept of health was examined by descriptive analysis, and the self-rated health was described by age through logistic regression analysis. A chi-squared test by sex and academic background was also conducted. Each health behavior was analyzed using multiple regression analysis by age, sex, academic background, self-rated health and the HLC.<BR><B>Results</B><BR>The concept of health was described as “<I>sabay </I>(comfortable)” or “<I>sabay-dee </I>(comfortable and good)”. There was statistical difference of self-rated health between ages, but none between sexes.<BR>For the influence of health behavior factors, “Elderly”, “Modernization”, “Advanced medicine”, “Self-effort”and “feeling unwell” were extracted. When villagers feel unwell, they have access to both vitamin injection (modern medicine) and “Mo-lao”(traditional medicine).<BR><B>Conclusions</B><BR>The villagers' concept of health in the subject area was determined by not only the physical, but also the spiritual well-being of the society.<BR>Elderly people used both traditional and modern medicine. Further study may be required to show how the villagers, who use either modern or traditional medicine determine their health seeking behavior.<BR>It is also suggested to provide those villagers with adequate information about medical resources and nutrition.

Relationship between Eating Disorders, Physical Symptoms, Depression and Health Locus of Control among Elementary School Girls in South Korea / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between eating disorders, physical symptoms, depression and health locus of control. METHOD: The research design was a descriptive study done by using a constructive self-report questionnaire. A total of 464 elementary school girls were measured. The instrument was a constructive questionnaire that consisted 136 items. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the Body Mass Index (BMI). Data analysis was done by SPSS/WIN Programs using frequency, percentage, mean, SD, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULT: The score of eating disorders differed significantly by BMI : the score was highest in the group of obese students(F=4.208, P=.015). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of eating disorders was BMI. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that Korean elementary school girls need more education and counseling on diet. Also, we should take systematic efforts to reestablish the social standard of beauty to promote normal growth development.

A Study of the Smoking Cessation Behavior of University Student: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, Self Efficacy, Health Locus of Control / 아동간호학회지

This study was conducted to investigate correlation theory of planned behavior, self efficacy and health locus of control about smoking cessation behavior for university student. We sampled 204 university student smokers using questionnaires and analyzed the data using Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. There were significant positive correlation between theory of planned behavior(intention : r=.215, p=.005, attitude : r=.160, p=.025, perceived behavior control : r=.298, p=.000) and self efficacy. 2. There were significant positive correlation between theory of planned behavior(attitude : r=.228, p=.002) and internal health locus of control. There were significant positive correlation between theory of planned behavior(attitude : r=.203, p=.004, subjective norm : r=.141, p=.047) and external health locus of control. There were significant negative correlation between theory of planned behavior(perceived behavior control : r=-.152, p=.034) and accidental health locus of control. This study has shown a correlation between theory of planned behavior and self efficacy and health locus of control. As a result of these findings, I suggest to develop the intervention program for smoking cessation.

Health Locus of Control and Eating Behavior of Obese High School Girls / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between health locus of control (HLOC) and the eating behaviors in obese high school girls. The sample consisted of 262 obese high school girls in Seoul and Kangwon-Do. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The average scores of HLOC were HLOC- Internal; 4.06, HLOC-External; 2.47, and HLOC-Chance; 2.15. 2. The average scores of eating behavior factors were Disinhibition ; 2.91, Hunger ; 2.73, Dietary Restraint ; 2.55. 3. The HLOC-Internal and eating behavior (dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger) were correlated positively. The HLOC- Chance and hunger was correlated positively. But HLOC-Chance and other eating behavior factors (dietary restraint & disinhibition) were not correlated in the level of statistical significances. The HLOC-External and eating behavior (dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger) were correlated positively. 4. There was not a significant difference in HLOC depending on the existence of an obese sibling. There were significant differences in HLOC-Internal and HLOC- External depending on the evaluation of one's body figure. 5. There were significant differences in disinhibition and hunger depending on the existence of obese sibling. Also, there were significant difference in dietary restraint according to self perception of who is obese or not (t=3.342, p=.001). This study has shown a correlation between HLOC and eating behavior. As a result of these findings, clinical and school nurses should be involved in management and counselling obese girls concerning individual health locus of control and eating behavior.

Adesão ao tratamento da dor crônica: aspectos demográficos, terapêuticos e psicossocioculturais / Compliance with the chronic pain treatment: demographic, therapeutic and psycho-social-cultural

Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar a prevalência de adesão plena, parcial e não adesão ao tratamento em doentes com dor crônica ao longo de seis meses; caracterizar os motivos da adesão e buscar relações entre adesão e variáveis demográficas, psicossocioculturais, de características de dor e do tratamento. Trinta docentes do Ambulatório de Dor do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foram avaliados em cinco entrevistas ao longo de seis meses. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: identificação e caracterização da dor, descrição do tratamento medicamentoso, Escala de Locus de Controle da Saúde, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Inventário de Atitudes frente à Dor-versão breve. Os doentes foram classificados quanto à adesão em plenamente aderentes (cumprimento total da prescrição medicamentosa), parcialmente aderentes (cumprimento parcial da prescrição medicamentosa) e não aderentes (não cumprimento da prescrição). Foram feitos testes estatísticos para verificar a presença de relações entre as variáveis e, em todos os testes, foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5%. O índice de não adesão e adesão parcial foi alto, entre 40,0% e 56,7%, e não houve variação significativa ao longo de seis meses. O Índice de Acerto de Ingestão Medicamentosa foi entre 57,2% e 69%, e também não houve variação. A principal razão para adesão plena foi "o remédio melhora a dor" (54,0% a 63,9%), para a adesão parcial foi "sente-se mal, tem efeitos colaterais" (55,6% a 66,6%), e para a não adesão foram "indisponibilidade na farmácia do hospital" (23,1% a 28,9%), "sente-se mal, tem efeitos colaterais" (25%) e "dinheiro insuficiente para a compra" (15,4% a 23,7%). A depressão e o locus de controle da saúde não variaram em seis meses. As atitudes frente à dor, com exceção do domínio cura médica, também não variaram ao longo de seis meses. Não se observaram relações estatisticamente ) significativas entre adesão e idade, estado civil, escolaridade, renda, características de dor, número de comprimidos, número de tomadas, uso de automedicação, presença de depressão, dimensões externalidade outros poderosos e acaso do locus de controle da saúde, e domínios controle, emoção, medicação e cura médica do Inventário de Atitudes frente à Dor. Observaram-se relações estatisticamente significativas entre adesão e presença de efeitos colaterais, dimensão internalidade e índice de Internalidade Total do locus de controle da saúde e domínios incapacidade, dano físico e solicitude do Inventário de Atitudes frente à Dor.

The aims of this study were identifying the prevalence of total compliance, partial compliance and non-compliance with the treatment of patients with chronic pain in the lenght of six months; characterising their reason for compliance and looking for relationship between compliance and demographic, psycho-social-cultural, characteristics of pain and treatment variables. Thirty out-patient in the Pain Clinic of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo were evaluated in five interviews in a period of six months. The instruments used were: identification and characterisation of pain, description of medical treatment, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and Survey of Pain Attitudes-brief version. Patients were classified according to compliance as totally compliant (closely following the medical prescription), partially compliant (partially following the medical prescripton) and non-compliant (not following the medical prescription). Statistical tests were carried out to verify the presence of relationship among variables and, in every test, the significance level of 5% was used. The incidence of non-compliance and partial compliance was high, varying between 40,0% and 56,7%, and there was no significant variation during the six months. The Indexes of Right Ingestion of Medication was between 57,2% and 69% and, here too, there was not variation. The main reason for total compliance was "the medication eases the pain" (54,0% to 63,9%), for partial compliance was "felling bad, presence of side effects" (55,6% to 66,6%), and for non-compliance were "medicine unavailable in the hospital pharmacy" (23,1% to 28,9%)," feeling bad, having side effects" (25%) and "can not afford to buy the medicine prescribed" (15,4% to 23,7%). The depression and the health locus of control did not change in six months. Attitudes towards pain, with exception of cure dimension, did not change during six months. No significant statistic relationships were observed between compliance and age, marital status, education background, income group, characteristics of pain, number of pills taken, frequency of ingestion of medicine, use of self-medication, occurence of depression, powerful others and chance externality dimensions of health locus of control and control, emotion, medication and cure domains of the Survey of Pain Attitudes. Significant statistical relationships were observed between compliance and presence of side effects, internality dimension and total internal indexes of health locus of control besides disability, harm and solicitude domains in Survey of Pain Attitudes.

A Study of the Health Promoting Lifestyle of the Elderly / 성인간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to identify the major factors affecting performance in health promoting lifestyle of the elderly. The subjects for this study were 244 elderly person over the age of 60, living in K country, Kyongnam. Data were collected from August 31 to September 30, 1998. The collected data were analyzed with an SPSS program using frequency, percent, mean, cronbach alpha, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson' coefficients of correlation, Duncan test, and stepwise multiple regression. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The average score of performance in the health promoting lifestyle was 2.73. The variable with the highest degree of performance was regular diet(3.29), whereas the one with the lowest degree was self-control(2.22). 2) Performance in the health promoting lifestyle was significantly correlated with self esteem(r=.28, p=0.00), internal health locus of control(r=.58, p=0.00), powerful others health locus of control(r=.48, p=0.00), chance health locus of control(r=.25, p=0.00), perceived health status(r=.53, p=0.00). 3) Performance in the health promoting lifestyle was significantly correlated with such demographic variables as education level (F=9.47, P=0.00), marital status(F=2.63, P=0.05) and previous occupation(F=3.85, P=0.00). 4) The combination of internal health locus of control, powerful others health locus of control and perceived health status explained 43.4percent of the variance of health promoting lifestyle On the basis of this study, other factors affecting others health promoting lifestyle should be identified.

A Study of the Relationships among Health Promoting Behaviors, Health Locus of Control(HLOC), and Response Patterns to HLOC in Korean Elderly / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among health promoting behaviors, Health Locus of Control(HLOC), and response patterns to Hloc in Korean elderly. The sample was composed of 162 healthy elderly ranging in age from sixties to eighties. The instruments foe this study were modified Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (45 items, 4 scales), and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (18 items). For the in data analysis, SPSS PC+program was utilized for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA, and Stepwise multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The total mean score for the HPLP was 2.411(range 1-4), and the mean scores on the subscales were 3.324 for nutition, 2.709 for interpersonal support, 2.495 for exercise, 2.225 for health responsibility, 2.205 for exercise, 2.225 for health responsibility, 2.205 for self actualization, 2.026 for stress management. 2. The mean scores patterns of the HLOC identified eight types, pure internal, pure powerful others, pure chance, double external, believers in control, yea sayer, nay sayer and complex control, the "believers in control"was the largest group(22.8%), and "yea sayer" was the next largest group(17.9%). The "nay ayer"(5%) was the smallest group. 3. Demographic variables, such as education, economic status, religion and the perception of the health status showed strong connections to health promoting behaviors. 4. Demographic variables, such as education, economic status, religion and the perception of the health status showed strong connections to health promoting behaviors. 5. The HLOC-I and health promoting behavior were correlated positively(r=.165, P=.017), but the HLOC-P, the HLOC-C and the health promoting behavior were not correlated at the level of statistical significance. 6. There was not significant difference in health promoting behavior depending on the response patterns of the HLOC(F=1.171, P=.108). But, There were significant differences in two subscales of health promoting behavior : exercise(F=3.279, P=.002), and stress management (F=3.165, P=.003). 7. Education, the perception of the health and economic status explained 21.0% of the variance for health promoting behaviors. These results suggest that several demographic factors are important factors in predicting the level of health promoting behaviors in elderly. So to enhance the health promoting behaviors, nurses should use the different nursing strategies depending on the demographic characters of the elderly.

Analysis of the Characteristics of an Attendee in an Elderly Nutrition Education Program -Using the Factors of Health Promotion Model / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Although many people initially enroll in health education programs, there are many instances of erratic participation and dropouts. Inconsistent participation in intervention programs minimizes their impact on health promotion. Therefore, a theoretical understanding of factors influencing participation in these programs can potentially enhance the effectiveness of its educational strategy. This study used the Pender's Health Promotion Model to examine specific factors influencing incentives to participate in an elderly nutrition education program. The Elderly Nutrition Counseling and Education Program was conducted with 147 volunteers (76 males, 71 females), aged 60 to 87, at 5 separate community elderly centers, by public health dietitians from February to April 1997. Some participants dropped out during the program. Overall, 61 people(18 males, 43 females) finished all 7 steps over 2 months. Pre-intervention data were collected by trained dietitians. This data included individual cognitive-perceptual factors(perceived benefits of nutrition improvement, importance of health, perceived control over health by multidimensional health locus of control, self esteem, perceived health status, concern about health, depression scale and social health scale), which were known to influence the likelihood of health behavior, and modifying factors(socioeconomic variables, biological characteristics, behavioral factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking and exercise). Male finalists had a significantly lower chance for health locus of control, and better social health status with their children and grandchildren, compared to males who dropped out. Female finalists had a significantly higher locus of control regarding food behavior, higher self-esteem, better recognized nutritional status, worse self-recognized health status and lower concern about health than those who dropped out. There was no significant difference between the attendees and dropouts in age, BMI( kg/m2), Nutritional Risk Index, depression scale and daily nutrient intake. These results suggest that elderly nutrition intervention plans should focus on the individual cognitive and perceptual factors, with interpersonal influences, to increase participation in nutrition in nutrition improvement programs.

A study on Compliance in Self-Medication of Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients / 성인간호학회지

This study was made to identify compliance in self-medication, and factors influencing the self-medication of pulmonary TB patients. Self-medication of pulmonary TB patients is a very important factor for the cure of the patients. In this study, variables were used from three theories of health behavior. These were the Health Belief Model, Health Locus of Control, Theory of Planned Behavior. These were included to examine their effect on self-medication. Data were collected during the period from July 1 to August 20, 1994 using a structured questionnaire. And they were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Regression analysis using the SAS program. The result were as follows : 1. The mean on the self-medication scores ranging from 6.0 to 12.0 was 10.93. The mean for the self-evaluation scores of the self-medication ranging from 50.0 to 100.0 was 86.51. 2. There were significant associations between the scores on self-medication and age(F=2.34, p=0.033), and method of treatment(F=4.65, P=0.018). And there were significant associations between the self-evaluation scores of self-medication and age (F=3.79, P=0.000), and presence of TB patients among family(F=4.92, P=0.000). 3. (a) The relationship between the scores on self-medication and perceived barrier in health belief revealed a significant correlation(r=-.2046, p=0.0082). (b) The relationship between the scores on self-medication and other-dependency in LOC revealed a significant correlation(r=0.2322, p=0.0018). (c) The relationship between the self-evaluation score of self-medication and other-dependency in LOC revealed a significant correlation(r=0.1946, p=0.0122). (d) The relationship between the attitude in self-medication of the subjects and the self-evaluation score of self-medication revealed a significant correlation(r=0.2102, p=0.0066). 4. (a) 14.8% of the score of compliance in self-medication of the subjects was explained by five variables : Behavioral Intention, Duration of Treatment, Age, Perceived Sensitivity and Perceived Sensitivity and Perceived Barrier. (b) 8.7% of the score of self-evaluation of self-medication was explained by three variables : Perceived Control, Perceived Sensitivity, and Age. In conclusion : This study provides insights and information which may be valuable for motivation and instruction to improve compliance in self-medication among pulmonary TB patients.

Sick-role Behavioral Compliance and Influencing Factors in Patients with Diabetes / 성인간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between self-efficacy, self-esteem, health locus of control and sick-role behavioral compliance in diabetic patients and to identify the influencing factors for sick-role behavioral compliance. The subjects for study were 244 NIDDM patients from 2 hospitals, who were visiting the outpatient clinic in Taegu. Data were collected from Sep. 18.th to Oct. 5th 1996. In data analysis, SPSS/PC+ programs were utilized for descriptives, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows : 1. The average score for the sick-role behavioral compliance was 50.38, for the self-efficacy was 1337.17, for the self-esteem was 27.81, for the internal health locus of control was 28.79, for the chance health locus of control was 20.55, for the powerful others health locus of control was 28.70. 2. The relationships between self-efficacy, self-esteem, health locus of control and sick-role behavioral compliance were significant. Sick-role behavioral compliance were significantly related to self-efficacy(r=0.36, 0.000), to self-esteem (r=0.19, p=0.001), to internal health locus of control(r=0.28, p=0.000), to powerful others health locus of control (r=0.28, p=0.000). 3. In the relationship between general characteristics and sick-role behavioral compliance there were significant differences in a job (t=-2.01, p=0.045), experience of diabetic education(t=2.32, p=0.022). 4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the influencing factors for sick-role behavioral compliance. Self-efficacy, self-esteem, internal health locus of control, having or not having a job and experience of diabetic education accounted for 24% of the variance in sick-role behavioral compliance. The self-efficacy was the most predictive factor (R2=13%) followed by internal health locus of control, job, self-esteem and experience of diabetic education. The results suggest that self-efficacy is an important variable in the compliance of diabetic patients. For improvement in sick-role behavioral compliance nursing intervention needs to be directed at promoting self-efficacy.

Predicting and Understanding School-Age Children's Health Behavior / 간호학회지

The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of health behavior of school-age children and to identify the predicting variables of the school-age children's health behavior. The subject were 467 children in grades four to six, enrolled in two elementary schools located in two cities. The mean age of the subject was 10.03(SD=1.33). The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. The result are as follows: 1. The mean of the score of health behavior of the school-age children was 154.6, showing thar they are practicing health behavior relatively well. 2. There were significant differences in the mean scores of health behavior according to grade(F=6.53, p=.001), sex(t=-3.70, p=.000), educational level of the parents(F=4.92, p=.002; F=4.47, p=.004), occupation of the patients(F=3.31, p=.003;F=4.76, p=.000), and socioeconomic status(F=11.87, p=.000). 3. There were significant correlations between health behavior and health motivation(r=.53, p=.000). self-concept(r=.32, p=.000), perceived health status(r=.16, p=.000), and health locus of control(r=.15, p=.001). 4. Health motivation, self-concept, grade, socioeconomic status, and health locus of control were identified as predictor variables of health behavior of the school-age children from the stepwise multiple regression analysis. The total percent of variance accounted for by these five variables was 35.0%. From the result, it is suggested that in the development of a school health education program, the effect of health motivation and self-concept to promote student's health behavior in school-age children should be considered.

Determinants of Health-Promoting Behavior in the Elderly / 기본간호학회지

This study was undertaken to grasp health-promoting behavior of the elderly and to identify variables related to them in order to facilitate nursing intervention for health promotion of this population. The subjects for this study were 291 old persons obtained by cluster sampling from twenty general social welfare centers located in Tague. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from August 13 to September 13, 1996. Questionnaires were developed based on Sherer and others Self-Efficacy scale, Rosenberg's Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, Northern Illinois University's Health Self Rating Scale, Walker and others' Health Promotion Lifestyles Profile. Analysis of the data was done by use of descriptive statistics, stepwise multiple regression, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, MANOVA, t-test, and ANOVA. The results were summarized as follows : 1. For the practice of health-promoting behavior, the mean score was 2.89 and range was 3.59 to 2.09. The factor of the highest mean score was regular diet(M=3.42) and factor of the lowest mean score was stress management(M=2.27). 2. The combination of self-efficacy, internal health locus of control, family number, and average monthly pocket money explained 30.0% of the variance of health-promoting behavior. 3. With regard to the relationship between health-promoting behavior and cognitive perceptual factor, self-efficacy correlated positively with health-promoting behavior(r=.4951, P=.0001), self-esteem correlated positively(r=.3263, P=.0001), internal health locus of control correlated positively(r=.3244, P=.0001), perceived health status correlated positively(r=.1355, P=.0274). 4. According to age(F=2.50, P=.0431), sex(t=2.14, P=.0332), marital status(F=7.85, P=.0005), education(F=5.44, P=.0003), family number(F=11.18, P=.0001), people living together(F=7.21, P=.0009), previous occupation(F=5.83, P=.0001), average monthly pocket money(F=7.27, P=.0001), there were differences of health-promoting behavior. The above findings show that health-promoting behavior are related to demographic characteristics, four cognitive perceptual factors(self-efficacy, self-esteem, internal health locus of control, perceived health status). On the basis of the above findings the following recommendations are made; 1. Nursing interventions enhancing exercise or activity, accountability for health, stress management of the elderly must be provided. 2. Nursing strategies enhancing self-efficacy which is most significant effect on health-promoting behavior must be developed.