Aplicaciones de un instrumento para evaluar factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles en población trabajadora

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud diseñó un instrumento para la vigilancia de los factores de riesgo asociados con las enfermedades crónicas, este abarca tres pasos que incluyen los datos personales y comportamentales, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Objetivo: Describir las aplicaciones del Instrumento STEPS (paso 1) para la identificación de factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles en adultos trabajadores, según país y año de publicación. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de estudios originales que utilizaron el STEPS, publicados entre 2015 y 2019 en español, inglés y portugués en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y el motor de búsqueda Google Scholar. Resultados: Se revisaron 20 documentos de los cuales 6 fueron de Asia y África, y el año de mayor publicación fue 2017. El consumo nocivo del alcohol, tabaquismo, inactividad física y alimentación no saludable son los riesgos más estudiados. Conclusiones: La utilización del instrumento STEPS en publicaciones es más frecuente en países de África y Asia. Se requiere que su implementación sea sistemática y difundida en otros países, con la finalidad de diseñar e implementar estrategias de salud pública para la prevención, mitigación y tratamiento oportuno de las enfermedades no transmisibles.

Introduction: The World Health Organization designed an instrument for the surveillance of risk factors associated with chronic diseases, it has three steps that include personal and behavioral, anthropometric, and biochemical data. Objective: To describe the applications of the STEPS Instrument (step 1) to identify behavioral risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases in working adults, according to country and year of publication. Methodology: Narrative review of original studies that used STEPS, published between 2015 and 2019 in Spanish, English and Portuguese in the databases PubMed, SciELO, and the search engine Google Scholar. Results: A total of 20 studies were reviewed, of which 6 were from Asia and Africa, and the year of most significant publication was 2017. The most studied risks are harmful alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating. Conclusions: the use of the STEPS instrument in publications is more frequent in countries of Africa and Asia. Its implementation must be systematic and disseminated in other countries to design and implement public health strategies for the prevention, mitigation, and timely treatment of noncommunicable diseases.

Conductas sociales y de salud de la adolescencia representadas en TikTok

Objetivo: Comprender las conductas sociales y de salud asociadas en adolescentes entre 13 y 19 años a través de la red social TikTok, en Chile en el año 2021. Metodología: Se ubica en el paradigma positivista y se enfoca mediane teoría fundamentada. Se seleccionaron 50 videos de carácter público en la plataforma social y se realizó análisis documental bajo codificación abierta. Resultados: Los y las adolescentes le dan gran importancia a su imagen corporal, destacándose el uso de filtros en todos ellos, mientras que la vestimenta presentó una tendencia según el género. Por otro lado, las expresiones manifestadas son en su mayoría positivas; los recursos sonoros utilizados para los videos son variados, siendo el más utilizado la música; el principal tipo de contenido visualizado es baile, seguido de humor; las opiniones más frecuentes fueron positivas y las conductas en salud tendieron a ser no promotoras. Conclusión: Las representaciones sociales construidas por adolescentes en TikTok están fuertemente marcadas por los estereotipos de belleza, la necesidad de la aceptación entre pares y la búsqueda de la popularidad en redes sociales. Las conductas promotoras de salud en esta red social son escasas.

Objetivo: Compreender os comportamentos sociais e de saúde associados aos adolescentes entre 13 e 19 anos através da rede social TikTok, no Chile, no ano 2021. Metodologia: Se situa no paradigma positivista e se enfoca mediante a teoria fundamentada. Foram selecionados 50 vídeos de caráter público na plataforma social e foi realizada uma análise documental sob codificação aberta. Resultados: Os e as adolescentes dão grande importância à imagem corporal, destacando-se o uso de filtros em todos eles, enquanto a vestimenta apresentou uma tendência de acordo com o gênero. Por outro lado, as expressões manifestadas são em sua maioria positivas; os recursos sonoros utilizados para os vídeos são variados, sendo a música a mais utilizada; o principal tipo de conteúdo visualizado é a dança, seguida pelo humor; as opiniões mais frequentes foram positivas e os comportamentos de saúde tenderam a ser não promotores. Conclusão: As representações sociais construídas pelos adolescentes no TikTok são fortemente marcadas por estereótipos de beleza, pela necessidade de aceitação dos pares e pela busca de popularidade nas redes sociais. Os comportamentos de promoção da saúde nessa rede social são escassos.

Objective: To understand the social and health behaviors associated with adolescents between 13 and 19 years old through the TikTok social network in Chile in 2021. Methodology: It is located in the positivist paradigm and focuses on grounded theory. 50 public videos were selected from the social platform and documentary analysis was carried out under open coding. Results: Adolescents place great importance on their body image, with the use of filters being highlighted in all of them, while clothing showed a trend according to gender. On the other hand, the expressions manifested are mostly positive; the sound resources used for the videos are varied, with music being the most used; the main type of content viewed is dance, followed by humor; the most frequent opinions were positive and health behaviors tended to be non-promoting. Conclusion: The social representations constructed by adolescents on TikTok are strongly marked by beauty stereotypes, the need for acceptance among peers, and the pursuit of popularity on social networks. Promoting health behaviors on this social network is scarce.

Economic, cognitive, and social paths of education to health-related behaviors: evidence from a population-based study in Japan

BACKGROUND@#There is substantial evidence on the association between lower education and unhealthy behaviors. However, the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. This study aimed to examine whether income, health literacy, and social support mediate the association between education and health-related behaviors.@*METHODS@#A questionnaire survey was conducted in metropolitan areas in Japan from 2010 to 2011 among residents aged 25-50 years. Data from 3663 participants were used in this study. Health literacy was measured using the Communicative and Critical Health Literacy scale. Health-related behaviors were current smoking, poor dietary habits, hazardous drinking, and lack of exercise. Poisson regression analyses with robust variance estimators were conducted to examine the associations between education and these health-related behaviors. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to estimate the magnitudes of the mediating effects of income, health literacy, and social support on these associations.@*RESULTS@#Less educated participants had higher risks of all unhealthy behaviors. Income mediated the associations of education with smoking (6.4%) and exercise (20.0%). Health literacy mediated the associations of education with dietary habits (15.4%) and exercise (16.1%). Social support mediated the associations of education with dietary habits (6.4%) and exercise (7.6%). The education-drinking association was mediated by income in the opposite direction (-10.0%). The proportions of the total effects mediated by income, health literacy, and social support were 9.8% for smoking, 24.0% for dietary habits, -3.0% for drinking, and 43.7% for exercise.@*CONCLUSIONS@#These findings may provide clues for designing effective interventions to reduce educational inequalities in health-related behaviors.

Nivel de autocuidado, conocimientos y recursos en personas con insuficiencia renal crónica / Level of Self-Care, Knowledge and Resources in People Living with Chronic Renal Failure

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica es un problema multifactorial, progresivo e irreversible que afecta la vida y salud de millones de personas; su tratamiento requiere de la adherencia a la terapia de elección y el desarrollo de habilidades de autocuidado. La falta de autocuidado genera incremento en los costes físicos, psicológicos, sociales y económicos a nivel individual, familiar, social y hospitalario. Objetivo: Determinar las conductas de autocuidado, los conocimientos y recursos relacionados con la práctica en un grupo de personas que convive con insuficiencia renal en terapia de hemodiálisis. Métodos: Investigación mixta con diseño explicativo secuencial, con primera etapa cuantitativa y segunda cualitativa. Se aplicó el instrumento de valoración nivel de autocuidado a 121 personas asistentes a terapias de hemodiálisis en dos unidades renales de la ciudad; posteriormente, se realizó entrevista a profundidad a las personas con niveles adecuado de autocuidado, los datos fueron categorizados y analizados mediante el software ATLAS TI versión 8. Resultados: El 76,03 por ciento presentó nivel poco adecuado de autocuidado, las dimensiones de mejor desempeño fueron sueño, descanso y recreación con un 55,37 por ciento y relaciones interpersonales con 58,67 por ciento. Los conocimientos presentes se encuentran a nivel receptivo y se destacan los recursos de apoyo social, tanto instrumentales como emocionales. Conclusiones: La construcción de prácticas de autocuidado requiere de la participación genuina entre los diferentes actores del cuidado de la salud, con el propósito de empoderar a la persona para un actuar fundamentado desde la comprensión de su condición y la gestión de su propia salud(AU)

Introduction: Chronic renal failure is a multifactorial, progressive and irreversible problem affecting the life and health of millions of people; its treatment requires adherence to the therapy of choice and the development of self-care skills. The lack of self-care increases physical, psychological, social and economic costs at the individual, family, social and hospital levels. Objective: To determine self-care behaviors, knowledge and resources related to practice in a group of people living with renal failure on hemodialysis therapy. Methods: A mixed research with sequential explanatory design, as well as a quantitative first stage and a qualitative second stage, was carried out. The self-care assessment instrument was applied to 121 people attending hemodialysis therapies in two renal care units of the city. Subsequently, an in-depth interview was conducted with people who possessed adequate levels of self-care. The data were categorized and analyzed using the software ATLAS TI (version 8). Results: 76.03 percent presented inadequate level of self-care. The dimensions with best performance were sleep, rest and leisure, accounting for 55.37 percent, as well as interpersonal relations, accounting for 58.67 percent. There is knowledge at a receptive level, while social support resources, both instrumental and emotional, stand out. Conclusions: The construction of self-care practices requires genuine participation among the different healthcare actors, with the purpose of empowering the person in view of performing actions based on the understanding of his or her condition and the management of his or her own health(AU)

Niveles de actividad física en población adulta del municipio Pereira, Colombia / Levels of physical activity in the adult population of the municipality of Pereira, Colombia

Introducción: En la calidad de vida tiene una fuerte influencia los estilos de vida. A su vez, la inactividad física es uno de los estilos de vida más perjudiciales que genera discapacidad y años de vida perdidos, debido a su papel en la génesis y exacerbación de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de actividad física y factores asociados en la población adulta del municipio Pereira. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se estimó una muestra de 1000 participantes entre las edades de 18 a 64 años. Los niveles de actividad física se midieron con el cuestionario internacional de actividad física versión larga. Se realizaron análisis bivariados. Resultados: El total de participantes fue de 996. La prevalencia global del cumplimiento de recomendaciones en actividad física del estudio fue de un 52,9 por ciento, en la que prevaleció el dominio de actividad física moderada. Los sujetos de mayor nivel socioeconómico obtuvieron menores prevalencias de actividad física. En cuanto a nivel de escolaridad, las categorías de tecnólogo (58 por ciento) y secundaria (57 por ciento) alcanzaron la más alta prevalencia de cumplimiento de recomendaciones mínimas. Conclusiones: Un poco más de la mitad de la población adulta pereirana cumple las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad física predominando la actividad de intensidad moderada, no obstante, la media presenta problemas de sobrepeso y obesidad. Es importante promover la práctica de actividad física de moderada a alta intensidad e involucrar a todos los estratos socioeconómicos(AU)

Introduction: Lifestyles have a strong influence on quality of life. In turn, physical inactivity is one of the most harmful lifestyles that generates disability and lost years of life, due to its role in the genesis and exacerbation of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: To determine the levels of physical activity and associated factors in the adult population of Pereira municipality. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. It was estimated a sample of 1000 participants in the ages from 18 to 64. Physical activity levels were measured with the long version of the international questionnaire of physical activity. Bivariate analyses were performed. Results: The total number of participants was 996. The overall prevalence of compliance with recommendations in physical activity of the study was 52.9 percent, in which the domain of moderate physical activity prevailed. Subjects of higher socio-economic status obtained lower prevalences of physical activity. In terms of schooling level, the categories of technologist (58 percent) and secondary school level (57 percent) reached the highest prevalence of compliance with minimum recommendations. Conclusions: A little more than half of the adult population of Pereira meets the minimum recommendations for physical activity, predominating moderate intensity activity; however, the average presents problems of overweight and obesity. It is important to promote the practice of moderate to high intensity physical activity and involve all socio-economic strata(AU)

Análise da realocação do tempo sentado, sono e em atividades físicas sob a autoavaliação de saúde negativa de universitários / Analysis of the reallocation of time spent sitting, sleeping, and performing physical activities under negative self-rated heath of university students

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar o efeito da substituição isotemporal da atividade física, do tempo sedentário e horas de sono em relação à autoavaliação de saúde (AAS) negativa em universitários de uma universidade pública do ensino superior do estado de Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo de delineamento transversal, no qual os dados foram obtidos via questionário e a AAS negativa foi o desfecho deste estudo. O tempo por dia despendido em atividade física, tempo sentado e sono foram padronizados por constantes de 10, 30 e 60 minutos. O modelo de substituição isotemporal foi empregado por meio da estimativa do Odds Ratio, via regressão logística binária. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Participaram deste estudo 1.110 estudantes. Observou-se que a substituição de 10, 30 ou 60 minutos por dia de tempo sentado pela mesma quantidade de tempo em atividade física reduz as chances de AAS negativa entre os universitários. De modo geral, maiores chances de AAS negativa foram observadas ao substituir os mesmos tempos de atividade física por tempo sentado. Nenhuma associação foi observada com a realocação do tempo de sono. Conclui-se que a substituição de pelo menos 10 minutos de tempo sentado por atividade física pode reduzir progressivamente as chances de AAS negativa entre os universitários.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of isotemporal substitution of physical activity, sedentary, and sleep time in relation to negative self-rated health (SRH) in university students from a public university in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which data were obtained via a questionnaire and the study's outcome was the negative SRH. The time per day spent on physical activity, sitting, and sleeping were standardized by constants of 10, 30, and 60 minutes. The isotemporal substitution model was used through the estimation of the Odds Ratio via binary logistic regression. The significance level was 5%. A total of 1,110 students participated in this study. It was observed that replacing 10, 30, or 60 minutes per day of sitting time for the same amount of time in physical activity reduces the probability of negative SRH among university students. In general, greater probability of negative SRH were observed when replacing the same times of physical activity with sitting time. No association was observed with sleep time reallocation. It is concluded that replacing at least 10 minutes of sitting time with physical activity can progressively reduce chances of negative SRH among university students.

Análisis en el uso del condón femenino en estudiantes de una universidad privada de Cali-Colombia / Analysis of the use of the female condom in students of a private university in Cali, Colombia / Análise do uso do preservativo feminino em estudantes de uma universidade privada em Cali-Colômbia

Introducción. El condón femenino es un método de barrera eficaz para prevenir las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y los embarazos, permite la mejora de la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres y sus parejas. Presenta barreras al utilizarse en aspectos socioculturales, económicos, religiosos y psicológicos, los cuales pueden ser superados a través de la promoción y educación. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar el uso del condón femenino en estudiantes universitarios de un programa de salud. Metodología. Estudio cuasiexperimental, con muestreo por conveniencia realizado en 82 estudiantes, organizados en un grupo de 74 mujeres y otro de 8 hombres, quienes utilizaron el condón femenino en sus relaciones sexuales durante un período de tres meses. Reconocieron las ventajas, desventajas, sensaciones y reacciones de la pareja. Resultados. Las ventajas establecidas por todos los hombres y el 70% de las mujeres es colocar el condón femenino antes de la relación sexual, del mismo modo, el 39.2% de las mujeres y el 37.2% de los hombres indican como ventaja poder usarlo hasta el final de la relación. Las desventajas identificadas comprenden que el 54.1% de las parejas de las mujeres no les gusta utilizarlo, al 40.5% de las mujeres les parece difícil su colocación, y al 33.8% le disminuye el placer sexual. En los hombres se identifican como desventajas la disminución del placer en la relación sexual, al 87.5% de sus parejas no le gusta utilizarlo, y el 62.5% de los hombres expresa dificultad para su colocación. Discusión. El uso del condón femenino está limitado por las condiciones de acceso y disponibilidad. El procedimiento de inserción del dispositivo en las mujeres requiere entrenamiento previo e información específica para su uso. Conclusión. La utilización del condón femenino es una alternativa viable para tener sexo seguro, los hombres presentan mayor rechazo al verse afectado el placer sexual.

Introduction. The female condom is an effective barrier method to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy; it allows the improvement of the sexual and reproductive health of women and their partners. Using it presents barriers in sociocultural, economic, religious and psychological aspects, which can be overcome through promotion and education. The objective of this article is to analyze the use of the female condom in university students of a health program. Methodology. Quasi-experimental study, with convenience sampling carried out in 82 students, organized in a group of 74 women, and another of 8 men, who used the female condom in their sexual intercourse during a period of three months. They recognized the advantages, disadvantages, feelings and reactions of the partner. Results. The advantages established by all men and 70% of women is to place the female condom before sexual intercourse; in the same way, 39.2% of women and 37.2% of men indicate as an advantage the possibility to use it until the end of the intercourse. The identified disadvantages include that 54.1% of women's partners do not like to use it, 40.5% of women find it difficult to insert, and for 33.8% of them, it decreases sexual pleasure. In men, the disadvantages identified were the decrease in pleasure in sexual intercourse, 87.5% of their partners do not like to use it, and 62.5% of men express difficulty in inserting it. Discussion. The use of the female condom is limited by the conditions of access and availability. The procedure for inserting the device in women requires prior training and specific information for its use. Conclusion. The use of the female condom is a viable alternative to have safe sex. Men show greater rejection when sexual pleasure is affected.

Introdução. O preservativo feminino é um método de barreira eficaz na prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e gravidez, melhorando a saúde sexual e reprodutiva da mulher e dos seus parceiros. Apresenta limitações no seu uso com relação a aspectos socioculturais, econômicos, religiosos e psicológicos, que podem ser superadas por meio de promoção e educação. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o uso do preservativo feminino em estudantes de universidade de um programa de saúde. Metodologia. Estudo quase experimental, com amostragem por conveniência realizada em 82 estudantes, organizados em um grupo de 74 mulheres e outro de 8 homens, que usaram o preservativo feminino nas suas relações sexuais durante um período de três meses. Eles reconheceram as vantagens, desvantagens, sensações e reações do casal. Resultados. As vantagens estabelecidas por todos os homens e 70% das mulheres é colocar o preservativo feminino antes da relação sexual, da mesma forma, 39.2% das mulheres e 37.2% dos homens apontam como vantagem poder usá-lo até o fim da relação sexual. As desvantagens identificadas incluem que 54.1% dos parceiros das mulheres não gostam de usá-lo, 40.5% das mulheres têm dificuldade em colocá-lo e 33.8% acham que diminui o prazer sexual. Nos homens, identificam-se como desvantagens diminuição do prazer na relação sexual, 87.5% das parceiras não gostam de usá-lo e 62.5% dos homens expressam dificuldade em colocá-lo. Discussão. O uso do preservativo feminino é limitado pelas condições de acesso e disponibilidade. O procedimento de inserção do dispositivo em mulheres requer treinamento prévio e informações específicas para seu uso. Conclusão. O uso do preservativo feminino é uma alternativa viável para a prática de sexo seguro, os homens apresentam maior rejeição quando o prazer sexual é afetado.

Experiencia y resultados de un proceso educativo interdisciplinario para la promoción de salud en universitarios / Experience and results of an interdisciplinary educational process for the promotion of health with university students / Experiência e resultados dum processo educativo interdisciplinario para a promoção de saúde em universitarios

Objetivo: Capacitar a un grupo interdisciplinario de estudiantes de pregrado como promotores universitarios de salud y evaluar los resultados. Metodología: Investigación acción participativa con 13 estudiantes de pregrado de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador durante el periodo 2012-2014. El proceso se desarrolló en cuatro fases: 1) capacitación en promoción de salud del grupo; 2) diagnóstico de la situación de salud general de los estudiantes; 3) diseño, planificación e implementación de un proyecto ejecutado por los estudiantes capacitados; y 4) evaluación de la intervención. En cada fase se aplicaron técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para el diagnóstico y evaluación de resultados. Resultados: Fase 1: 100% de los estudiantes completaron el proceso de capacitación. Fase 2: se identificó como principales problemas de salud en la población estudiantil universitaria a los relacionados con salud mental (estrés, ansiedad, depresión), alimentación inadecuada y violencia. Fase 3: Se diseñó y ejecutó un proyecto de intervención a partir del diagnóstico realizado, que benefició a 2916 pares. Fase 4: Como resultado de la intervención, el 76,2% de los beneficiarios manifestaron enfrentar los problemas cotidianos, 90,6% lo consideraron importante para su desarrollo personal espiritual, afectivo y corporal, 94% mejoró las relaciones con sus compañeros, 68,9% aprendieron sobre sus derechos y 38% reconocieron que modificaron sus hábitos de vida. Conclusiones: La metodología implementada otorgó a los estudiantes herramientas para diseñar, ejecutar y evaluar proyectos interdisciplinarios de promoción de salud. La investigación-acción posibilita transformaciones de las realidades en salud en entornos universitarios y es factible de ser aplicada en otros contextos.

Objective: To train an interdisciplinary group of undergraduate students as university health promoters and evaluate their results. Methodology: Participatory action research with 13 undergraduate students of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador during the period 2012-2014. The process was developed in four phases: 1) training in health promotion of the group; 2) diagnosis of the general health situation of the students; 3) design, planning and implementation of a project executed by trained students; and 4) evaluation of the intervention. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied in each phase for the diagnosis and evaluation of results. Results: Phase 1: 100% of the students completed the training process; Phase 2: The main health problems in the university student population were identified as related to mental health (stress, anxiety, and depression), inadequate diet and violence; Phase 3: An intervention project was designed and executed based on the diagnosis made, which benefited 2916 peers; Phase 4: As a result of the intervention, 76.2% of the beneficiaries stated that they faced daily problems, 90.6% considered it important for their personal spiritual, emotional and corporal development, 94% improved relations with their peers, 68, 9% learned about their rights and 38% acknowledged that they modified their life habits. Conclusions: The methodology implemented gave students tools to design, execute and evaluate interdisciplinary health promotion projects. Action research enables transformations of realities in health in university settings and is feasible to be applied in other contexts.

Objetivo: Capacitar a um grupo interdisciplinares de estudantes de formatura como promotores universitários de saúde e avaliar os resultados. Metodologia: Pesquisa ação participativa com 13 estudantes de formatura da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Equador durante o período 2012-2014. O processo de desenvolvimento em quatro fases: 1) capacitação em promoção de saúde do grupo; 2) diagnóstico da situação de saúde geral dos estudantes; 3) design, planificação e execução dum projeto executado pelos estudantes capacitados; e 4) avaliação da intervenção. Em cada fase se aplicação técnicas qualitativas e quantitativas para o diagnóstico e avaliação de resultados. Resultados: Fase 1: 100% dos estudantes terminaram o processo de capacitação. Fase 2: Identificou- se como principais problemas de saúde na população estudantil universitária aos relacionados com saúde mental (estresse, ansiedade, depressão), alimentação inadequada e violência. Fase 3: Desenhou-se e executou um projeto de intervenção a partir do diagnóstico realizado, que beneficiou a 2916 pares. Fase 4: Como resultado da intervenção, o 76,2% dos beneficiários manifestaram enfrentar os problemas cotidianos, 90,6% o consideraram importante para seu desenvolvimento pessoal espiritual, afetivo e corporal, 94% melhorou as relações com seus colegas, 68,9% aprenderam sobre seus direitos e 38% reconheceram que modificaram seus hábitos de vida. Conclusões: A metodologia executada deu aos estudantes ferramentas para desenhar, executar e avaliar projetos interdisciplinares de promoção de saúde. A pesquisa-ação possibilita transformações das realidades em saúde em entornos universitários e é possível de ser aplicada em outros contextos.

Experiencia y resultados de un proceso educativo interdisciplinario para la promoción de salud en universitarios / Experience and results of an interdisciplinary educational process for the promotion of health with university students / Experiência e resultados dum processo educativo interdisciplinario para a promoção de saúde em universitarios

Resumen Objetivo: Capacitar a un grupo interdisciplinario de estudiantes de pregrado como promotores universitarios de salud y evaluar los resultados. Metodología: Investigación acción participativa con 13 estudiantes de pregrado de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador durante el periodo 2012-2014. El proceso se desarrolló en cuatro fases: 1) capacitación en promoción de salud del grupo; 2) diagnóstico de la situación de salud general de los estudiantes; 3) diseño, planificación e implementación de un proyecto ejecutado por los estudiantes capacitados; y 4) evaluación de la intervención. En cada fase se aplicaron técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para el diagnóstico y evaluación de resultados. Resultados: Fase 1: 100% de los estudiantes completaron el proceso de capacitación. Fase 2: se identificó como principales problemas de salud en la población estudiantil universitaria a los relacionados con salud mental (estrés, ansiedad, depresión), alimentación inadecuada y violencia. Fase 3: Se diseñó y ejecutó un proyecto de intervención a partir del diagnóstico realizado, que benefició a 2916 pares. Fase 4: Como resultado de la intervención, el 76,2% de los beneficiarios manifestaron enfrentar los problemas cotidianos, 90,6% lo consideraron importante para su desarrollo personal espiritual, afectivo y corporal, 94% mejoró las relaciones con sus compañeros, 68,9% aprendieron sobre sus derechos y 38% reconocieron que modificaron sus hábitos de vida. Conclusiones: La metodología implementada otorgó a los estudiantes herramientas para diseñar, ejecutar y evaluar proyectos interdisciplinarios de promoción de salud. La investigación-acción posibilita transformaciones de las realidades en salud en entornos universitarios y es factible de ser aplicada en otros contextos.

Abstract Objective: To train an interdisciplinary group of undergraduate students as university health promoters and evaluate their results. Methodology: Participatory action research with 13 undergraduate students of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador during the period 2012-2014. The process was developed in four phases: 1) training in health promotion of the group; 2) diagnosis of the general health situation of the students; 3) design, planning and implementation of a project executed by trained students; and 4) evaluation of the intervention. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied in each phase for the diagnosis and evaluation of results. Results: Phase 1: 100% of the students completed the training process; Phase 2: The main health problems in the university student population were identified as related to mental health (stress, anxiety, and depression), inadequate diet and violence; Phase 3: An intervention project was designed and executed based on the diagnosis made, which benefited 2916 peers; Phase 4: As a result of the intervention, 76.2% of the beneficiaries stated that they faced daily problems, 90.6% considered it important for their personal spiritual, emotional and corporal development, 94% improved relations with their peers, 68, 9% learned about their rights and 38% acknowledged that they modified their life habits. Conclusions: The methodology implemented gave students tools to design, execute and evaluate interdisciplinary health promotion projects. Action research enables transformations of realities in health in university settings and is feasible to be applied in other contexts.

Resumo Objetivo: Capacitar a um grupo interdisciplinares de estudantes de formatura como promotores universitários de saúde e avaliar os resultados. Metodologia: Pesquisa ação participativa com 13 estudantes de formatura da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Equador durante o período 2012-2014. O processo de desenvolvimento em quatro fases: 1) capacitação em promoção de saúde do grupo; 2) diagnóstico da situação de saúde geral dos estudantes; 3) design, planificação e execução dum projeto executado pelos estudantes capacitados; e 4) avaliação da intervenção. Em cada fase se aplicação técnicas qualitativas e quantitativas para o diagnóstico e avaliação de resultados. Resultados: Fase 1: 100% dos estudantes terminaram o processo de capacitação. Fase 2: Identificouse como principais problemas de saúde na população estudantil universitária aos relacionados com saúde mental (estresse, ansiedade, depressão), alimentação inadequada e violência. Fase 3: Desenhou-se e executou um projeto de intervenção a partir do diagnóstico realizado, que beneficiou a 2916 pares. Fase 4: Como resultado da intervenção, o 76,2% dos beneficiários manifestaram enfrentar os problemas cotidianos, 90,6% o consideraram importante para seu desenvolvimento pessoal espiritual, afetivo e corporal, 94% melhorou as relações com seus colegas, 68,9% aprenderam sobre seus direitos e 38% reconheceram que modificaram seus hábitos de vida. Conclusões: A metodologia executada deu aos estudantes ferramentas para desenhar, executar e avaliar projetos interdisciplinares de promoção de saúde. A pesquisa-ação possibilita transformações das realidades em saúde em entornos universitários e é possível de ser aplicada em outros contextos.

The role of health-related behaviors in gestational weight gain among women with overweight and obesity: A cross-sectional analysis / Papel dos comportamentos relacionados à saúde no ganho de peso gestacional em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade: Um estudo transversal

Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of health-related behaviors including food intake, physical activity, sleep time, smoking habits, stress, depression, and optimism on excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) among women with overweight and obesity. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Women's Hospital of the Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 386 mediate postpartum women that fit the inclusion criteria of ≥ 19 years old, first prenatal care visit at or before 14 weeks, and single live baby. Dietary habits, physical exercise practice, sleep duration, smoking and alcohol habits were self-reported. Psychosocial history was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Sociodemographic, obstetric, anthropometric, and neonatal data were retrieved from medical records. Descriptive statistics and stepwise logistic regression were performed. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 29.27% and 24.61%, respectively, according to the body mass index (BMI). Excessive GWG was observed in 47.79% of women with overweight and in 45.26% of women with obesity. Excessive GWG among overweight and obese women was associated with inadequate vegetable and bean consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 2.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35-6.46 and OR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.01-3.63, respectively) and stress (OR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.01-2.64). After adjustment by maternal age, multiparity, sleep duration, smoking, and alcohol intake, we found that stress (PSS ≥ 20) was associated with excessive GWG in women with overweight or obesity (OR: 1.75; 95%CI: 1.03-2.96). Conclusion Among women with overweight and obesity, stress is the main variable associated with excessive GWG. Inadequate vegetables and beans consumption also showed association with excessive GWG.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a influência de comportamentos relacionados à saúde: ingestão alimentar, atividade física, tempo de sono, tabagismo, estresse, depressão e otimismo no ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) excessivo em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade. Métodos Estudo transversal no Hospital da Mulher, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil, com 386 mulheres no puerpério mediato, ≥ 19 anos, primeira consulta pré-natal até 14 semanas e cuja gestação resultou em neonato vivo. Os comportamentos relacionados à saúde foram autorreferidos. História psicossocial foi avaliada usando: Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo (EPDS, na sigla em inglês), Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS, na sigla em inglês) e Teste de Orientação à Vida-Revisado (LOT-R, na sigla em inglês). Dados sociodemográficos, obstétricos, antropométricos e neonatais foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos. Realizou-se análises descritivas e regressão logística. Resultados A prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 29,27% e de 24,61%, respectivamente. Ganho de peso gestacional excessivo foi observado em 47,79% das mulheres com sobrepeso e em 45,26% das mulheres com obesidade. O consumo inadequado de verduras e feijão (razão de probabilidade [OR] = 2,95; índice de confiança [IC] 95%: 1,35-6,46 e OR = 1,91; IC95%: 1,01-3,63, respectivamente) e estresse (OR = 1,63; IC95%: 1,01-2,64) foram associados ao GPG excessivo em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade. Análises ajustadas para idade materna, multiparidade, duração do sono, tabagismo e ingestão de álcool mostraram que o estresse (PSS ≥ 20) associou-se ao GPG excessivo em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.03-2.96). Conclusão Entre mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade, o estresse foi a principal variável associada ao GPG excessivo. O consumo inadequado de verduras e feijão também se associou com o GPG excessivo.

Comportamentos dos profissionais de enfermagem na efetivação da humanização hospitalar / Behavior of nursing professionals on the effectiveness of hospital humanization / Comportamientos de los profesionales de enfermería en la efectividad de la humanización hospitalaria

Objetivo: identificar os comportamentos dos profissionais de enfermagem que favorecem a efetivação da humanização hospitalar. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada através das bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE e Biblioteca Cochrane. A busca foi realizada em outubro de 2018, possuindo como amostra final 20 artigos. Resultados: observou-se, após leitura na íntegra, a delimitação de 3 eixos temáticos quanto ao empoderamento profissional; acolhimento em âmbito hospitalar; e Comunicação e inter-relação no ambiente hospitalar, sendo indicadas significativamente nos estudos que norteiam o assunto. Conclusão: revelou-se que o enfermeiro desenvolve funções de gerenciamento, assistência direta ao paciente e manipulação da tecnologia utilizada em ambientes especializados. Tais atribuições propiciam a sobrecarga do profissional além do distanciamento da assistência humanizada

Objective: identify the behaviors of nursing professionals that favor the implementation of hospital humanization. Method: this is an integrative review of the literature using the SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. The search was performed in October 2018, having as final sample 20 articles. Results: it was observed, after reading in full, the delimitation of 3 thematic axes regarding professional empowerment; hospital reception; and Communication and interrelationship in the hospital environment, being indicated significantly in the studies that guide the subject. Conclusion: it was revealed that nurses develop management functions, direct patient care and manipulation of technology used in specialized environments. Such attributions allow the professional overload and the distancing of humanized assistance

Objetivo: identificar los comportamientos de los profesionales de enfermería que favorecen la implementación de la humanización hospitalaria. Método: se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada a través de las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE y Biblioteca Cochrane. La búsqueda fue realizada en octubre de 2018, teniendo como muestra final 20 artículos. Resultados: si se observa, después de leer en su totalidad, la delimitación de 3 partes temáticas relativas al empoderamiento profesional; recepción hospitalaria; y Comunicación e interrelación en el entorno hospitalario, indicándose de manera significativa en los estudios que orientan el tema. Conclusión: se reveló que las enfermeras desarrollan funciones de gestión, atención directa al paciente y manipulación de la tecnología utilizada en entornos especializados. Tales atribuciones permiten la sobrecarga profesional y el distanciamiento de la asistencia humanizada

O cuidado com a saúde sexual de jovens universitários em tempos de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis / Caring for the sexual health of university students in times of sexually transmitted infections

Este estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar o cuidado com a saúde sexual de estudantes de uma universidade pública frente às Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis. E como objetivos específicos: caracterizar o perfil dos estudantes de uma universidade pública; avaliar as práticas de cuidados com a saúde sexual realizada pelos estudantes e comparar o cuidado com a saúde sexual segundo o sexo dos estudantes. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, integrado ao projeto "Sexualidade e vulnerabilidade dos jovens em tempos de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis". O campo de pesquisa foi uma universidade pública no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os participantes foram os estudantes universitários. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estar na faixa etária de 18 a 29 anos e com matricula ativa na instituição de ensino. Foram excluídos os participantes que não eram sexualmente ativos. A amostra foi composta por 601 estudantes. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um questionário contendo 60 questões. Foram empregadas oito variáveis relacionadas ao perfil sociodemográfico, quatro sobre o conhecimento acerca das IST e 22 relacionadas às práticas de cuidado com a saúde sexual, sendo duas especificas para o sexo feminino e uma para o sexo masculino. Os dados foram organizados em uma planilha do software Excel 2016, e as análises realizadas com auxílio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Foram aplicadas as análises descritivas uni e bivariada e o teste qui-quadrado para comparar as variáveis. Foram respeitados todos os aspectos éticos, ou seja, a pesquisa foi previamente aprovada pelo CEP da instituição sede da pesquisa, e os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Nos achados pode-se verificar que, as estudantes, iniciam suas práticas sexuais mais tardiamente que os estudantes do sexo masculino, costumam procurar mais os serviços de saúde, e tiveram menos parceiros sexuais ao longo da vida e em um mesmo período. Os estudantes do sexo masculino, no entanto, informaram práticas sexuais mais seguras, à medida que utilizam mais o preservativo nas relações sexuais com parceiros fixos e, também, com parceiros casuais demonstrando cuidado com a saúde sexual. As práticas sexuais dos universitários são semelhantes, não sendo verificadas diferenças significativas entre os sexos no cuidado para com a saúde sexual.

This study aimed to analyze the sexual health care of students of a public university facing Sexually Transmitted Infections. And as specific objectives: characterize the profile of students of a public university; evaluate students' sexual health care practices and compare sexual health care by student gender. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, integrated with the project "Sexuality and vulnerability of young people in times of sexually transmitted infections". The research field was a public university in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The participants were the college students. Inclusion criteria were: being between 18 and 29 years old and with active enrollment in the educational institution. Participants who were not sexually active were excluded. The sample consisted of 601 students. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire containing 60 questions. Eight variables related to sociodemographic profile were used, four related to knowledge about STI and 22 related to sexual health care practices, two specific for females and one for males. The data were organized in an Excel 2016 spreadsheet and the analyzes performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Uni and bivariate descriptive analyzes and chi-square test were applied to compare the variables. All ethical aspects were respected, that is, the research was previously approved by the CEP of the research host institution, and the participants signed the Informed Consent Form. In the findings, it can be seen that the students start their sexual practices later than the male students, tend to seek more health services, and had fewer sexual partners throughout life and in the same period. Male students, however, reported safer sexual practices as they use condoms more often in sexual relations with steady partners and also with casual partners demonstrating care about sexual health. The sexual practices of university students are similar, and no significant differences are verified between the sexes in sexual health care.

Cómo decir malas noticias sin faltar al compromiso con la humanidad del paciente / How to say bad news without compromising the patient's humanity

RESUMEN Comunicar malas noticias continúa siendo un reto en la comunicación en el campo asistencial y, pese a la existencia de metodologías que permiten humanizar una información de gran impacto en la vida de las personas, suele no ser enseñada ni utilizada en el quehacer diario, trayendo en consecuencia, desenlaces emocionales, algunas de ellos, más graves que la propia enfermedad. El arte de la comunicación, es un componente de la praxis médica, por ello la capacitación en los primeros años de la medicina sobre metodologías relacionadas a la comunicación de malas noticias incorporando la diversidad cultural, creencias y costumbres permitirá desarrollar habilidades en beneficio del paciente; aunque en determinados momentos es mejor no usar el lenguaje verbal, es importante recordar que el no verbal también puede transmitir el respeto que todo ser humano requiere ante la llegada de una mala noticia.

ABSTRACT Communicating bad news is still a communication challenge in the field of care and, despite the there being methodologies that allow us to humanize information that has a great impact on people's lives, it is usually neither taught nor used in daily life, thus bringing about emotional outcomes, that can be, at times, more serious than the disease itself. The art of communication is a component of medical praxis, so training in the early years of medicine on methodologies related to the communication of bad news incorporating cultural diversity, beliefs, and customs will develop skills for the benefit of the patient. Although at times it is better not to use verbal language, it is important to remember that nonverbal communication can also convey the respect that every human being requires before the arrival of bad news.

Perspectiva temporal e fatores associados entre pessoas que vivem com HIV: implicações para o cuidado de saúde / Time perspective and associated factors among people living with HIV: implications for health care

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as associações estabelecidas das variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, comportamentais e atitudinais com as perspectivas temporais assumidas por pessoas vivendo com HIV, com vistas a contribuir para o planejamento do cuidado de saúde e do autocuidado. Realizou-se um estudo analítico transversal, com 281 pessoas vivendo com HIV nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e Niterói acompanhadas em centros de referência de atendimento a pessoa com HIV. Adotou-se a amostragem do tipo não probabilística, de conveniência, escolhida a partir de informações disponibilizadas pelos serviços do quantitativo de clientes em seguimento compondo o universo deste estudo. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos de coleta de dados, a saber: o instrumento de dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, comportamentais e atitudinais(variáveis independentes); e o Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal do Zimbardo ­ ZTPI (variáveis dependentes). A análise de dados foi realizada através do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 22.0. A análise dos dados referentes aos aspectos sociodemográficos se deu por meio de medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Após verificação das análises de correlação foram realizadas análises de regressão linear simples e múltipla que foram conduzidas para avaliar a relação das variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, comportamentais e atitudinais com os escores de cada subescala da perspectiva temporal. Na avaliação da perspectiva temporal, encontrou-se escores médios que variaram de 2,75 (presente hedonista) a 3,85 (futuro). Nesse sentido, verificou-se que as pessoas que vivem com HIV da amostra estudada apresentaram maior orientação para o futuro e menor orientação para o presente fatalista e presente hedonista; a maior escolaridade foi associada a menor orientação para o passado negativo, enquanto que considerar-se doente favoreceu a orientação para o passado negativo; o maior tempo de uso da TARV foi associado a menor orientação para o passado positivo, enquanto que o estado de saúde positiva favoreceu a orientação para o passado positivo; a maior idade, o sexo feminino e o uso da TARV favoreceram a orientação para o presente fatalista, enquanto que a maior escolaridade foi associada a menor orientação para essa dimensão temporal; as maiores idade e escolaridade foram associadas a menor orientação para o presente hedonista; a ocupação com atividade remunerada e o estado de saúde positiva favoreceram a orientação para o futuro. Ressalta-se a importância de estudos futuros sobre a temática e, na prática, recomenda-se aos profissionais da saúde escuta qualificada através do acolhimento, no atendimento a pessoa vivendo com o HIV/aids. Esses profissionais ao considerarem a perspectiva temporal como preditor de comportamentos favoráveis ou de risco à saúde, poderão estimular o indivíduo a ser protagonista do autocuidado e seguir uma vida saudável, especialmente se envidarem esforços para uma abordagem integral do cuidado em saúde.

The objective of this study was to analyze the established associations of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral and attitudinal variables with the time perspectives assumed by people living with HIV, with a view to contributing to the planning of health care and self-care. A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out, with 281 people living with HIV in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Niteroi-Brazil, users who used referral centers to care for people with HIV. Non-probabilistic sampling, of convenience, was chosen, based on the information provided by the services of the quantitative of clients in a follow-up, composing the universe of this study. Two data collection instruments were used: the sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral and attitudinal data instrument (independent variables); and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI (dependent variables). The data analysis was performed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. The analysis of the data concerning the sociodemographic aspects occurred through measures of central tendency and dispersion. After verification of the correlation analyzes, simple and multiple linear regression analyzes were performed that were conducted to evaluate the relationship of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral and attitudinal variables with the scores of each subscale of the time perspective. In the time perspective evaluation, mean scores ranged from 2.75 (hedonistic present) to 3.85 (future). In this sense, it was verified that the people living with HIV of the studied sample presented more orientation for the future and less orientation for the present fatalistic and hedonistic present; higher schooling was associated with less orientation to the negative past, while considering that patient favored orientation towards the negative past; the longer time of use of HAART was associated with less orientation to the positive past, while the positive health status favored orientation towards the positive past; older age, female sex and the use of HAART favored the orientation towards this fatalistic present, while higher schooling was associated with less orientation to this temporal dimension; older age and schooling were associated with lower hedonistic orientation; the occupation with paid activity and the positive state of health favored the orientation towards the future. The importance of future studies on the subject is emphasized and, in practice, it is recommended that health professionals receive qualified listening through the reception of a person living with HIV. These professionals, when considering the time perspective as a predictor of favorable behaviors or risk to health, may stimulate the individual to be the protagonist of self-care and to lead a healthy life, especially if efforts are made towards a comprehensive approach to health care.

Relationship between health risk behaviors, oral health-related behaviors, and experiences of oral symptoms in Korean adolescents: based on 2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the relationship between risky health behaviors, occurrence of oral symptoms, and oral health-related behaviors. METHODS: The subjects were 60,040 adolescents selected from the web-based survey from the 2018 Korean Youth Health Behavior of Korean Center for Disease Control. The data were analyzed using a combined sample analysis method. The software SPSS version 12.0 was used to conduct the analyses. RESULTS: 1. Men were observed to partake in risky health behavior at significantly higher rates than were women in terms of smoking, drinking, drugs, and sexual intercourse. Our data showed the percentages of men taking part in these behaviors to be 21.1%, 46.4%, 1.3%, and 7.6%, respectively (P<0.01). 2. Of all subjects, 49.1% brushed their teeth more than three times a day, and 43.6% brushed more than twice a day. Further, a significantly higher number of men (46.0%) did not brush their teeth after lunch compared with women (29.1%) (P<0.01). 3. Of all subjects, 52.9% had developed oral symptoms in the previous year. The rate of women experiencing oral symptoms was significantly higher, at 58.1%, compared with men (48.1%, P<0.01). 4. Risky health behavior, such as smoking, drinking, drugs, and sexual intercourse, was significantly associated with occurrence of oral symptoms (P<0.01). Those that had not partaken in smoking, drinking, and sexual intercourse were significantly lower by 0.73, 0.87, and 0.89 times, respectively, compared with those that responded with “yes” (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We have evaluated the rates of risky health and oral health-related behavior in Korean youth and identify their association with the oral symptoms. It is essential to understand the risks of oral diseases so that appropriate oral health education can be provided to adolescents for promoting behavioral changes.

Effect of HBM-based home visits on blood pressure and health-related behaviors of elderly hypertensive patients / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the effects of health belief mode (HBM)-based home visits on the blood pressure (BP) and health-related behaviors of elderly hypertensive patients.Methods One-year HBM-based home visits were paid to 114 elderly hypertensive patients over 80 years old chosen from the community.The normalization rate of blood pressure after intervention at 3,6,12 months and health-related behaviors after intervention were also compared with those of pre-intervention.Results The BP after intervention was improved significantly after intervention as compared with that of pre-intervention (P＜0.01).Health-related behaviors after intervention were significantly more than those before pre-intervention (P＜0.01).Conclusions The hypertensions are controlled effectively with the implementation of the HBM-based home visits to the elderly hypertensive patients.The development of disease in elderly hypertensive patients can be slowed down and their life quality can be improved.

Development, reliability and validity evaluation of eye health related behaviors questionnaire for school age children / 预防医学

Objective To develop the eye health related behaviors questionnaire for school age children and to evaluate its reliability and validity.Methods The initial questionnaire was formulated by literature review,preliminary-work outcomes and expert consultation.Totally 288 students in 4-5 grades from a elementary school in Wenzhou were selected.Two-independent samples t-test,pearson correlation coefficient analysis,test of internal consistency and factor analysis were conducted to examine the reliability and validity.Results Eye health related behaviors questionnaire for school age children was consisted of 28 items and 3 dimensions.Exploratory factor analysis suggested that 7 factors accounted for 63.76％ of the accumulated variances.The questionnaire-level content validity index was 0.89.The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.82,and the spilt-half reliability coefficient was 0.844.The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.682.Conclusion Eye health related behaviors questionnaire for school age children has good reliability and validity,which could be applied to measure children's eye health related behaviors.

Health Locus of Control, Health Related Behaviors and Demographic Factors: A Study in a Turkish Population.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between sociodemographic variables and the health locus of control (HLC) as well as health locus of control and health-related behaviors. Study Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in 2012 in the fourth largest city of Turkey. Data collection lasted about six months. Methodology: Participation in this study was voluntary and data collection was conducted anonymously. Convenience sampling was used. People on the streets, in parks, in shopping centers, metro stations, and students at the university campus were informed about the study and asked to participate. A total of 1125 people were asked and 885 gave their verbal consent. The participation ratio was 78.7%. The study participants (437 women and 448 men aged 18-84 years) filled out the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, together with a questionnaire about their social, demographic and economic characteristics and a questionnaire regarding their health- related behaviors which was consisted of 10 items. Results: The Cronbach a of the MHLC scale was within the range 0.74-0.78. Internal health locus of control was determined in 71.4% of the participants; chance in 10.3% and powerful others in 18.3%. The rate of powerful others health locus of control (HLC) increased with age. There were no HLC differences between males and females. No significant relationship was found between socio-economic characteristics and HLC. Of the evaluated 10 health related behaviors, physical exercise; reading health related printed material; checking food expiry dates, and reading food content labels were found to be significantly related to HLC. Conclusion: Except for age, no significant associations were found between sociodemographics and health locus of control. The impact of HLC on health related behaviors was small.

Effect of doctors' home-visiting on health related behaviors of patients with diabetes in rural areas：A sample survey in three counties in Shandong Province / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:This article discusses the status of the health behaviors of rural people with diabetes, to explore effect of doctors’ home-visiting on the behavior of patients with diabetes in rural areas, and to promote chronic disease management and public health service equalization in rural areas . Methods:Junan, Liangshan, and Pingyin counties in Shandong province were sampled using a multi-stage stratified sampling method, and data was collected from 401 questionnaires issued to people with diabetes. A chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the determinants. Results:Only 52. 0% of diabetes patients received home-visiting from doctors in the surveyed rural areas. Doctors’ visiting works on medication behavior on time and appropriate exercise of patients with diabetes in rural areas was statistically significant, but did not work on measuring blood glucose and periodic review and other health-related behaviors. Conclusion:The rate of doctor home-visiting is low, and the effect is not obvious. More attention should be paid to the content and quality of doctors’ home visiting, and strong policies should support and guide it. According to the characteristics of the rural and patients behavior changing, it is necessary to take flexi-ble modes of health service, improve the diabetes management in rural areas, and promote the equalization of public health service.

Intake and blood concentrations of folate and their association with health-related behaviors in Korean college students

The purpose of this study is to assess folate intake, and serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations, and investigate the association between folate status and health-related behaviors among Korean college students. A total of 169 students, aged between 18 and 27 years, participated in this study. Dietary intake data were collected by trained interviewers using a 24-hour recall method for three non-consecutive days in 2009. Information on health-related behaviors was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. Serum and RBC folate concentrations were measured by microbiological assay. The average intakes of folate were 456 microgDFE and 347 microgDFE in male and female students, respectively. While the average serum folate concentration was significantly lower in male students (8.9 ng/mL) compared to female students (12.5 ng/mL), RBC concentrations were not significantly different between male (398.6 ng/mL) and female students (405.3 ng/mL). In male students, low serum folate concentrations were associated with total folate intake less than the Estimated Average Requirement, non-use of folic acid supplements, smoking, alcohol drinking at least once a week and low physical activity. In female students, low serum folate concentrations were associated with smoking and alcohol drinking at least two drinks at a time and BMI > or = 25. Alcohol drinking and low physical activity were also associated with low RBC folate concentrations in both male and female students. In order to improve folate nutritional status of college students, the practice of desirable health-related behaviors, such as non-smoking, moderate alcohol drinking, regular physical activity, and maintenance of healthy BMI should be encouraged along with consumption of folate-rich foods and supplements.