Desafios da Segurança da Saúde Global em tempos de pandemia: O acesso a Equipamentos de Proteção Individual na crise da covid-19 / Global Health Security Challenges in times of pandemic: Access to Personal Protective Equipment in the Covid-19 Crisis

Resumo Este artigo aborda a fragilidade do sistema de Segurança da Saúde Global, enfocando a distribuição de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) durante crises sanitárias e tendo como foco e ponto de partida a pandemia de covid-19. A escassez de EPI foi agravada por fatores como alta taxa de transmissão do vírus, falta de treinamento adequado sobre seu uso e descarte, flexibilização das diretrizes de uso prolongado, reutilização do equipamento e restrições à exportação de produtos de saúde. O colapso da cadeia de suprimentos globais de EPI expôs os profissionais de saúde na linha de frente, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda, devido à infraestrutura de saúde inadequada e à disparidade socioeconômica. A falta de ação efetiva para manter e distribuir equitativamente os estoques de EPI existentes exacerbou sua escassez, comprometendo o enfrentamento eficaz à pandemia. Para fortalecer a resiliência dos sistemas de saúde, é necessário desenvolver estratégias para garantir a segurança e equidade na cadeia de suprimentos global de produtos de saúde, por meio de redes interconectadas e redundantes de fornecedores. A colaboração internacional e investimentos em mecanismos multilaterais desempenham um papel crucial na construção de uma Segurança da Saúde Global mais resiliente.

Abstract This article addresses the precariousness of the Global Health Security system, focusing on the distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during health crises and taking the COVID-19 pandemic as a departure point and a center. The shortage of PPE was exacerbated by factors such as the high transmission rate of the virus, inadequate training on its use and disposal, flexibility in guidelines regarding prolonged use and reuse of equipment, and restrictions on the export of healthcare products. The collapse of the global PPE supply chain has exposed frontline healthcare workers, especially in low- and middle-income countries, due to inadequate healthcare infrastructure and socioeconomic disparities. The lack of effective action to maintain and equitably distribute existing PPE stocks further exacerbated their shortage, compromising the effective response to the pandemic. To strengthen the resilience of healthcare systems, strategies need to be developed to ensure safety and equity in the global supply chain of healthcare products, with interconnected and redundant networks of suppliers. International collaboration and investments in multilateral mechanisms play a crucial role in building a more resilient Global Health Security.

Impact of pre-COVID-19 epidemic preparedness on the trajectory of the pandemic in African countries

Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, has taught us about the importance of epidemic preparedness. Objective: We analysed the pre-COVID-19 preparedness of sub-Saharan African countries and how this may have influenced the trajectory of COVID-19 cases. Methods: The WHO Joint External Evaluation (JEE) tool and the Global Health Security (GHS) Index were used to determine the epidemic preparedness of countries in the WHO African Region. The relationship between pre-COVID-19 preparedness and the reported number of cases per million people was evaluated over the first 120 days of the first reported case in each country, between February 2020 and September 2020. Results: The overall performance of the 42 countries was 40% in the 19 JEE core capacities and 32% in the six GHS Index indicators. At Day 1, the mean number of cases per million population was significantly higher among countries rated as 'prepared' in the JEE legislation, policy and finance (p = 0.03), ports of entry (p = 0.001), and international health regulation coordination, communication and advocacy (p = 0.03) categories. At Day 90, countries rated as 'prepared' in the national laboratory systems (p = 0.05) and real-time surveillance (p = 0.04) JEE categories had statistically significantly fewer cases per million population. Conclusion: This analysis highlights the importance of building capacity for pandemic preparedness in Africa. The WHO African Region was not adequately prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic as measured by the WHO JEE tool and the GHS Index.

Strengths, disconnects and lessons in local and central governance of the response to the first wave of COVID-19 in Ghana

Objectives: To explore governance, coordination and implementation actors, structures and processes, facilitators, and barriers within local government and between central and local government in Ghana's COVID-19 response during the first wave of the outbreak. Design: Cross-sectional single case study. Data collection involved a desk review of media, policy and administrative documents and key informant in-depth interviews. Setting: Two municipalities in the Greater Accra region of Ghana Participants: Local government decentralised decision makers and officials of decentralised departments. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: None Results: Coordination between the national and local government involved the provision of directives, guidelines, training, and resources. Most of the emergency response structures at the municipal level were functional except for some Public Health Emergency Management Committees. Inadequate resources challenged all aspects of the response. Coordination between local government and district health directorates in risk communication was poor. During the distribution of relief items, a biased selection process and a lack of a bottom-up approach in planning and implementation were common and undermined the ability to target the most vulnerable beneficiaries. Conclusions: Adequate financing and equipping of frontline health facilities and workers for surveillance, laboratory and case management activities, transparent criteria to ensure effective targeting and monitoring of the distribution of relief items, and a stronger bottom-up approach to the planning and implementation of interventions need to be given high priority in any response to health security threats such as COVID-19.

A capacidade institucional do Setor Saúde e a resposta à COVID-19 em perspectiva global / The institutional capacity of the Health Sector and the response to COVID-19 in a global perspective

Resumo O artigo analisa o Índice da Segurança Sanitária Global (ISSG) à luz das respostas nacionais ao primeiro ciclo da pandemia da COVID-19. O ISSG classifica a capacidade dos países no enfrentamento dos riscos biológicos graves. O artigo examina os dados da pandemia de 50 países para avaliar o poder preditivo do ISSG. A ausência da vacinação determinou difusão da COVID-19 no primeiro ciclo da pandemia em 2020. Os indicadores dos países são correlacionados e demonstrados por estatística descritiva. A metodologia de aglomeração por clusters agrupa os países segundo a similaridade da composição etária. A principal restrição que pode ser atribuída ao ISSG diz respeito ao privilegiamento das variáveis biomédicas para a mensuração da capacidade institucional. O artigo evidencia que, paradoxalmente, o primeiro ciclo da pandemia teve um impacto significativo nos países teoricamente mais preparados, segundo o ISSG, para controlar a disseminação de doenças e oferecer mais acesso à assistência à saúde. O artigo assinala que durante o primeiro ciclo da pandemia, o setor saúde dependeu da cooperação dos governos na adoção do distanciamento social. O ISSG não considerou o papel das lideranças políticas que desafiam o risco sanitário severo por veto às medidas de distanciamento social.

Abstract This study approaches the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) according to the responses to the first cycle of the COVID-19. The GHSI ranks countries' institutional capacity to address biological risks. We analyzed data regarding the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in 50 countries to assess the ability of GHSI to anticipate health risks. The lack of vaccination determined the spread of the COVID-19 in the first cycle of the pandemic in 2020. Country indicators are correlated and demonstrated by descriptive statistics. The clustering method groups countries by similar age composition. The main restriction that can be attributed to the GHSI concerns the preference of biomedical variables for measuring institutional capacity. Our work shows that the pandemic had a significant impact on better-prepared countries, according to the GHSI, to control the spread of diseases and offer more access to health care in 2020. This paper points out that the health sector depended on the cooperation of governments in the adoption of social distancing during the first cycle of the pandemic. The GHSI failed to consider the role of political leaders who challenge severe health risks by vetoing social distancing.

Los sistemas de alerta temprana, una herramienta que fortalece la vigilancia epidemiológica en el marco de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo / Early Warning Systems, A Tool That Strengthens Epidemiological Surveillance within the Framework of Occupational Health and Safety / Os sistemas de alerta precoce, um instrumento para reforçar a vigilância epidemiológica no âmbito da saúde e segurança no trabalho

Introducción: Las enfermedades y los accidentes laborales no solo reducen la productividad y la capacidad de trabajo, sino que también generan altos costos para los trabajadores, empresas, familias, el sistema de salud y la sociedad, motivo por el cual en los últimos años se han convertido en un problema de salud pública que preocupa a las empresas y al gobierno, porque se requiere un enfoque preventivo y anticipado integral. Objetivo: compilar información actualizada y relevante acerca de los sistemas de alerta temprana que puedan aplicarse en el marco de la vigilancia epidemiológica en la seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Materiales y métodos: Revisión narrativa de la literatura, a partir de la búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos de artículos publicados durante 2016-2021. Los documentos seleccionados fueron artículos originales, de revisión, guías de manejo, implementación y legislación nacional, que abordan los temas de inteligencia epidemiológica, sistemas de alerta temprana y seguridad y salud ocupacional. Resultados: Los sistemas de alerta temprana son herramientas que permiten proveer una información oportuna y eficaz que ayuda a los individuos expuestos a tomar decisiones para evitar o reducir el riesgo. Conclusiones: La implementación de un sistema de alerta temprana en las empresas ayudará a disminuir los tiempos desde la identificación del riesgo hasta la respuesta y, así, con una mayor oportunidad de control, se in-fluirá en la salud de los trabadores, la producción y finanzas de la empresa

Introduction: Occupational diseases and accidents not only reduce productivity and work capacity, but also generate high costs for workers, companies, families, the health system, and society, which is why in recent years they have become a public health problem, which worries companies and the government, and achieving a longer and healthier working life has become increasingly difficult, re-quiring a comprehensive anticipatory and preventive approach. Objective: Conduct an exploratory review of relevant information about Early Warning Systems that can be applied in the framework of epidemiological surveillance in occupational health and safety. Materials and methods: Conduct an exploratory review of were carried out in different databases of articles published during 2016-2021. The documents that were selected in their original articles, review, management guides, implementation, and national legislation, which address the issues of epidemiological intelligence, early warning systems and occupational health and safety. Results: The Early Warning Systems are tools that provide timely and effective information that helps subjects exposed to a threat to make decisions to avoid or reduce the risk. Conclusions: The implementation of an early warning system in companies will help reduce the times from risk identification to response and thus have a greater opportunity for control, thus impacting the health of workers, the production, and finances of the company

154Volumen 8 • Número 1 • Enero - Junio 2021 • ISSN 2389-7325 • e-ISSN: 2539-2018Víctor Zein Rizo Tello, Astrid Maribel Aguilera Becerra, Laura Ximena Ramírez LópezOs sistemas de alerta precoce, um instrumento para reforçar a vigilância epidemiológica no âmbito da saúde e segurança no trabalhoRESUMOIntrodução: As doenças e acidentes de trabalho não só reduzem a produtividade e a capacidade de trabalho, como também geram custos elevados para os trabalhadores, as empresas, as famílias, o sistema de saúde e a sociedade, razão pela qual nos últimos anos se tornaram um problema de saúde pública que preocupa as empresas e o governo, porque é necessária uma abordagem preventiva, antecipada e integral. Objetivo: Compilar informação atualizada e relevante sobre os sistemas de alerta precoce que podem ser aplicados no âmbito da vigilância epidemiológica em segurança e saúde ocupacional. Materiais e métodos: Revisão narrativa da literatura, a partir da pesquisa em diferentes bases de dados de artigos publicados durante 2016-2021. Os documentos selecionados foram artigos origi-nais, artigos de revisão, orientações de gestão, execução e legislação nacional, abordando os tópicos da inteligência epidemiológica, sistemas de alerta precoce e saúde e segurança no trabalho. Resultados: Os sistemas de alerta precoce são ferramentas que fornecem informações oportunas e eficazes para ajudar os indivíduos expostos a tomar decisões para evitar o reduzir o risco. Conclusões: A aplicação de um sistema de alerta precoce nas empresas ajudará a reduzir o tempo desde a identificação do risco até a resposta e, assim, com uma maior probabilidade de controle, se influenciará na saúde dos trabalhadores, na produção e nas finanças da empresa

SARS-CoV-2 en América Latina y Caribe: Las tres encrucijadas para el pensamiento crítico en salud / SARS-CoV-2 in Latin America and the Caribbean: The three intersections for critical thinking in health

Resumen Pensar la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 implica el estudio de dimensiones generales y singulares para el devenir histórico de América Latina y Caribe. De lo individual a lo colectivo, de las ciencias biomédicas a las ciencias sociales y la salud colectiva, de los grupos de riesgos a las sociedades excluyentes y las inequidades constitutivas de la herencia colonial, patriarcal, capitalista moderna en el Estado y las sociedades. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar lo que se denomina las tres encrucijadas para el pensamiento crítico latinoamericano en salud. Buscando analizar y reflexionar sobre los presupuestos y lógicas presentes en la respuesta a la emergencia sanitaria en referencia a: 1. La teoría crítica en salud y sus intersecciones con el pensamiento crítico latinoamericano; 2. las implicancias decoloniales de problematizar el Estado y los sistemas de salud pública, y 3. la geopolítica de la seguridad sanitaria global como hoja de ruta del Norte global. Se esbozan aproximaciones en los riesgos de aceleración del capitalismo del desastre post-pandemia y los caminos alternativos de abordaje de las tensiones creativas en la reconstrucción de procesos emancipatorios para la soberanía sanitaria regional y una Salud desde el Sur.

Abstract Thinking about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic implies the study of general and unique dimensions for the historical evolution of Latin America and the Caribbean. From the individual to the collective, from biomedical sciences to social sciences and collective health, from risk groups to exclusive societies and the inequities constituting the colonial, patriarchal, modern capitalist heritage in the State and societies. The objective of this article is to review what are called the three intersections for Latin American critical health thinking. Seeking to analyze and reflect on the assumptions and logic present in the responses to the health emergency with reference to: 1. Critical health theory and its intersections with Latin American critical thinking; 2. The decolonial implications of problematizing the State and public health systems; and 3. The geopolitics of global health security as a roadmap for the global North. They outline approaches on the risks of capitalism's acceleration of the post-pandemic disaster and the alternative ways of addressing creative tensions in the reconstruction of emancipatory processes for regional health sovereignty and Health from the South.

Assessment of core capacities for antimicrobial stewardship practices in indian hospitals: Report from a multicentric initiative of global health security agenda

Introduction: Antimicrobial-resistant HAI (Healthcare associated infection) are a global challenge due to their impact on patient outcome. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMSP) is needed at institutional and national levels. Assessment of core capacities for AMSP is an important starting point to initiate nationwide AMSP. We conducted an assessment of the core capacities for AMSP in a network of Indian hospitals, which are part of the Global Health Security Agenda-funded work on capacity building for AMR-HAIs. Subjects and Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's core assessment checklist was modified as per inputs received from the Indian network. The assessment tool was filled by twenty hospitals as a self-administered questionnaire. The results were entered into a database. The cumulative score for each question was generated as average percentage. The scores generated by the database were then used for analysis. Results and Conclusion: The hospitals included a mix of public and private sector hospitals. The network average of positive responses for leadership support was 45%, for accountability; the score was 53% and for key support for AMSP, 58%. Policies to support optimal antibiotic use were present in 59% of respondents, policies for procurement were present in 79% and broad interventions to improve antibiotic use were scored as 33%. A score of 52% was generated for prescription-specific interventions to improve antibiotic use. Written policies for antibiotic use for hospitalised patients and outpatients were present on an average in 72% and 48% conditions, respectively. Presence of process measures and outcome measures was scored at 40% and 49%, respectively, and feedback and education got a score of 53% and 40%, respectively. Thus, Indian hospitals can start with low-hanging fruits such as developing prescription policies, restricting the usage of high antibiotics, enforcing education and ultimately providing the much-needed leadership support.

Status quo, challenges and prospects of health security in Macao: based on the perspective of universal health coverage / 中华医院管理杂志

Universal health coverage is a common pursuit of all levels of development. We have analyzed the challenges faced by Macao′s health security in light of the current situation of Macao′s health security development and the status of the national health coverage of developed economies indicators in the form of representative security systems, with a view to providing reference for the policy perspectives of Macao′s future reform and development.

Health Publicness beyond the Healthcare Systems: Focusing on the Concept of Health Security and the Process of Social Dialogue / 보건행정학회지

The study seeks to widen the discussion from healthcare oriented ‘health publicness’ to human security oriented ‘health publicness’. The shortcomings of previous literatures on health publicness are as follows: (1) the studies have confined the range of discussions to healthcare system, (2) lacked arguments from political perspectives, and (3) failed to provide actionable pathways to achieve the goal. Thereby, we suggest ‘health publicness’ based on the concept of human security to solve multidimensional healthcare problems. The health publicness based on human security, which aims to secure everybody's freedom from want and fear, enables not only to expand the scope of health problems that can be discussed but also to propose the procedures to achieve health publicness. More specifically, it consists of substantive and procedural health publicness. The former is about ‘health security’-protecting, maintaining, and promoting individual's health-whereas, the latter is about ‘social dialogue’ guaranteeing participation of citizens, government, employers, and worker representatives. In conclusion, this study proposes the ‘Regional Healthcare Quadripartite’ as the incarnation of health publicness involving a variety of actors within and across the healthcare system.

Zika preparedness and response in Viet Nam

@#This article describes Viet Nam Ministry of Health’s (VMoH) activities to prepare for and respond to the threat Zika virus (ZIKV), including the adaptation of existing surveillance systems to encompass ZIKV surveillance.

Exploration of the transformation of medical insurance system to health security system under Healthy China / 中国卫生政策研究

The national strategy of Healthy China clearly establishes the health insurance system,which would control health risk factors and enhance hygiene factors to safeguard the citizens's; health. There are some difference in goals,forces,contents, and compensation mechanism between health insurance system and medical insurance sys-tem. The conversion from medical security system needs to take actions including of extending the security contents, health-centered medical insurance,a combination of medical treatment and endowment. Health-centered medical in-surance reform needs to start with extending health contents and payments reform,enhancing the controlling and guid-ing the health delivery system. This is also the inevitable direction for the development of medical insurance.

Current global antimicrobial resistance and countermeasures / 军事医学

The antimicrobial abuse has become an indisputable fact as well as a global public health concern.At the 2016 G20 summit in Hangzhou,the issue of antimicrobial resistance was also put on the agenda of world leaders.This paper analyzed the status quo of global antimicrobial resistance.With reference to the report Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendation written by British Lord Jim O′Nell published in May 2016,the main influencing factors of antimicrobial resistance were described.In addition,this paper proposed countermeasures for antimicrobial resistance,including carrying out large-scale promotional activities,improving global public health conditions,reducing antimicrobial use in agriculture,strengthening the global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance,developing new treatment products for infectious diseases,and building a new pattern of global response.

A discussion on the key problems and system construction of health poverty alleviation in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Health poverty alleviation is an important part of taking targeted measures to help people lift themselves out of poverty, and it is the key link to achieve a Healthy Chinese Strategy.At present, the health problem of the poor in China is becoming increasingly prominent, and as a result, the low health status of the poor has exacerbated the level of poverty, mainly because of catastrophic disease.With this discussion paper, it was revealed that there are many problems in the system of poverty alleviation in China: The protection levels of all kinds of medical insurance are still low;the medical assistance system is still not perfect;the medical service facility of the county medical institutions is poor;the county outside referral rate is high;public health problems in poor areas are more prominent.As suggestions derived from the present discussion, China''s health and poverty alleviation system should adhere to the government led and multi-sectoral coordination of multiple health poverty alleviation.It should also strengthen health care and public health system construction in poverty-stricken areas, and establish a multi-path health security system.

Changes of Global Infectious Disease Governance in 2000s: Rise of Global Health Security and Transformation of Infectious Disease Control System in South Korea / 의사학

This paper focus upon the changes of global infectious disease governance in 2000s and the transformation of infectious disease control system in South Korea. Traditionally, infectious disease was globally governed by the quarantine regulated by the international conventions. When an infectious disease outbreak occurred in one country, each country prevented transmission of the disease through the standardized quarantine since the installation of international sanitary convention in 1892. Republic of Korea also organized the infectious disease control system with quarantine and disease report procedure after the establishment of government. Additionally, Korea National Health Institute(KNIH) was founded as research and training institute for infectious disease. However, traditional international health regulation system faced a serious challenge by the appearance of emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in 1990s. As a result, global infectious disease governance was rapidly changed under the demand to global disease surveillance and response. Moreover, global health security frame became important after 2001 bioterror and 2003 SARS outbreak. Consequently, international health regulation was fully revised in 2005, which included not only infectious disease but also public health emergency. The new international health regime was differently characterized in several aspects; reinforcement of global cooperation and surveillance, enlargement of the role of supranational and international agencies, and reorganization of national capacity. KNIH was reorganized with epidemic control and research since late 1990s. However, in 2004 Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention(KCDC) was established as a disease control institution with combining quarantine and other functions after 2003 SARS outbreak. KCDC unified national function against infectious disease including prevention, protection, response and research, as a national representative in disease control. The establishment of KCDC can be understood as the adoption of new international health regulation system based upon SARS experience.

Health security measures of food and drinking water during military training on the plateau / 军事医学

Objective To investigate the health security requirements on food and drinking water during military training on the plateau,and explore ways to improve military health security support capability.Methods Seven army units were randomly chosen.By means of on-site check and sample detection,both internal and external environmental factor changes and health and safety conditions of food and drinking water were surveyed on the plateau.Internal and external standard methods were used to test the stability of portable instruments.Results There was considerable difference in diurnal temperature and relative humidity between indoors and outdoors.In two field units,raw materials of foods were purchased in a centralized manner and suppliers were fixed,they were purchased independently in the othev five units. Facilities of food storage and transportation were lacking in all the seven units.In one of the fifty-three food samples, residues of pesticides exceeded the national standard.Among the three water samples,the level of turbidity,ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was lower than the standard limits,but free residual chlorine and total chlorine were not detected.The plateau environment had no significant effect on spectrophotometers,but had significant influence on enzyme-linked immune detectors.Conclusion There are potential health hazards to training troops on the plateau that arise from foods and drinking water.Improvement of management and equipment adaptability is needed to further enhance the field health security efficacy.

International experiences in medical assistance system and implications for China / 中国卫生政策研究

Medical assistance systems are an integral part of the health security system and they represent the integrity and adequacy of health risk protection. The overwhelming majority of developed countries have already es-tablished medical assistance systems to improve the accessibility of healthcare services and provide catastrophic pro-tection for families, especially for the poor. The paper conducts a comparative study of typical foreign medical assis-tance systems, where in the general method by which developed countries embed catastrophe protection mechanisms into public healthcare security systems and provide tilt protection to the needy is described. Medical assistance is pro-vided on a means-test basis and the development of private health insurance is encouraged to alleviate pressure on the public side. Corresponding implications for China are also warranted, including the provision of tilt protection to the needy, to re-define objects and standards of medical assistance, and enhance the coordination of different medical se-curity systems.

The operation and implictaion of universal health insurance in the U nited Kingdom, Singapore and Hong Kong / 中国卫生政策研究

As the excellent country or region refers to medical insurance system , the United Kingdom , Singa-pore and Hong Kong are often the focus of international academic circles .However , the difference is that the United Kingdom is a model of free universal medical care , Singapore is a government-led mixed medical protection mode , and Hong Kong earns a worldwide reputation on health care by virtue of the high quality , low price public hospital services .This article assesses the advantages and limitations of the three medical insurance systems in terms of equity in financing , individual affordability, insurance coverage , sustainability in financing and individual responsibility , and provides a reference for health care reform in China .

Pitfalls and Security Measures for the Mobile EMR System in Medical Facilities / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this paper is to examine the security measures that should be reviewed by medical facilities that are trying to implement mobile Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems designed for hospitals. METHODS: The study of the security requirements for a mobile EMR system is divided into legal considerations and sectional security investigations. Legal considerations were examined with regard to remote medical services, patients' personal information and EMR, medical devices, the establishment of mobile systems, and mobile applications. For the 4 sectional security investigations, the mobile security level SL-3 from the Smartphone Security Standards of the National Intelligence Service (NIS) was used. RESULTS: From a compliance perspective, legal considerations for various laws and guidelines of mobile EMR were executed according to the model of the legal considerations. To correspond to the SL-3, separation of DMZ and wireless network is needed. Mobile access servers must be located in only the smartphone DMZ. Furthermore, security measures like 24-hour security control, WIPS, VPN, MDM, and ISMS for each section are needed to establish a secure mobile EMR system. CONCLUSIONS: This paper suggested a direction for applying regulatory measures to strengthen the security of a mobile EMR system in accordance with the standard security requirements presented by the Smartphone Security Guideline of the NIS. A future study on the materialization of these suggestions after their application at actual medical facilities can be used as an illustrative case to determine the degree to which theory and reality correspond with one another.

Pitfalls and Security Measures for the Mobile EMR System in Medical Facilities / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this paper is to examine the security measures that should be reviewed by medical facilities that are trying to implement mobile Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems designed for hospitals. METHODS: The study of the security requirements for a mobile EMR system is divided into legal considerations and sectional security investigations. Legal considerations were examined with regard to remote medical services, patients' personal information and EMR, medical devices, the establishment of mobile systems, and mobile applications. For the 4 sectional security investigations, the mobile security level SL-3 from the Smartphone Security Standards of the National Intelligence Service (NIS) was used. RESULTS: From a compliance perspective, legal considerations for various laws and guidelines of mobile EMR were executed according to the model of the legal considerations. To correspond to the SL-3, separation of DMZ and wireless network is needed. Mobile access servers must be located in only the smartphone DMZ. Furthermore, security measures like 24-hour security control, WIPS, VPN, MDM, and ISMS for each section are needed to establish a secure mobile EMR system. CONCLUSIONS: This paper suggested a direction for applying regulatory measures to strengthen the security of a mobile EMR system in accordance with the standard security requirements presented by the Smartphone Security Guideline of the NIS. A future study on the materialization of these suggestions after their application at actual medical facilities can be used as an illustrative case to determine the degree to which theory and reality correspond with one another.

Estado de servicios de salud para la detección temprana de hipoacusia en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud / Health services state for early detection of hearing loss in services providers

Early detection of hearing loss in children under six months of age, is supposed an appropriate care for the acquisition and early development of a language, to ensure that children under a comprehensive care and quality of life as part of their human development, as well as respond to their rights as part of existing national policies around children. In this regard research attempted to know the status of some health services, in struc-ture, organization and institutional functioning in the framework of the General system of Social Security, in the promotion and prevention programs, It will be demonstrated (or evidenced) the correspondence among as stated from the legal level, include the business promoters of health EPS, assume the lenders of IPS ser-vices institutions and the benefit they get in assistance or service of quality in which hearing loss is detected early. The research methodology used was descriptive to characterize the territorial conditions of structure, organization and institutional functioning available to some IPS, to advance actions of promotion of the ear health and detection of hearing loss. The research method was observational qualitative approach to analítico-sintético, since that was expected to meet each of the parties that characterized the reality of the current state of the studied health services, through the review and documentary analysis of laws and the investigation of knowledge of administrative and healthcare professionals.