Construção de um indicador multidimensional de saúde bucal para a população idosa da cidade de Manaus, AM / Construction of a multidimensional oral health indicator for the older population in the city of Manaus-Amazonas

Resumo Objetivo Produzir um indicador multidimensional de saúde bucal, a partir de variáveis dentárias e não dentárias, para a pessoa idosa da zona urbana do município de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Método Os dados utilizados são oriundos de um estudo transversal de base populacional conduzido no ano de 2008, com indivíduos de 65 a 74 anos de idade, aleatoriamente selecionados, residentes na cidade de Manaus. Para a produção do indicador proposto, consideraram-se as variáveis dentárias (CPO-D - Índice de Dentes Perdidos, Cariados e Obturados; CPI - Índice Periodontal Comunitário; PIP- Índice de Perda de Inserção Periodontal) e não dentárias (socioeconômicas e índice GOHAI - General Oral Health Assessment Index). Uma Análise Fatorial Exploratória sintetizou essas variáveis, facilitando a construção do indicador multidimensional. Resultados A análise gerou três fatores que, em conjunto, explicaram 72,9% da variância do modelo (KMO = 0,749 e p< 0,001 para o teste de esfericidade de Bartlett). Esses três fatores foram reduzidos à variável "soma", calculada a partir da soma dos escores fatoriais por indivíduo. A mediana dessa nova variável foi o valor de referência para categorização da condição de saúde bucal do indivíduo em "favorável" ou "desfavorável". Conclusão O indicador foi capaz de agregar diversas dimensões da saúde bucal em uma única medida, além de possibilitar sua reprodutibilidade para construção de outros indicadores de saúde.

Abstract Objective Produce a multidimensional indicator of oral health, based on dental and non-dental variables, for the older adult in the urban area of the city of Manaus-AM. Method The data used are from a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in 2008 with randomly selected individuals aged 65 to 74 years, residing in the city of Manaus. To produce the proposed indicator, the dental variables (DMFT- Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth; CPI- Community Periodontal Index; PIP- Periodontal Insertion Loss Index) and non-dental (socioeconomic and index GOHAI- General Oral Health Assessment Index) were considered. An exploratory factor analysis synthesized these variables, facilitating the construction of the multidimensional indicator Results The analysis generated three factors that, together, explained 72.9% of the model's variance (KMO = 0.749 and p<0.001 for Bartlett's test of sphericity). These three factors were reduced to the "sum" variable, calculated from the sum of the factor scores per individual. The median of this new variable was the reference value for categorizing the individual's oral health condition into "favorable" or "unfavorable". Conclusion The indicator was able to aggregate several dimensions of oral health into a single measure, in addition to enabling its reproducibility for the construction of other health status indicators.

Percepción del estado de salud en la región central colombiana: Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2007 / Perceived health status of people from the central regionof Colombia: National Health Survey, 2007

Objetivo Determinar los perfiles del estado de salud de las personas de 6 a 69 años de la región central Colombiana, participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2007. Métodos En la Encuesta participaron 18 683 personas entre 6 y 69 años de la región central Colombiana. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas y se realizó un análisis de correspondencias múltiples por subregión. Las variables significativas (t-test ≤0.05) para la construcción de los ejes factoriales en el plano cartesiano fueron: sexo, edad, escolaridad, área de residencia, grupo étnico, reporte de eventos mórbidos y auto-percepción de salud. Resultados Se identificaron tres tipologías del estado salud: auto percepción de salud en correspondencia con características sociodemográficas, reporte o no de eventos mórbidos y subregión de análisis. Las personas en actividades laborales o académicas reportaron mejores percepciones de salud. Para indígenas residentes en zonas rurales se encontró mayor reporte de lesiones por accidente o violencia, envenenamiento e intoxicaciones que para personas blancas de zonas urbanas; las mujeres sin educación tuvieron valoraciones más negativas del estado de salud. Se encontró, además, correspondencia entre un perfil específico de salud para cada subregión en estudio. Conclusiones Las diferencias encontradas pudieran deberse al auto-cuidado, al acceso a los servicios sociales, a la accesibilidad geográfica y a patrones culturales de reporte de la auto-percepción de salud.

Objective Determining perceived health status profiles for people aged 6 to 69 years old from the central region of Colombia, based on the 2007 National Health Survey. Method The survey involved 18,683 people aged 6 to 69 years old from the central region of Colombia. Descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analyses by sub-region were calculated. Significant variables (≤0.05 t-test) for constructing Cartesian plane factor axes were gender, age, educational level, residential area, ethnicity, morbid event reporting and self-perceived health status. Results Three health status typologies were identified: perceived health corresponding to socio-demographic characteristics, morbid event reporting and residential area. People having a job or engaging in academic activities had better health status perception. Indigenous people living in rural areas reported injuries arising from an accident, violence and/or poisoning more frequently than white people living in urban areas. An educated woman had a more negative evaluation of their health status. Agreement was also found for a specific health profile and each sub-region being studied. Conclusions Differences may have been due to self-care, social service access, geographic accessibility and cultural patterns regarding self-reported health status perception. Analyzing greater depth is needed.

A Comparison of Community Health Status by Region and an Investigation of related Factors using Community Health Indicators

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to compare community health status by region and to investigate related factors using community health and social indicators. METHODS: Data were collected from statistics of local districts that were provided by KNSO and KCDC. ANOVA and correlation were analyzed using PASW 18.0. RESULTS: The standardized cancer mortality rate was higher in metropolitan areas than in other areas. On the contrary, the mortality of respiratory disease, traffic accident, and suicide were higher in rural areas. Small cities and county districts showed higher prevalence in obesity prevalence than metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas presented higher prevalence in alcohol drinking during the previous month, perceived stress, and seat belt use. The age-adjusted standardized mortality rate was correlated with higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, percentage of the elderly, number of beds, number of social welfare facilities, number of registered cars, lower percentage of financial independence, number of doctors, and percentage of water supply service & sewage. CONCLUSION: Since significant differences in mortality rate and prevalence of health risk behaviors exist between regional areas and the mortality rate was correlated with other social indicators and health indicators, health policies and social policies considering these differences should be develop and implemented to the communities.

Correlación entre agua y saneamiento e indicadores de salus y desarrollo 2008: Costa Rica en el mundo / Correlation between potable water, sanitation and development health indicators 2008: Costa Rica in the world

Describir las coberturas con las diferentes modalidades de acceso a agua para consumo humano y disposición adecuada de excretas, definidas en los conceptos de fuentes de agua potable mejoradas e instalaciones de saneamiento mejoradas, en 147 países del mundo, y su relación con los indicadores básicos de salud y desarrollo. Por otro lado, se busca ubicar a Costa Rica en el contexto mundial durante el año 2008 en estos aspectos. Método: los datos se obtuvieron de documentos publicados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia. Se realizaron análisis de correlación lineal, al 95 por ciento de confianza, entre los datos, para determinar la asociación entre los respectivos pares de variables; además, se establecieron escalafones o ranking de acceso a los diferentes tipos de coberturas, para identificar la ubicación de nuestro país en cada una de ellas. Conclusiones: los resultados demuestran que las variables de acceso a fuentes de agua potable mejoradas total e instalaciones de saneamiento mejoradas, explican mejor los avances de las naciones en los indicadores básicos de salud y desarrollo

Epidemiological estimators’ power of rating inequality in health in high-income OECD countries, 1998-2002 / Capacidad de estimadores epidemiológicos para medir disparidades en salud en países OCDE de alto ingreso, 1998-2002

Objective Examining the power (ability) of classical epidemiological estimators to rate inequality in health in univariate and composite ways. Methods Ecological study. Ratio, excess risk, attributable risk (AR) and relative difference were the estimators used for showing disparities; all of them were weighted by population size. Kappa concordance coefficient was used between weighted estimators and weighted Gini coefficients for each health outcome used. Cumulative variance at first factor in principal component analysis was used for determining the estimators’ suitability for use in a composite index. 24 high-income OECD (Organisation for Economical Cooperation and Development) countries’ data for 1998-2002 were included. Such data was obtained from OECD health data for 2004 (3rd edition). Data concerning child mortality and gross domestic product (GDP) was obtained from World Development Indicators for 2005 on CD-ROM.The main outcomes compared amongst countries were: maternal mortality, child mortality, infant mortality, low birth-weight, life-expectancy, measles’ immunisation and DTP immunisation. Results Ratio and AR ranked maternal mortality as being the condition having the most disparity; risk excess ranked vaccination programmes and relative difference ranked low birth-weight as being the worst conditions. There was concordance in the ranking of inequities amongst ratio, AR and Gini coefficients (p<0.05). Cumulative variance in the first factor was higher for ratio and AR when they were used for constructing a composite index. Conclusions Ratio and AR were better than risk excess and relative difference for measuring disparities in health and constructing composite inequity in health indexes.

Objetivo Evaluar la capacidad de la Razón (R), exceso de riesgo (ER), fracción atribuible (FA) y diferencia relativa (DR) para medir las desigualdades en salud. Metodos Estudio ecológico. Se ponderó por el tamaño de la población. La concordancia por indicador entre estimadores y coeficiente de Gini (Gini) se evaluó con coeficiente Kappa. La varianza acumulada en el primer factor (análisis de componentes principales) fue utilizada para evaluar la capacidad de los estimadores para ser utilizados en un índice compuesto. 24 Países de Alto Ingreso (según Banco Mundial) entre 1998 y 2002, fueron incluidos. Los datos se obtuvieron del OECD Health Data, 2004 y del World Development Indicators-2005. Los indicadores comparados entre los países fueron: Mortalidad materna, mortalidad en niños menores de 5 años, mortalidad infantil, bajo peso al nacer, expectativa de vida al nacer, inmunización contra sarampión y contra DTP. Resultados R y FA posicionaron la mortalidad materna como la condición de mayor disparidad, ER posicionó los programas de vacunación y DR posicionó el bajo peso al nacer como la peor condición. Hubo concordancia en el posicionamiento de las desigualdades entre R, FA y Gini (p<0.05). La varianza acumulada en el primer factor fue mayor para R y FA, cuando ellos se utilizaron para construir un indicador compuesto. Conclusiones R y la FA atribuible son mejores que el ER y la DR para medir desigualdades en salud entre países y para construir un indicador de inequidad en salud compuesto.

Evaluación del Impacto en Costo-equidad del Sistema de Salud en Colombia 1998-2005 / Evaluating cost/equity in the Colombian health system, 1998-2005

Objetivo: Realizar un estudio de análisis económico de costo equidad, desde la perspectiva de la sociedad, para evaluar el impacto de la Ley 100/93 en Colombia, entre 1998 y el 2005. Metodología: Estudio de análisis económico, comparando los costos y la equidad en salud en Colombia, entre 1998 y 2005. Los datos se tomaron del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística y de las Encuestas de Demografía y Salud, 2000 y 2005. La información sobre costos se tomó del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales en Salud. La inequidad en salud se estimó según el Indicador de Inequidad en Salud (IHI). Se hizo un análisis de costo equidad promedio e incremental para tres sub períodos, así; 1998-1999, en el que ocurrió una disminución del Producto Interno Bruto per cápita en Colombia; 2000-2001, en el que se disminuyó el Gasto Total en Salud, y el sub periodo posterior a los dos anteriores. Resultados: Se presentó una tendencia a disminuir el IHI, aunque no fue estable durante todo el periodo. Hubo una relación inversa entre la inequidad en salud y el Gasto Público Total en Salud, y una relación directa entre el gasto de bolsillo y la inequidad en salud ( Spearman , p<0.05). La mejor relación de costo equidad incremental se apreció para el segundo periodo, con respecto al primero. Conclusión: Las fluctuaciones en la equidad y en la relación de costo equidad incremental entre los periodos analizados sugieren una dependencia entre el gasto en salud y la equidad en salud en Colombia durante el periodo de estudio.

Objective: An economic analysis of cost-equity (from society's viewpoint) for evaluating the impact of Law 100/93 in Colombia between 1998 and 2005. Methodology: An economic analysis compared costs and equity in health in Colombia between 1998 and 2005. Data was taken from the Colombian Statistics' Administration Department ( Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica - DANE) and from national demographic and health surveys carried out in 2000 and 2005. Information regarding costs was taken from the National Health Accounts' System. Inequity in Health was considered in line with the Inequity in Health Index (IHI). Incremental and average cost-equity analysis covered three sub-periods; 1998-1999 (during which time per capita gross internal product became reduced in Colombia ), 2000-2001 (during which time total health expense became reduced) and 2001 -2005. Results: An unstable tendency for inequity in health becoming reduced during the period was revealed. There was an inverse relationship between IHI and public health spending and a direct relationship between out-of-pocket spending on health and equity in health (Spearman, p<0.05). The second period had the best incremental cost-equity ratio. Conclusion: Fluctuations in IHI and marginal cost-equity during the periods being analysed suggested that health spending depended on equity in health in Colombia during the period being studied.