ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT There is growing recognition that health and well-being improvements have not been shared across populations in the Americas. This article analyzes 32 national health sector policies, strategies, and plans across 10 different areas of health equity to understand, from one perspective, how equity is being addressed in the region. It finds significant variation in the substance and structure of how the health plans handle the issue. Nearly all countries explicitly include health equity as a clear goal, and most address the social determinants of health. Participatory processes documented in the development of these plans range from none to extensive and robust. Substantive equity-focused policies, such as those to improve physical accessibility of health care and increase affordable access to medicines, are included in many plans, though no country includes all aspects examined. Countries identify marginalized populations in their plans, though only a quarter specifically identify Afro-descendants and more than half do not address Indigenous people, including countries with large Indigenous populations. Four include attention to migrants. Despite health equity goals and data on baseline inequities, fewer than half of countries include time-bound targets on reducing absolute or relative health inequalities. Clear accountability mechanisms such as education, reporting, or rights-enforcement mechanisms in plans are rare. The nearly unanimous commitment across countries of the Americas to equity in health provides an important opportunity. Learning from the most robust equity-focused plans could provide a road map for efforts to translate broad goals into time-bound targets and eventually to increasing equity.
RESUMEN Cada vez es mayor el reconocimiento de que las mejoras en cuanto a la salud y el bienestar no han llegado por igual a todos los segmentos de la población en la Región de las Américas. En este artículo se analizan 32 políticas, estrategias y planes nacionales del sector de la salud con respecto a diez áreas distintas relativas a la equidad en la salud. El objetivo es comprender, desde una perspectiva, cómo se está abordando la equidad en la Región. Se ha encontrado una variación significativa, tanto en sustancia como en estructura, sobre la manera en que se maneja el tema en los planes de salud. Casi todos los países incluyen explícitamente la equidad en la salud como una meta clara y la mayoría abordan los determinantes sociales de la salud. En la formulación de estos planes se ha documentado desde ningún proceso participativo hasta procesos participativos exhaustivos y sólidos. En muchos planes se han incluido políticas sustantivas centradas en la equidad, como aquellas para mejorar la accesibilidad física a la atención de salud y el acceso a medicamentos asequibles, pero en ningún país se incorporan todos los aspectos analizados. Si bien los países contemplan a los grupos marginados en sus planes, solo una cuarta parte identifica específicamente a las personas afrodescendientes y más de la mitad de los países no considera a las personas indígenas, incluso en el caso de algunos países con una población indígena grande. Cuatro países contemplan la atención médica a los migrantes. A pesar de que existen metas sobre la equidad en la salud y datos de línea de base sobre las inequidades, menos de la mitad de los países incluyen metas con plazos para reducir las inequidades en la salud absolutas o relativas. No son habituales tampoco en los planes los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas claros, como educación, presentación de informes o cumplimiento de los derechos. Los países de la Región de las Américas muestran un compromiso casi unánime con la equidad en la salud, lo cual brinda una oportunidad importante. Aprender de los planes para la equidad más sólidos podría proporcionar una hoja de ruta para las iniciativas que tratan de traducir algunas metas amplias en metas con plazos específicos que puedan eventualmente mejorar la equidad.
RESUMO É cada vez mais aceito que os avanços em saúde e bem-estar não são partilhados por todas as populações nas Américas. Neste artigo são analisadas 32 políticas, estratégias e planos nacionais de saúde em 10 áreas distintas de equidade em saúde com o objetivo de entender, de uma única perspectiva, como a equidade está sendo contemplada na região. Existem diferenças consideráveis na forma e conteúdo do enfoque dado a esta questão nos planos de saúde. Quase todos os países estabelecem explicitamente a equidade em saúde como uma meta clara e a maioria aborda os determinantes sociais da saúde. O processo participativo documentado na elaboração dos planos também é variável, desde inexistente a amplo e decidido. Muitos planos contêm políticas concretas com foco central em equidade, por exemplo, políticas para melhorar a acessibilidade física à assistência de saúde e o acesso a medicamentos a preços razoáveis, mas nenhum país inclui todos os aspectos aqui examinados. Os países identificam as populações marginalizadas nos seus planos, porém, apenas um quarto distingue especificamente os afrodescendentes e mais da metade não contempla os povos indígenas, mesmo onde as populações indígenas são em grande número. Quatro países consideram a atenção aos migrantes. Embora existam metas de equidade em saúde e dados relativos a iniquidades de base, menos da metade dos países incorpora em seus planos metas com prazos definidos para reduzir as desigualdades absolutas ou relativas em saúde. Instrumentos claros de responsabilidade como educação, prestação de contas ou respeito aos direitos são raramente vistos. O compromisso praticamente unânime dos países das Américas com a equidade em saúde oferece uma oportunidade importante. Os planos mais bem fundados com enfoque em equidade poderiam servir de exemplo para guiar os esforços de converter metas gerais em metas com prazos definidos e, em última instância, aumentar a equidade.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Programs and Plans , Americas , Health Equity , Health Policy , Health Services AccessibilityABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To examine the approach adopted by the health plans of the autonomous communities of Spain, verifying the weight given to the concept of equity; to detect referenced communities or situations, as well as to distinguish the perspective of approaching it, from access, equity or equalization. METHODS: Qualitative study, of content analysis using Nvivo12, carried out in 2020 on health plans in force since 2019 in the different regions (autonomous communities) of Spain. Sixteen current regional health plans were compiled to establish base categories (equity, accessibility and equality) and determine associated terms using Nvivo12, from which a content analysis was performed. RESULTS: The concept of equity is not emphasized in the regional health plans and its relevance is surpassed by the concepts of accessibility and equality. The use of these three concepts is associated with various categories indicating circumstances, conditions or groups to which the plans give greater attention. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained coincide with previous studies on the contents and orientation of health plans, revealing a discrete presence of the concept of equity in the approaches adopted, although this does not undermine the alignment of health policies with the visions emanating from transnational organizations. It is detected the existence of a group to which special attention is given from the accessibility approach, the population with functional diversity.
RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Examinar el enfoque adoptado por los planes de salud de las comunidades autónomas de España verificando el peso otorgado al concepto de equidad; detectar a qué colectivos o situaciones se hace referencia; así como distinguir la perspectiva de abordaje del mismo, desde el acceso, la igualación o la equiparación. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo, de análisis de contenido mediante Nvivo12, realizado en 2020 sobre planes de salud en vigencia a fecha de 2019 en las diferentes regiones (comunidades autónomas) de España. Se han recopilado 16 planes de salud regionales vigentes para establecer categorías base (equidad, accesibilidad e igualdad) y determinar términos asociados a través de Nvivo12, a partir de los que se realizó un análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: El concepto de equidad no resulta destacado por los planes de salud autonómicos y su relevancia es superada por los conceptos de accesibilidad e igualdad. El empleo de estos tres conceptos está asociado a diversas categorías que connotan circunstancias, condiciones o colectivos a los que los planes prestan mayor atención. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos coinciden con estudios previos sobre los contenidos y orientación de los planes de salud, revelando una presencia discreta del concepto de equidad en los enfoques adoptados, sin que ello menoscabe el alineamiento de las políticas de salud respecto de las visiones emanadas de organizaciones transnacionales. Se detecta la existencia de un colectivo al que se presta especial atención desde el enfoque de accesibilidad, la población con diversidad funcional.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Equity , Health Policy , Spain , Brazil , Health Services AccessibilityABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the adequacy of maternal and child-care in prenatal care, childbirth and the puerperal period, in the public health service. Methods: longitudinal study carried out in a city in Paraná with 357 puerperal women in a public maternity ward, outpatient clinic for immediate puerperal return and home visit 42 days postpartum. Four care domains were grouped (1 - Prenatal, 2 - Maternity, 3 - Immediate puerperal return, 4 - Late puerperal return). Mean, median, standard deviation and coefficient of variance were calculated considering adequate assistance when ≥ 70%; and inadequate, inferior. Results: lowest suitability average in Domain 3 (39.37%) and highest for Domain 4 (74.82%); median of 50.00% at 3 and 76.90% at 4. The largest standard deviation, in Domain 3 (25.18%); and high coefficient of variance for 1 and 3. Conclusions: in maternal and child follow-up, rates close to adequate in maternity care and higher in late puerperal return, meanwhile prenatal and immediate puerperal return were below the recommended in the health care network.
RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la adecuación de la asistencia materno-infantil en el prenatal, parto y período puerperal, en el servicio público de salud. Métodos: estudio longitudinal realizado en ciudad de Paraná con 357 puérperas en maternidad pública, ambulatorio de retorno puerperal inmediato y visita domiciliar 42 días postparto. Se ha agrupado cuatro dominios de asistencia (1 - Prenatal, 2 - Maternidad, 3 - Retorno puerperal inmediato, 4 - Retorno puerperal tardío). Se ha calculado media, mediana, desvío estándar y coeficiente de desviación considerando asistencia adecuada cuando ≥ 70%; y inadecuada, inferior. Resultados: menor media de adecuación en el Dominio 3 (39,37%) y mayor para 4 (74,82%); mediana de 50,00% en 3 y 76,90% en 4. El desvío estándar mayor, en el Dominio 3 (25,18%); y coeficiente de desviación alta para 1 y 3. Conclusiones: en el seguimiento materno infantil, índices próximos al adecuado en la atención en la maternidad y superior en el retorno puerperal tardío, entretanto prenatal y retorno puerperal inmediato se presentaron lejos del preconizado en la red de atención a la salud.
RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a adequação da assistência materno-infantil no pré-natal, parto e período puerperal, no serviço público de saúde. Métodos: estudo longitudinal realizado em cidade do Paraná com 357 puérperas em maternidade pública, ambulatório de retorno puerperal imediato e visita domiciliar 42 dias pós-parto. Agruparam-se quatro domínios de assistência (1 - Pré-natal, 2 - Maternidade, 3 - Retorno puerperal imediato, 4 - Retorno puerperal tardio). Calculou-se média, mediana, desvio-padrão e coeficiente de variância considerando assistência adequada quando ≥ 70%; e inadequada, inferior. Resultados: menor média de adequação no Domínio 3 (39,37%) e maior para o 4 (74,82%); mediana de 50,00% no 3 e 76,90% no 4. O desvio-padrão maior, no Domínio 3 (25,18%); e coeficiente de variância alta para 1 e 3. Conclusões: no seguimento materno-infantil, índices próximos ao adequado no atendimento na maternidade e superior no retorno puerperal tardio, entretanto pré-natal e retorno puerperal imediato se apresentaram aquém do preconizado na rede de atenção à saúde.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the adequacy of maternal and child-care in prenatal care, childbirth and the puerperal period, in the public health service. Methods: longitudinal study carried out in a city in Paraná with 357 puerperal women in a public maternity ward, outpatient clinic for immediate puerperal return and home visit 42 days postpartum. Four care domains were grouped (1 - Prenatal, 2 - Maternity, 3 - Immediate puerperal return, 4 - Late puerperal return). Mean, median, standard deviation and coefficient of variance were calculated considering adequate assistance when ≥ 70%; and inadequate, inferior. Results: lowest suitability average in Domain 3 (39.37%) and highest for Domain 4 (74.82%); median of 50.00% at 3 and 76.90% at 4. The largest standard deviation, in Domain 3 (25.18%); and high coefficient of variance for 1 and 3. Conclusions: in maternal and child follow-up, rates close to adequate in maternity care and higher in late puerperal return, meanwhile prenatal and immediate puerperal return were below the recommended in the health care network.
RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la adecuación de la asistencia materno-infantil en el prenatal, parto y período puerperal, en el servicio público de salud. Métodos: estudio longitudinal realizado en ciudad de Paraná con 357 puérperas en maternidad pública, ambulatorio de retorno puerperal inmediato y visita domiciliar 42 días postparto. Se ha agrupado cuatro dominios de asistencia (1 - Prenatal, 2 - Maternidad, 3 - Retorno puerperal inmediato, 4 - Retorno puerperal tardío). Se ha calculado media, mediana, desvío estándar y coeficiente de desviación considerando asistencia adecuada cuando ≥ 70%; y inadecuada, inferior. Resultados: menor media de adecuación en el Dominio 3 (39,37%) y mayor para 4 (74,82%); mediana de 50,00% en 3 y 76,90% en 4. El desvío estándar mayor, en el Dominio 3 (25,18%); y coeficiente de desviación alta para 1 y 3. Conclusiones: en el seguimiento materno infantil, índices próximos al adecuado en la atención en la maternidad y superior en el retorno puerperal tardío, entretanto prenatal y retorno puerperal inmediato se presentaron lejos del preconizado en la red de atención a la salud.
RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a adequação da assistência materno-infantil no pré-natal, parto e período puerperal, no serviço público de saúde. Métodos: estudo longitudinal realizado em cidade do Paraná com 357 puérperas em maternidade pública, ambulatório de retorno puerperal imediato e visita domiciliar 42 dias pós-parto. Agruparam-se quatro domínios de assistência (1 - Pré-natal, 2 - Maternidade, 3 - Retorno puerperal imediato, 4 - Retorno puerperal tardio). Calculou-se média, mediana, desvio-padrão e coeficiente de variância considerando assistência adequada quando ≥ 70%; e inadequada, inferior. Resultados: menor média de adequação no Domínio 3 (39,37%) e maior para o 4 (74,82%); mediana de 50,00% no 3 e 76,90% no 4. O desvio-padrão maior, no Domínio 3 (25,18%); e coeficiente de variância alta para 1 e 3. Conclusões: no seguimento materno-infantil, índices próximos ao adequado no atendimento na maternidade e superior no retorno puerperal tardio, entretanto pré-natal e retorno puerperal imediato se apresentaram aquém do preconizado na rede de atenção à saúde.
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RESUMEN Objetivo Conocer las barreras y facilitadores para la continuidad en la implementación de la estrategia de Atención Primaria en Salud en Palmira. Métodos Se tomó la experiencia de Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) del ente territorial de salud del Municipio de Palmira, Colombia, un territorio de aproximadamente 283 431 habitantes. Se usó el enfoque metodológico cualitativo mediante el análisis de contenido temático. La población objeto fueron los informantes clave, individuos con un papel potencialmente significativo en la formulación y desarrollo de la estrategia de APS, elegidos con un enfoque no probabilístico por conveniencia. La información se obtuvo de fuentes primarias y secundarias y se utilizó el software informático de análisis cualitativo Atlas Ti V7, como herramienta de apoyo para el manejo de datos. Resultados El análisis de barreras y facilitadores para la continuidad de la estrategia de APS identificó las principales características de la estrategia y una serie de temas recurrentes al momento de analizar las posibles barreras y facilitadores en los componentes de proceso, actores, contenido y contexto. Cada uno de estos temas presentó comportamientos diversos según la percepción de los participantes. Algunos temas fueron percibidos como facilitadores, barreras o como ambos. Conclusión Al comparar las barreras y facilitadores, se encontró que, a nivel global, son mayores las barreras que los facilitadores, comportamiento reflejado en la teoría, que indica que la población con algún tipo de vulnerabilidad presenta mayor cantidad de barreras frente a los servicios de salud y que la estrategia de APS hace especial énfasis en este tipo de población.
ABSTRACT Objective To know the barriers and facilitators for the continuity in the implementation of the Primary Health Care strategy in Palmira. Methods The Primary Health Care (PHC) experience was taken from the territorial health entity of the Municipality of Palmira, Colombia, which is a territory approximately with 283,431 habitants. The qualitative methodological approach was used through thematic content analysis. The target population was the key informants, individuals with a potentially significant role in the formulation and development of the PHC strategy, chosen with a non-probabilistic approach for convenience. The information was obtained from primary and secondary sources and the qualitative analysis computer software Atlas Ti V7 was used as a support tool for data management. Results The analysis of barriers and facilitators for the continuity of the PHC strategy, identified the main characteristics of the strategy and a series of recurring themes when analyzing the possible barriers and facilitators in the process components, actors, content, and context. Each of these themes presented different behaviors according to the perception of the participants, where some themes were perceived as facilitators, barriers, or both. Conclusión When comparing barriers and facilitators, it was found that globally the barriers are greater than facilitators, a behavior reflected in the theory since it indicates that the vulnerable population presents a greater number of barriers compared to health services and the strategy of APS places special emphasis on this type of population.
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Resumen Introducción: Santander es pionero en atención primaria y lidera la implementación del nuevo Modelo Integral de Atención en Salud (MIAS) en Colombia. Este proceso requiere fortalecer las competencias del recurso humano encargado de atender los usuarios del sistema de salud. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de los trabajadores de salud del primer nivel, y sus supervisores, respecto a sus competencias para desempeñarse dentro del MIAS. Metodología: Estudio transversal. Se construyó y validó un cuestionario de competencias en el saber Ser, Conocer y Hacer, basado en lineamientos del MIAS e instrumentos de competencias de profesionales de medicina y enfermería; se aplicó en línea a profesionales de siete profesiones de salud y auxiliares de enfermería. Se realizó un análisis por grupo de trabajadores y se compararon las percepciones de éstos y sus supervisores. Resultados: Participaron 359 trabajadores y 102 supervisores. En el Ser hubo menores puntajes dados por los supervisores en competencias de liderazgo profesional, trabajo en equipo y autonomía profesional. En el Conocer observamos menor percepción en competencia sobre Rutas Integrales de Atención en Salud (RIAS), priorización de grupos de riesgo, niveles y redes de prestadores, planes de beneficios, actores del sistema, y actividades a realizar en los entornos definidos por el MIAS. En el Hacer las competencias con menores puntajes fueron actividades de investigación en salud pública y ejecución de programas intersectoriales. Conclusiones: Múltiples competencias se deben fortalecer en los trabajadores de salud del primer nivel de atención, para implementar el MIAS.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Santander is pioneer in primary health care and is leading the implementation of the new comprehensive health care model (CHCM) in Colombia. This process requires to strength the competences of the health system's workers. Objective: To identify the primary health care workers' perception, and their supervisor's perception, regarding their competences for working in the framework of the new CHCM. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey in health professionals and technicians, and their supervisors, working in primary health care centers. We built and validated a questionnaire for the assessment of the three competences dimensions (attitude, knowledge, skills) based on the CHCM conceptual documents and questionnaires of competences for physicians and nurses. We stratified results by health profession and then, the worker and supervisors' perceptions were compared. Results: Participants were 359 health workers and 102 supervisors. In the attitude dimension, scores of leadership, teamwork, and professional autonomy were lower in supervisors than workers. In the knowledge dimension, the items with lower perception were those related to the new healthcare delivery's routes, risk prioritization's mechanisms, health services' network, plans of benefits and health system's structure. In the skills dimension, the competences with lower scores were the ones related to public health research and interdisciplinary work. Conclusions: We identify specific competencies that should be strengthened in primary healthcare workers, in order to achieve the expected performance in the new healthcare model in Colombia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Professional Competence , Nursing Evaluation Research , Health Human Resource Evaluation , Primary Health Care , Colombia , Employee Performance AppraisalABSTRACT
La salud representa un derecho humano fundamental y se constituye a su vez en un componente indispensable para la vida. Además, es el resultado de la interacción de determinantes sociales, económicos, ambientales, espirituales, políticos; por consiguiente, debe abordarse desde un enfoque integral en el que se articulen esfuerzos individuales, colectivos e intersectoriales en procura de alcanzar propósitos comunes desde el enfoque de promoción de la salud. En este sentido, los gobiernos locales tienen un rol protagónico por ser los responsables de gestar políticas, impulsar la formulación e implementación de programas y proyectos de manera concertada. Por lo anterior, la Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central de Occidente del Ministerio de Salud, realizó en el año 2011 un estudio de línea base a fin de dar respuesta a los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cuáles son las percepciones sobre salud, promoción de la salud y participación social que tienen los actores sociales municipales y cuáles son las principales acciones en salud integradas en los planes estratégicos de alcaldías de las municipalidades que conforman la Región Central de Occidente, Costa Rica? El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo y exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, que permitió el acercamiento a los actores sociales para obtener los datos mencionados y fuentes documentales de las municipalidades de la Región Central de Occidente. En este marco, el presente artículo recopila referentes teóricos-metodológicos utilizados, los principales hallazgos, las conclusiones y algunas recomendaciones generales derivadas del estudio. Los resultados obtenidos representan un insumo valioso para redefinir estrategias de negociación y abogacía así como procesos rectores que fomenten el posicionamiento del enfoque en el quehacer de los gobiernos locales y por ende, favorecer la construcción de una nueva cultura de salud desde una lógica positiva, proactiva e innovadora.
Health represents a fundamental human right and, at the same time, constitutes an indispensable component for life. In addition, it is the result of the interaction of social, economic, environmental, spiritual and political determinants; therefore, it must be addressed from an integral approach in where the individual, collective and cross-sectorial efforts are articulated in order to achieve common purposes from a promotion of health approach. In this sense, the local governments play a leading role because they are the responsible for developing policies, promoting the formulation and implementation of programs and projects on an agreed way. Therefore, the Regional Directorate of Health Rectory of the Central West of the Health Ministry conducted a baseline study in 2011 to provide answers to the following questions: What are the perceptions of health, health promotion and social participation that municipal stakeholders have and what are the main health actions integrated in their strategic mayor plans of the municipalities that constitute the Central West Region in Costa Rica? It was a descriptive and exploratory study with qualitative approach which enabled the approach to stakeholders to obtain the mentioned data and documentary sources of the municipalities in the Central West Region. In this context, this article collects theoretical-methodological referents, the main findings, conclusions and some general recommendations derived from the study. The obtained results definitely represent a valuable input to redefine negotiation and advocacy strategies as well as directing processes that encourage the positioning of the approach in the work of the local governments and therefore, promote the construction of a new culture of health from a positive, proactive and innovative logic.
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Perception , Health Promotion , Health Systems Plans , Health , Healthy CityABSTRACT
Background: The Chilean health reform aimed to expand universal health coverage (UHC) with equity. Aim: To analyze progress in health system affiliation, attended health needs (health visit for a recent problem) and direct payment for services, between 2000 and 2011. Material and Methods: We evaluated these outcomes for adults aged 20 years or older, analyzing databases of five National Socioeconomic Characterization Surveys. Using logistic regression models for no affiliation and unattended needs, we estimated odds ratios (OR) and prevalences, adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics. Results: The unaffiliated population decreased from 11.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 10.6-11.4) in 2000 to 3.0% (95% CI 2.8-3.2) in 2011. According to the model, self-employed workers had a higher adjusted prevalence of no affiliation: 27.4% (95% CI 24.1-30.6) in 2000 and 7.8% (95% CI: 5.9-9.7) in 2011. The level of unmet needs decreased from 33.5% (95% CI 31.8-35.1) to 9.1% (95% CI 8.1-10.1) in this period. Not being affiliated to the health system was associated with higher unmet needs in the adjusted model. Indigent affiliates, entitled to free care in the public system, reported payments for general and specialist visits in a much lower proportion than other groups. However, direct payments for visits increased for this group during the decade. Conclusions: Concurrent with the introduction of new health and social policies, we observed significant progress in health system enrolment and attended health needs. However, the percentage of impoverished people who made direct payments for services increased.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Health Care Reform , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Health Services Needs and Demand/statistics & numerical data , Universal Health Insurance/statistics & numerical data , Chile , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Background: Thailand is one of the developing countries encountering medical workforce shortage. From the national registry in 2006, there were 33 166 physicians: 41.5% worked in the government sector, 21.6% worked in the private sector, and the remaining worked in non-medical fields. There is no current data to confirm the effectiveness of the national policy to increase physician production. We demonstrate our findings from the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis in medical students and the potential impact on national workforce planning. Methods: We introduced SWOT analysis to 568 medical students during the 2008–2010 academic years, with the objective of becoming “a good physician in the future”. Results: Pertinent issues were grouped into 4 categories: not wanting to be a doctor, having inadequate medical professional skills, not wanting to work in rural or community areas, and planning to pursue training in specialties with high salary/low workload/low risk for lawsuit. The percentages of medical students who described themselves as “do not want to be a doctor” and “do not want to work in rural or community areas” increased from 7.07% and 25.00% in 2008 to 12.56% and 29.65% in 2010, respectively. Conclusion: Further intervention should be considered in order to change the medical students’ attitudes on the profession and their impact on Thai health system.
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Objetivo: describir las características de la vulneración del derecho a la salud, expresado en las acciones de tutela tramitadas en el municipio de Medellín (Colombia). Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, en el que se analizaron las acciones de tutelas procesadas en la Dirección Seccional de Juzgados de Antioquia entre los años 2001 y 2007. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio, estratificado por entidad demandada y año de los fallos de tutela. Resultados: el 79% de las personas que interpusieron acciones de tutela estaban afiliadas al régimen contributivo; de ellas, el 88% exigían atenciones en salud, medicamentos o insumos incluidos en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud. De los afiliados al régimen subsidiado, el 57% solicitaron atenciones y servicios incluidos en el plan de beneficios. El 62% de las personas solicitaron atención integral. Las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio y osteomuscular llevaron a un mayor número de personas a interponer la tutela (19% y 15% respectivamente). Conclusión: la mayoría de las personas, sin importar la afiliación al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, solicitan atenciones y servicios de salud incluidos en su plan de beneficios por medio de la acción de tutela.
Objective: to describe the health right infringement features, as reflected in the protective actions processed in the city of Medellin (Colombia). Methodology: retrospective descriptive study, in which the protective actions processed in the Antioquias sectional direction court during the years 2001-2007 were analyzed. A randomized sampling was taken, stratified by defendant entity and years of protective actions rulings. Results: 79% of the people who filed protective actions were affiliated to the contributive tax regime, 88% of them required health services, medicines, or medical supplies included in the Mandatory Health Plan. From the affiliates to the subsidy regimen 57% required attention and services included in the benefit plan. 62% of the people asked for integral attention. The circulatory and osteomuscular system diseases took a bigger number of people to file a protective action (19% and 15%) respectively. Conclusion: Most of the people regardless the type of affiliation to the General Social Security System, ask for health attention and services included in their benefit plan through the protective action.
Objetivo: descrever as características dá vulneração do direito à saúde, expressado nas ações de tutela tramitadas não município de Medellín (Colômbia). Metodologia: estudo descritivo retrospectivo, não que se analisaram as ação de tutelas processadas na Direção Seccional de Juízos de Antioquia durante vos ânus 2001 a 2007. Realizou-se uma amostragem aleatória, estratificado por entidade demandada e ânus dás falhas de tutela. Resultados: ou 79% das pessoas que interpuseram ação de tutela estavam afiliadas ao regime tributável; delas, ou 88% exigiam atendimentos em saúde, medicamentos ou insumos inclusos não Plano Obrigatório de Saúde. Dois afiliados ao regime subsidiado, ou 57% solicitaram atendimentos e serviços inclusos no plano de benefícios. Ou 62% das pessoas solicitaram atendimento integral. As doenças do sistema circulatório e osteomuscular levaram a um maior número de pessoas a interpor a tutela (19%e 15%), respectivamente. Conclusão: as maiorias de pessoas, sem importar a afiliação ao Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde, solicitam atendimentos e serviços de saúde inclusos em seu plano de benefícios por meio dá ação de tutela.
Subject(s)
Right to Health , Legislation as Topic , Epidemiology , Health SystemsABSTRACT
Se reporta que el plan de estudios que ha servido de base para la formación de médicos de la familia tiene 15 años, el cual a pesar de su efectividad e impacto necesita de un perfeccionamiento del diseño curricular que debe caracterizarse por una amplia participación. En éste, la selección de los contenidos debe garantizar: la formación humanística de los profesionales y a la Medicina General Integral (MGI) como disciplina rectora; la estructuración de tipo modular combinada con la disciplinar e incluir la investigación científica con carácter curricular. La organización de los contenidos debe tener mayor grado de flexibilidad. Se analizan las principales dificultades de la implantación del plan de estudios y la necesaria e impostergable preparación del claustro. Se señala acerca de la evaluación curricular que las investigaciones educacionales no han tenido la organización y sistematicidad requerida. Se concluye que al actual plan de estudio tan vinculado a las conquistas alcanzadas en salud, aún le quedan potencialidades por desplegar(AU)
The curriculum that has served as a basis for the formation of family doctors dated back 15 years, and despite its effectiveness and impact, it needs to be improved in its curricular design that should be characterized by a wide participation. The selection of the contents of the curriculum should assure: the humanistic formation of professionals and the leading character of the comprehensive General Medicine as a discipline; the modular type structuring combined with the discipline structuring and the inclusion of scientific research in the curriculum. The contents should be organized with greater flexibility. The main difficulties of the curricular implementation and the required preparation of the teaching staff are analyzed. Regarding the curricular evaluation, it is pointed out that the education research works have failed in organization and systematization. It is concluded that the present curriculum, so linked to the achievements of the health sector, still has some potentialities to be developed(AU)