Factores de riesgo del cáncer de piel en el Área de Salud Delicias

Fundamento: el cáncer de piel tiene gran incidencia, con tendencia ascendente a nivel mundial. Estos carcinomas son prevenibles, tanto por cambios en los estilos de vida como por la detección de lesiones indicativas de transformación maligna. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo del cáncer de piel en la población del consultorio número 4 del Área de Salud Delicias. Método: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, observacional, analítico de casos y controles en el período 2017-2021. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 13 pacientes (grupo de casos) y 26 pacientes (grupo control), para un total de 39 casos incluidos, todos mayores de 15 años. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, color de piel, ocupación, hora de exposición al sol, medio de protección, contacto con sustancias químicas. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas y un cuestionario, se analizó a través del cálculo porcentual, el Ji2 y el odd ratio. Resultados: predominaron los participantes mayores de 55 años (38,5 %), del sexo masculino (69,2 %). Tuvieron más riesgo de cáncer de piel: los de color de piel blanca (Ji2: 3,3; OR: 6,4; p<0,05), ocupación con exposición al sol (Ji2: 4,4; OR: 5,5 p<0,05), más de 3 años en la ocupación (Ji2: 3,3; OR: 6,4; p<0,05), expuestos después de las 11 a.m. (Ji2: 3,3; OR: 3,6 p<0,05), sin uso de medios de protección (Ji2: 7,8; OR: 14; p<0,05), contacto con productos químicos (Ji2: 7,4; OR: 8,8; p<0,05) y antecedentes familiares de cáncer (Ji2: 2,6; OR: 3; p<0,05). Conclusiones: predominaron los mayores de 55 años y los hombres, se demostró asociación estadística y causal entre el cáncer de piel y los factores de riesgo estudiados.

Background: skin cancer has a high incidence, with an upward trend worldwide. These carcinomas are preventable both by lifestyle changes and by detecting lesions indicative of malignant transformation. Objective: to determine the risk factors for skin cancer in the population of office number 4 of the Delicias Health Area. Method: an epidemiological, observational, analytical study of cases and controls was carried out in the period 2017-2021. The study population consisted of 13 patients (case group) and 26 patients (control group), for a total of 39 cases included, all over 15 years of age. The variables were studied: age, sex, skin color, occupation, time of exposure to the sun, means of protection, contact with chemical substances. The information was obtained from the medical records and a questionnaire, it was analyzed through the percentage calculation, the Chi2 and the odd ratio. Results: participants older than 55 years (38.5 %), male sex (69.2 %) predominated. They had a higher risk of skin cancer: those with white skin color (Chi2: 3.3; OR: 6.4; p<0.05), occupation with sun exposure (Chi2: 4.4; OR: 5, 5 p<0.05), more than 3 years in the occupation (Chi2: 3.3; OR: 6.4; p<0.05), exposed after 11 a.m. (Chi2: 3.3; OR: 3.6 p<0.05), without use of protective means (Chi2: 7.8; OR: 14; p<0.05), contact with chemical products (Chi2: 7.4; OR: 8.8; p<0.05) and a family history of cancer (Chi2: 2.6; OR: 3; p<0.05). Conclusions: those over 55 years of age and men predominated, a statistical and causal association was demonstrated between skin cancer and the risk factors studied.

Estrategia educativa para elevar el conocimiento sobre hipertensión arterial en la población, de 20 años en adelante / Educational strategy to raise knowledge about arterial hypertension in the population aged 20 and over

En el mundo las enfermedades cardiovasculares son responsables de casi un tercio del total de las muertes por año. Cada vez son más las personas que padecen hipertensión arterial (HTA), desconociendo muchos su condición. Objetivo: Diseñar una estrategia educativa para elevar el conocimiento sobre hipertensión arterial en la población de 20 años y más en el consultorio 2 de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria; Centro de Salud Luchadores del Norte, año 2021.Materiales métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, observacional, prospectiva y transversal con la población de adultos del Centro de Salud Luchadores Norte, para elaborar el diseño de una estrategia educativa que eleve el conocimiento sobre esta enfermedad; se midieron variables sociodemográficas, de estilos de vida y de conocimiento. Resultados: El grupo de edad más frecuente de 50 a 59 años 26,2%; sexo masculino 66,4%; escolaridad nivel básico 41,1%; estado civil unión libre 52,3%; etnia mestizo 58,9% y ocupación empleado privado 29,0%; no realizan actividad física 65,4%; consumo excesivo de sal 67,3%; grasa 58,9%; gaseosas y energizantes 52,8%; no conocen de la enfermedad 62,6%; técnica charla 39,3%; frecuencia una vez cada 15 días 43,9%; horario de mañana 57,0%; duración 30 minutos 52,3%; lugar centro de salud 50,5% y tamaño del grupo de 6 a 10 (42,1%). Conclusión: La bibliografía concuerda mayoritariamente con los resultados de la investigación, en consumo de sal elevado, grasas, gaseosas y bebidas energizantes; el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad es escaso en los hipertensos, concordando con las citas de referencia; concluyendo, que coexisten estilos de vida no saludables con desconocimiento; favoreciendo las complicaciones de la enfermedad, una intervención educativa elevaría conocimiento y cambia actitudes evitando consecuencias y daños irreversibles(AU)

In the world, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for almost a third of all deaths per year. More and more people suffer from high blood pressure (HBP), many unaware of their condition. Objective: To design an educational strategy to raise awareness about arterial hypertension in the population aged 20 and over in Family and Community Medicine office 2; Luchadores del Norte Health Center, year 2021. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational, prospective and cross-sectional investigation was carried out with the adult population of the Luchadores Norte Health Center, to develop the design of an educational strategy that raises knowledge about this illness; sociodemographic, lifestyle and knowledge variables were measured. Results: The most frequent age group was 50 to 59 years old, 26.2%; male sex 66.4%; basic level schooling 41.1%; marital status free union 52.3%; mestizo ethnic group 58.9% and occupation private employee 29.0%; do not perform physical activity 65.4%; excessive consumption of salt 67.3%; fat 58.9%; soft drinks and energy drinks 52.8%; 62.6% do not know about the disease; talk technique 39.3%; frequency once every 15 days 43.9%; morning hours 57.0%; duration 30 minutes 52.3%; health center location 50.5% and group size from 6 to 10 (42.1%). Conclusion: The bibliography mostly agrees with the results of the investigation, in consumption of high salt, fat, soft drinks and energy drinks; knowledge about the disease is scarce in hypertensive patients, in agreement with the reference citations; concluding that unhealthy lifestyles coexist with ignorance; favoring the complications of the disease, an educational intervention would increase knowledge and change attitudes, avoiding consequences and irreversible damage(AU)

Las Bibliotecas públicas como promotoras del envejecimiento activo saludable / Public libraries as promoters of healthy and active elderliness

Resumen Las bibliotecas públicas son por excelencia, las organizaciones que reciben y trabajan con la población adulta mayor. Se presenta un proyecto desarrollado en la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información, de la Universidad de Costa Rica, cuyo objetivo general fue desarrollar estrategias lúdico-creativas, para promover la alfabetización informacional en salud en la población adulta y adulta mayor, desde las bibliotecas públicas. Es una investigación cualitativa, en que se aplicó la investigación acción. Los resultados alcanzados muestran que después de la aplicación de talleres lúdico-creativos, las personas adultas mayores aumentaron su conocimiento, interés y destreza en ellos. Así mismo se logró fomentar las relaciones intergeneracionales, pues los talleres fueron desarrollados por estudiantes de Trabajo Comunal Universitario.

Abstract Public libraries are par excellence, the organizations that receive and work with the elderly population. The following is a project developed by the School of Library and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica whose general objective was to develop ludic and creative-based strategies to promote informational alphabetization and health in adults and the elderly population from the public libraries. It was a qualitative action-research investigation. Results evince an increase in interest, knowledge, and skills amongst the elderly after the implementation of the ludic and creative workshops. At the same time, it was feasible to promote intergenerational relations since the workshops were implemented by students as part of their Communal University Work.

Estilos de vida saludable: práctica social de hábitos alimentarios / Healthy lifestyles: social practice of eating habits

Los estilos de vida, considerados patrones de comportamiento influyen en la salud de la población, y los hábitos alimentarios uno de sus componentes. El habitus bajo la forma de disposiciones durables es construido sobre la base de la cultura correspondida con determinado tipo de conocimientos, ideas, valores, habilidades, entre otras. Las condiciones comunes que caracterizan algunas prácticas sociales como los hábitos alimentarios generados por el habitus son en consecuencia los estilos de vida saludables, prioritarios en "La promoción de la salud "contemplada en la Carta de Ottawa. Se sondea puntos de vista de autores como Pierre Bourdieu y Michael Foucault quienes contribuyen significativamente a desplegar sentires de como a través de la experiencia y de las prácticas se forman los modos y estilos de vida en particular de importancia para la salud. En este documento se pretende describir algunas consideraciones que resaltan la importancia de los estilos de vida saludable como procesos sociales que favorecen la Salud Pública, en especial aquellos relacionados con la práctica social de los hábitos alimentarios(AU)

Lifestyles, considered patterns of behavior influence the health of the population, and eating habits one of its components. the habitus in the form of durable arrangements is built on the basis of the culture matched with a certain type of knowledge, ideas, values, skills, among others. the common conditions that characterize some social practices such as the eating habits generated by the habitus are consequently the healthy lifestyles, priority in "the promotion of health" contemplated in the Ottawa Charter. the points of view of authors such as Pierre Bourdieu and Michael Foucault are explored, who contribute significantly to displaying sentiments of how, through experience and practices, modes and lifestyles are particularly important for health. this document aims to describe some considerations that highlight the importance of healthy lifestyles as social processes that favor public health, especially those related to the social practice of eating habits(AU)

Uso de las redes sociales como estrategia de promoción de alimentación saludable en adolescentes / Using a social media network as a strategy to promote healthy eating in adolescents

Con el aumento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y los estilos de vida poco saludables se hace relevante elaborar estrategias de promoción en salud dirigidas desde la infancia hasta la adolescencia. El uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (TICs) en adolescentes es masivo, debido a que estos invierten altas horas tanto en telefonía móvil (smartphones), redes sociales, y en aplicaciones de diversa indole, la buena utilizacion de las TICS pudiese por tanto contribuir a mejoras en el estado de salud. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el uso de las redes sociales como estrategia de alimentación saludable en adolescentes, utilizando como apoyo los mensajes de las Guía Alimentarias Basadas en los alimentos (GABAS). Se presenta como resultado el aprendizaje significativo de las GABAS basado en el analisis cualitativo de los resultados del uso de la estrategia implementada(AU)

With the increase in chronic noncommunicable diseases and unhealthy lifestyles, it is important to develop health promotion strategies directed from childhood to adolescence. The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in adolescents is massive, because they invest high hours in both mobile telephony (smartphones), social networks, and in applications of diverse nature, the good use of ICT could therefore contribute to improvements in health status. The objective of this study is to analyze the use of social networks as a strategy of healthy eating in adolescents, using the messages of the Food-Based Food Guide (GABAS) as support. The significant learning of the GABAS is presented as a result based on the qualitative analysis of the results of the use of the implemented strategy(AU)

Study on practice of physical activity among medical interns in a private medical college hospital in Chennai

Background: Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for death worldwide. It is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. Physical activity has significant health benefits and contributes to prevent NCDs. Globally, 1 in 4 adults are not active enough. More than 80% of the world's adolescent population is insufficiently physically active. So the aim of this study is to assess the practice of physical activity among the medical interns, as they are the future doctors.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 124 medical interns. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Microsoft Excel 2010 spread sheet version 14.1.3 and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 were used for data entry and analysis. The results are expressed as percentages and proportions.Results: In our study majority of the interns 66 (64.1%) had normal body mass index (BMI). The practice of non-exercise physical activity is more in female than male interns whereas the exercise physical activity is more in males comparing to female interns.Conclusions: Physical inactivity is an urgent public health priority, so long-term follow-up is needed to identify the factors promoting for the practice of physical activity among medical interns.

Camino salutogénico: estilos de vida saludable / Salutogenic way: healthy lifestyles

La salud uno de los componentes más importantes del proceso de desarrollo de un país en tanto implica, alcanzar el máximo desarrollo posible del ser humano para transformarse y lograr su máximo bienestar. Se plantea la necesidad de promover políticas y prácticas sociales relacionadas con la Promoción de la Salud,los estilos de vida saludable, representa una de las estrategias de intervención .Uno de sus componentes son los hábitos alimentarios. A partir de los postulados de la Carta de Ottawa, la salud se constituye en un sector prioritario, sustentado en una perspectiva ontológica que proyecta como estrategia cambiar los estilos de vida, en particular los relacionados, con hábitos alimentarios. El medio para lograrlo.es la teoría Salutogénica a través de los recursos de resistencia general desde un enfoque, para focalizar y ver las acciones de las personas por una salud positiva. Se proyecta considerar las categorías conceptuales esenciales de Promoción de la salud, en relación a estilos de vida saludables y hábitos alimentarios(AU)

Health is one of the most important components of the development process of a country because it implies, reaching the maximum possible development of the human being to transform and achieve their maximum well-being. The need to promote social policies and practices related to the Promotion of Health, healthy lifestyles, represents one of the strategies of intervention. One of its components are eating habits. Based on the postulates of the Ottawa Charter, health is a priority sector, based on a holistic perspective that projects as a strategy to change lifestyles, particularly those related to food habits. The means to achieve this. is the Salutogenic theory through the resources of general resistance from a focus, to focus and see the actions of people for a positive health. It is planned to consider the essential conceptual categories of Health Promotion, in relation to healthy lifestyles and eating habits(AU)

Estado nutricional, factores sociodemográficos y de salud en estudiantes de nuevo ingreso a la UAZ / Nutritional status and social-demographical and health factors among newly enrolled students at UAZ / Estado nutricional, fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde em estudantes de novo ingresso à UAZ

Introducción El sobrepeso y obesidad son factores de riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones a corto y largo plazo. La población de nuevo ingreso a la universidad se considera un colectivo, especialmente, vulnerable desde el punto de vista nutricional. Objetivo Describir el estado nutricional, factores sociodemográficos y de salud en estudiantes de nuevo ingreso a la UAZ. Metodología Estudio de tipo observacional, transversal y descriptivo, que se realizó a 3,972 estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso. Se logró el consentimiento verbal de los alumnos. Se capacitaron y estandarizaron a los pasantes de enfermería, medicina y nutrición, para llevar a cabo las mediciones. Se obtuvo información del estado nutricional, factores sociodemográficos y salud, así como mediciones antropométricas. Resultados Los hombres tienen mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso (24.1%) y obesidad (9.2%) que las mujeres (p < 0.001). Los hombres realizan mayor actividad física (73.6% vs 51.1%), consumen más alcohol (58.3% vs 34.3%) y tabaco (20.8% vs 9.5%) (p < 0.000). Se encontró una asociación positiva en los momios de sobrepeso en relación con los hombres (RM=1.22, IC 95% 1.02-1.45), edad de 19 años (RM=1.36, IC 95% 1.02-1.45), en las áreas de ciencias de la salud (RM=1.88, IC 95% 1.05-3.35), ciencias sociales (RM=1.93, IC 95% 1.06-3.48), humanidades y educativas (RM=1.90, IC 95% 1.01-3.53), ingenierías y tecnologías (RM=1.83, IC 95% 1.01-3.30). Discusión y conclusión Se puede contribuir a reducir las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad de los estudiantes, a través de intervenciones dirigidas a modificar las conductas de riesgo durante la estancia universitaria, mejorar la alimentación y promover estilos de vida saludables.

Introduction Obesity and overweight are risk factors to developing short and long-term health-related complications; and newly enrolled university students are considered a vulnerable group in terms of their nutritional progression status. Objective To describe the nutritional status, and social-demographical and health factors among newly enrolled students at UAZ. Methodology This is an observational, transversal, and descriptive study on a sample of 3,972 newly enrolled university students who verbally consented on their participation. Nursing, medicine, and nutrition intern students were trained to carry out diverse assessments related to the nutritional status, social-demographical and health factors, and anthropometric data on the sample. Results Newly enrolled male students showed a higher prevalence of overweight (24.1%) and obesity (9.2%) in comparison to their female counterparts (p < .001). Male students showed having more physical activity (73.6% vs 51.1%) but also consuming more alcohol (58.3% vs 34.3%) and tobacco (20.8% vs 9.5%) (p < .000). Positive associations were found between the overweight numbers and, being male (RM=1.22, CI 95% 1.02-1.45), being 19 years old (RM = 1.36, CI 95% 1.02-1.45), being in the areas of health sciences (RM=1.88, CI 95% 1.05-3.35), being in the areas of social sciences (RM=1.93, CI 95% 1.06-3.48), being in the areas of humanities and education (RM=1.90, CI 95% 1.01-3.53), and being in the areas of engineering and technology (RM=1.83, CI 95% 1.01-3.30). Discussion and conclusion It is necessary to address to obesity and overweight problems among university students through interventions aimed at modifying risky behaviors during their university stay, improving the quality of nutrition, and promoting healthy life-styles.

Introdução O sobrepeso e a obesidade são fatores de risco para desenvolver complicações a curto e longo prazo. A população de novo ingresso à universidade considera-se um coletivo, especialmente, vulnerável desde o ponto de vista nutricional. Objetivo Descrever o estado nutricional, fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde em estudantes de novo ingresso à UAZ. Metodologia Estudo de tipo observacional, transversal e descritivo, que se realizou a 3,972 estudantes universitários de novo ingresso. Conseguiu-se o consentimento verbal dos alunos. Capacitaram-se e padronizaram os formados de enfermagem, medicina e nutrição, para levar a cabo as medições. Obteve-se informação do estado nutricional, fatores sociodemográficos e saúde, assim como medições antropométricas. Resultados Os homens de novo ingresso têm maior prevalência de sobrepeso (24.1%) e obesidade (9.2%) quanto as mulheres (p < 0.001). Homens realizam mais atividade física que mulheres (73.6% vs. 51.1%), consomem mais álcool (58.3% vs. 34.3%) e tabaco (20.8% vs. 9.5%) (p < 0.000). Encontrou-se uma associação positiva nas chances de sobrepeso em relação com aos homens (RM = 1.22, IC 95% 1.02-1.45), ter 19 anos de idade (RM = 1.36, IC 95% 1.02-1.45) nas áreas de ciências da saúde (RM = 1.88, IC 95% 1.05-3.35), ciências sociais (RM = 1.93, IC 95% 1.06-3.48), humanidades e educativas (RM = 1.90, IC 95% 1.01-3.53), engenharias e tecnologias (RM = 1.83, IC 95% 1.01-3.30). Discussão e conclusão Pode-se contribuir a reduzir as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade dos estudantes, a través de intervenções dirigidas a modificar as condutas de risco durante a permanência universitária, melhorar a alimentação e promover estilos de vida saudáveis.

Associations between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the associations between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyle in adults in China.Methods Data were from the baseline and second survey of China Kadoorie Biobank study,which were conducted during 2004-2008 and 2013-2014,respectively.After excluding participants with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease,stroke,cancer or diabetes,a total of 461 213 adults from baseline survey and 20 583 adults from second survey were included in the current study.Participants who reported a family history of acute myocardial infarction,stroke,cancer,or diabetes of any first-degree relative (i.e.,biological father,mother,or siblings) were defined as having a family history of majoi chronic diseases.Healthy lifestyles were defined as current nonsmoking,non-excessive alcohol drinking,eating vegetables and fruits daily,upper quarter of physical activity level,body mass index (BMI) of (18.5-23.9) kg/m2,and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ＜0.90 (man)/＜0.85 (women).Results At baseline survey,36.5％ of the participants had family history of major chronic diseases.Proportions of the above six healthy lifestyles were 70.5％,93.0％,18.0％,25.0％,53.4％,and 43.5％,respectively.Compared with participants without family history,the proportions of current nonsmoking,non-excessive drinking,normal BMI,and normal WHR were lower in participants with family history of major chronic diseases,while the proportions of eating vegetables and fruits daily,and being physically active,were higher.In general,the absolute differences in these proportions between participants with and without a family history were only slight.Similar results were observed when other family history status (the type or number of disease,the category or number of affected family members) were analysed.The association between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles was consistently observed in the second survey 10 years later.Conclusion In Chinese population,adults with family history of major chronic diseases did not adopt healthier lifestyles.

Associations between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the associations between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyle in adults in China.Methods Data were from the baseline and second survey of China Kadoorie Biobank study,which were conducted during 2004-2008 and 2013-2014,respectively.After excluding participants with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease,stroke,cancer or diabetes,a total of 461 213 adults from baseline survey and 20 583 adults from second survey were included in the current study.Participants who reported a family history of acute myocardial infarction,stroke,cancer,or diabetes of any first-degree relative (i.e.,biological father,mother,or siblings) were defined as having a family history of majoi chronic diseases.Healthy lifestyles were defined as current nonsmoking,non-excessive alcohol drinking,eating vegetables and fruits daily,upper quarter of physical activity level,body mass index (BMI) of (18.5-23.9) kg/m2,and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ＜0.90 (man)/＜0.85 (women).Results At baseline survey,36.5％ of the participants had family history of major chronic diseases.Proportions of the above six healthy lifestyles were 70.5％,93.0％,18.0％,25.0％,53.4％,and 43.5％,respectively.Compared with participants without family history,the proportions of current nonsmoking,non-excessive drinking,normal BMI,and normal WHR were lower in participants with family history of major chronic diseases,while the proportions of eating vegetables and fruits daily,and being physically active,were higher.In general,the absolute differences in these proportions between participants with and without a family history were only slight.Similar results were observed when other family history status (the type or number of disease,the category or number of affected family members) were analysed.The association between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles was consistently observed in the second survey 10 years later.Conclusion In Chinese population,adults with family history of major chronic diseases did not adopt healthier lifestyles.

El cubo de la promoción de salud. Un enfoque integrado para el diseño de intervenciones efectivas / The health promotion cube. An integrated approach for the design of effective interventions

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el Cubo de la Promoción de Salud, recurso pedagógico que facilita una visión estratégica, con integración de enfoques para la formulación y análisis de las intervenciones de promoción de salud y nutrición, considerando la trayectoria de pensamiento desde la Primera Conferencia Mundial de Promoción de Salud celebrada en Ottawa 1986, hasta la Novena Conferencia Mundial de Shangai 2016. Se describen las seis dimensiones del Cubo con cinco componentes cada una, en base a la actualización conceptual y metodológica realizada mediante revisión bibliográfica de la literatura disponible. Los lados del Cubo responden las preguntas del ¿Qué hacer?, ¿Dónde?, ¿Cómo?, ¿Con quiénes? y ¿A qué nivel trabajar? Se plantea que para el logro de intervenciones efectivas en promoción de salud y nutrición, se requiere superar el paradigma de fragmentación, actuar con múltiples estrategias y visión interdisciplinaria, en coherencia con el diagnóstico de la realidad local y la situación epidemiológica social a nivel nacional.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to present the Health Promotion Cube, a pedagogical resource that facilitates a strategic vision, by integrating approaches for the formulation and analysis of health promotion and nutrition interventions, considering the trajectory of thought since the 1st World Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, 1986, to the 9th World Conference on Health Promotion held in Shanghai, 2016. The six dimensions of the Cube with five components each based on the conceptual and methodological update made through a literature review are described. The sides of the Cube answer the questions of: "What to do?"; "Where?"; "How?"; "With whom?"; and, "At what level?" In order to achieve effective interventions in health promotion and nutrition, it is necessary to overcome the fragmentation paradigm, act with multiple strategies and an interdisciplinary perspective, in accordance with the diagnosis of the local reality and the social epidemiological situation at the national level.

Estilos de vida saludable en adultos jóvenes damnificados por inundación / Healthy lifestyles in young adult flood victims

Resumen Al igual que otros desastres naturales, las inundaciones conllevan repercusiones negativas en las comunidades, resultando en el deterioro de la salud mental y física de las víctimas. A largo plazo, las secuelas en la salud mental suelen más persistentes, se manifiestan en un pobre autocuidado y otros aspectos relacionados a la pobreza. Con el propósito de realizar un acercamiento a una población profundamente afectada por una inundación, se propone la caracterización de sus estilos de vida. Como concepto, estos se constituyen como estrategias para el mantenimiento y potenciación de la salud. Implican un abordaje multidimensional que dé cuenta de la complejidad del ser humano en términos de las creencias y conductas en torno a su salud. Además, debe tenerse en cuenta que se alude a un término multifactorial, donde el contexto y las condiciones del individuo influyen en su consolidación. Bajo este paradigma se realiza un estudio descriptivo-transversal. Aquí bajo un muestreo aleatorio se seleccionaron 500 habitantes entre 20 y 40 años de edad, víctimas de inundación, tras el rompimiento del canal del dique en el año 2010, que residen en el Municipio de Campo de la Cruz, Departamento de Atlántico - Colombia. En particular se trabajan las dimensiones de consumo de sustancias, nutrición, autocuidado, sueño, tiempo libre y actividad física. Es notable que no se tienen datos significativos de la situación social y económica de la población antes del desastre. Entre los resultados obtenidos se destaca el reconocimiento de las víctimas sobre las estrategias que promueven la salud, y sus respectivos beneficios. Sin embargo, aún se presentan incoherencias entre sus creencias y la aplicación de hábitos saludables. Por otro lado, se resaltan el consumo de sustancias como factor de riesgo para la salud de los sujetos, y la necesidad de fortalecer el rol activo de los mismos en torno a prácticas de autocuidado.

Abstract Similarly, to other natural disasters, floods entail negative repercussions in affected communities. This leads to a decline in the victims' mental and physical health. In the long term, mental health consequences tend to be more persistent, they manifest through poor self-care and other aspects related to poverty. With the intention to approach a population deeply affected by a flood, we propose the characterization of their lifestyles. As a concept, these are established as strategies for maintaining and developing health. They imply a multidimensional approach that considers the complexity of human beings in terms of their beliefs and behaviors towards their own health. In addition, it must be kept in mind that it alludes to a multifactor concept, where individual context and conditions influence its consolidation. Under this paradigm, we ca-rried out a descriptive-transversal study. Through random sampling we selected 500 inhabitants between 20 and 40 years of age, victims of the flood, after the dam canal failure in 2010, who reside in the municipality of Campo de la Cruz, At-lantico Department - Colombia. In particular we work with the dimensions of substance abuse, nutrition, self-care, sleep, leisure time and physical activity. It's notable that there is no significant data about the social and economic situation of the population before the disaster. Among the results obtained we highlight the knowledge of the victims about strategies that promote health and their benefits. However there are incoherencies between their beliefs and the performance of health habits. On the other hand, substance abuse is emphasized as a risk factor for the health of the participants, and the need to strengthen their active role surrounding self-care practices.

Nuevas perspectivas educativas orientadas a la promoción de la salud / New educational perspectives health promotion

La salud es un recurso de vida que debe ser abordado desde diversos ámbitos, entre éstos la educación. El entorno escolar es un médio idóneo para favorecer el aprendizaje de comportamientos saludables que pueden perdurar a lo largo de la vida. A lo largo del presente trabajo se realiza un análisis teórico en profundidad sobre la promoción de la salud, así como la efectividad de los proyectos de promoción y educación para la salud que actualmente se están desarrollando en centros educativos, bajo el respaldo político e institucional.

Health is a source of life that must be approached from various fields, including education. The school context is a perfect place to promote healthy behaviors that can be present across the life. The present work is a theorical analysis related with health promotion and the effectiveness of educational projects promotions that are currently in schools under the political and instituonal suport.

Estilos de vida saludables de niños, niñas y adolescentes / Healthy lifestyles of children and adolescents

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los estilos de vida saludables de niños, niñas y adolescentes de Barranquilla. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 991 niños, niñas y adolescentes. Se evaluó la actividad física mediante los cuestionarios de Actividad Física para Adolescentes y para niños escolares; se aplicó una encuesta que midió los conocimientos y prácticas de los escolares sobre salud bucal, lavado de manos, consumo de frutas y verduras y cuidado postural; la Lista de Chequeo "Mi Vida en la Escuela", la cual evalúa los índices de "bullying" y agresión; y la inteligencia emocional a través dela escala TMMS-24. Resultados: El 65,4 % se categoriza como inactivos físicamente. Solo el 14,7% de los estudiantes reconoce que el peso máximo del bolso es el 10 % de su peso corporal; el 34,1 % cambia el cepillo de dientes cada 3 meses, como lo recomiendan los expertos, y 48,4 % se cepilla los dientes entre 2 y 3 veces al día. El 16,6 % no se lava las manos antes y después de ir al baño y 9,4 % no lo hace antes y después de las comidas; el 17,5 % no tiene un buen consumo de verduras y frutas; y se encontró un Índice de "bullying" en el 55,6 % de los participantes. Conclusión: Los anteriores resultados obligan a plantear intervenciones que incrementen las prácticas saludables en niños, niñas y adolescentes.

Abstract Objective: To describe the healthy lifestyles of children and adolescents in Barranquilla. Materials and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study in 991 children and adolescents. Physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and school children; a survey that measured the knowledge and practices of school oral health, hand washing, eating fruits and vegetables and postural care was applied; the Checklist "My Life in School", which evaluates rates bullying and aggression; and emotional intelligence through the TMMS-24 scale. Results: The 65.4% were categorized as physically inactive. Only 14.7 % of students recognize that the maximum weight of the bag is 10% of their body weight; 34.1% change the toothbrush every three months as recommended by experts and 48,4% % brushes his teeth between 2 and 3 times a day; 16.6 % do not wash their hands before and after using the toilet and 9.4 % do not have before and after meals; 17.5 % have a good intake of vegetables and fruits; Index bullying and was found in 55.6 % of participants. Conclusion: The above results raise require interventions that increase healthy practices in children and adolescents.

Efecto de una intervención educativa nutricional en un entorno laboral / Effect of a nutrition educational intervention in a work environment

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa nutricional en un entorno laboral. Para ello se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, longitudinal, con una intervención educacional de cuatro meses de duración. Participaron 90 trabajadores, 44 mujeres y 46 hombres, edad promedio 29,3 ± 5,4 años, de una empresa de telefonía celular de Asunción-Paraguay. Se efectuaron encuestas de datos clínicos, hábitos alimentarios, actividad física y mediciones antropométricas al inicio y final de la intervención. Para hábitos alimentarios se utilizaron el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo cuantificado y el registro de consumo alimentario de una semana, ambos previamente validados y utilizados en otras investigaciones. La actividad física se estimó con el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física IPAQ que divide a la misma en tres categorías (baja, moderada y alta). La antropometría incluyó peso, talla, IMC y circunferencia de cintura. La educación nutricional consistió en consultas de consejería individual, concurso para bajar de peso, acciones colectivas de apoyo e intervenciones del entorno del lugar de trabajo. La ingesta de frutas y verduras fue significativamente mayor (p<0,001 y p=0,001); el consumo de pan disminuyó en un 56% (p=0,001); mejoró el estado nutricional (p<0,001) y disminuyó la circunferencia de cintura (p<0,001) al final del estudio. Los niveles de actividad física moderado y alto aumentaron de 43,4% a 59%. Esta intervención integral en el lugar de trabajo, con un concurso para bajar de peso, mejoró el estado nutricional e impactó positivamente en el estilo de vida de los empleados(AU)

The objective is to evaluate a nutrition educational intervention in a work place. This is a quasi-experimental and four- month longitudinal study in 90 participants (44 women and 46 men), average age 29.3 ± 5.4 years, from a telephone company in Asunción, Paraguay. Anthropometry, nutritional assessment and physical activity evaluation were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. For food habits, a food frequency questionnaire and one-week food consumption registration system were applied, both validated and used previously in other studies. The level of physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which divides physical intensity in three levels (low, moderate and high). Anthropometry included weight, height and waist circumference. Nutrition education consisted in individual lifestyle counseling, a contest to lose weight, collective support actions and environmental intervention at the work place. A significant increase of intakes of fruits and vegetables (p<0.001 y p= 0.001 respectively); a 56% reduction in bread consumption (p= 0.001); significantly (p<0.001) improvement of nutritional status, and waist circumference reduction (p<0.001) were observed al the end of the study. High and moderate physical activity improved from 43.4% to 59%. This integral nutrition intervention at the work place with a weight loss contest improved the nutritional status and had a positive impact in the workers life styles(AU)

Estilos y calidad de vida en salud del paciente hipertenso / Styles and quality of life in health of the hypertensive patient

Los estilos y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud son componentes clave en el tratamiento de los pacientes con hipertensión arterial grado I. Identificarlos facilita la planeación y puesta en práctica de intervenciones de enfermería coherentes, sensibles y eficaces. Objetivo: Describir el estilo de vida y el nivel de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de pacientes con hipertensión arterial grado I que asisten a consulta de control en las Unidades Primarias de Atención del Hospital de Engativá. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. Se incluyeron 151 personas con hipertensión arterial grado I que asisten a consulta de control a las Unidades Primarias de Atención (UPA) del Hospital de Engativá. Se aplicaron los instrumentos FANTASTICO, para estilos de vida, y SF-36, para calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Resultados: Se identificaron buenas puntuaciones en ambos instrumentos, lo que indica que los participantes presentan adecuados estilos de vida y un buen nivel de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Conclusiones: Los estilos de vida y el nivel de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, descrito por los participantes, favorece el control de la enfermedad y la prevención de complicaciones. Se identificaron altos porcentajes de sobrepeso y obesidad, al igual que una dieta inadecuada, por lo que se debe propender hacia el mejoramiento de los hábitos nutricionales.

The styles and health-related quality of life are overriding components in treatment of patients with grade I arterial hypertension. Identification of these components facilitates both the planning and implementation with coherent, sentient and efficient nursing interventions. Objective: To describe the lifestyle and the health-related quality of life level in patients with grade I arterial hypertension attending follow-up visit in Unidades Primarias de Atención (UPA) del Hospital de Engativá. Methodology: Descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study. It included 151 participants with arterial hypertension grade I, attending follow-up visit in Unidades Primarias de Atención (UPA) from Hospital de Engativá. The FANTASTIC Lifestyle Survey, for lifestyle, and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), for quality of life in health, were applied. Results: Good scores were identified in both instruments, indicating that the participants show appropriate lifestyle and a high health-related quality of life level. Conclusions: Lifestyle and health-related quality of life level, described by participants, foster the disease control and the prevention of complications. High percentages of overweight and obesity were identified, as well as an inadequate diet; therefore, it is necessary to promote the improvement nutritional habits.

Nivel de actividad física en niños de edades de 6 a 12 años en algunos colegios de Barranquilla-Colombia, en el año 2014-2015 / Physical activity level in children 6 to 12 years in several Barranquilla ­ Colombia schools, in 2014-2015

Promover la actividad física es una estrategia esencial para mantener la salud y prevenir la enfermedad en la población global. La promoción de los estilos de vida saludable con énfasis en la actividad física en edades tempranas aprovechando el ámbito escolar favorecerá la adopción de los estilos de vida saludable y garantizará la salud del adulto futuro. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar el nivel de actividad física en población escolar. Metodologia: es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, el instrumento para recolección de la información fuè el PAQ-C, se le aplicò a una muestra de 247 escolares en edades comprendidas entre 6 y 12 años. Los resultados indican que la población practica actividad física.

Promoting physical activity is an essential strategy for maintaining health and preventing disease in the global population. The promotion of healthy lifestyles with emphasis on physical activity at an early age, taking advantage of the school environment will favor the adoption of healthy lifestyles and will guarantee the health of the future adult. The aim of the present study was to characterize the level of physical activity in the school population. Methodology: a cross-sectional descriptive study, the instrument for data collection was PAQ-C, it was applied to a sample of 247 students aged between 6 and 12 years. The results indicate that the population practices physical activity.

Hábitos alimentarios en la población escolar chilena: Análisis comparativo por tipo de establecimiento educacional / Food habits in chilean schoolchildren: Comparative analysis by type of educational establishment

The alarming changes in nutritional epidemiológica! profile of the school population in Chile have made eating habits a growing concern for education and for public health policies. This comparative research based on descriptive and inferential built ad hoc and statistical indices, the dimension eating habits in the town of eighth grade students in 2013 according to the type of establishment they belong. Then the influence of promotional pre-establishment of healthy eating habits of their students' management is analyzed. The results showed a segmentation of the diet of students based on their type of school, finding differences of 0.49 and 0.39 standard deviation among private school and public-private subsidized students system respectively. Foods that show a greater segmentation in consumption were dairy and fruit.

Los alarmantes cambios en el perfil epidemiológico nutricional de la población escolar en Chile han hecho de los hábitos alimentarios una preocupación de creciente interés para las políticas educativas y de salud pública. Esta investigación compara, con base a índices construidos ad hoc y estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales, la dimensión hábitos alimentarios en la población de alumnos de octavo básico 2013 según el tipo de establecimiento al que pertenecen. Luego se analiza la influencia de la gestión preventiva-promocional del establecimiento sobre los hábitos de alimentación saludable de su alumnado. Los resultados dan cuenta de una segmentación de la dieta alimentaria de los estudiantes con base a su dependencia educacional, encontrándose diferencias de 0.49 y 0.39 desviación estándar entre los alumnos del sistema particular pagado y los del sistema municipal y particular subvencionado respectivamente. Los alimentos que evidenciaron una mayor segmentación en su consumo fueron los lácteos y las frutas.

Determinantes da autoavaliação de saúde no Brasil e a influência dos comportamentos saudáveis: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Determinants of self-rated health and the influence of healthy behaviors: results from the National Health Survey, 2013

RESUMO: Objetivo: Investigar os determinantes da autoavaliação de saúde (AAS) no Brasil e a influência dos comportamentos saudáveis. Métodos: Foram usados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. A AAS foi categorizada em muito boa/boa, regular, ruim/muito ruim. Foram testadas diferenças na distribuição da AAS segundo faixa de idade e sexo e foram usados modelos de regressão logística para investigar os efeitos de grau de escolaridade, raça/cor e presença de pelo menos uma doença crônica não transmissível (DCNT) sobre a AAS ruim/muito ruim. Adicionalmente, testou-se a influência dos comportamentos saudáveis, controlando-se os efeitos dos fatores sociodemográficos e presença de pelo menos uma DCNT. Resultados: Foram analisados 60.202 indivíduos, 66,1% avaliaram o seu estado de saúde como muito bom/bom, e 5,9%, como ruim/muito ruim; 47,1% referiram o diagnóstico de pelo menos uma DCNT; e apenas 9,3% disseram ter "estilo de vida saudável" (não usa produtos de tabaco, consome frutas e hortaliças e pratica atividade física no lazer). Entre os fatores sociodemográficos, idade, sexo, grau de escolaridade e raça mostraram associações significativas com a AAS, bem como a presença de pelo menos uma DCNT. Os efeitos de todos os comportamentos saudáveis foram significativos, mesmo após o controle dos demais determinantes. Conclusão: Embora a adoção dos comportamentos saudáveis no Brasil ainda seja insuficiente, a associação dos hábitos saudáveis com a percepção da saúde encontrada neste estudo é um indício de que a população brasileira já começa a relacionar os comportamentos saudáveis ao seu bem-estar e à avaliação melhor da saúde.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate the determinants of self-rated health in Brazil and the influence of healthy lifestyles. Methods: We used data from the National Health Survey (PNS), 2013. The self-rated health was categorized as very good/good, fair, and poor/very poor. Differences in the distribution of self-rated health according to the age group and sex were tested. Logistic regression models were used to test the effects of educational level, race/skin color, and the presence of at least one noncommunicable chronic disease on poor/very poor health perception. In addition, the influence of healthy behaviors was tested controlling for the effects of sociodemographic factors and the presence of at least one chronic disease. Results: We analyzed 60,202 individuals; about 66.1% rated their health as very good/good and 5.9% as poor/very poor; about 47.1% reported the diagnosis of at least one noncommunicable chronic disease; and only 9.3% reported a "healthy lifestyle" (do not use tobacco products, consume fruits and vegetables properly, and do physical activity during leisure time). Among the sociodemographic factors, age, sex, educational level, and race were significantly associated with self-rated health and the presence of at least one chronic disease. The effects of all healthy behaviors were statistically significant even after controlling for the other determinants. Conclusion: Although the adoption of healthy lifestyles in Brazil is still insufficient, the association of healthy practices with self-perception of health found in this study is an indication that the Brazilian population is beginning to relate healthy behaviors to their well-being and better health evaluation.

Educación formal para la Salud. Una alternativa para promover la Salud y prevenir la enfermedad / Formal Health Education An alternative to improve health and prevent disease

Salud es un estado de bienestar físico, mental y social; y es bien sabido que la forma más eficiente de cuidarla, es previniendo la enfermedad. También, que la mejor forma para modificar hábitos, es con educación y la educación formal, la más efectiva para lograrlo. Se espera que los padres asuman la responsabilidad de educar moral y éticamente a sus hijos y eso es correcto, porque se trata de valores y ningún sistema educativo puede decir qué es correcto y qué no. Pero también se pretende que los padres enseñen sobre salud y estilo de vida saludable y eso no es correcto, porque nadie puede enseñar lo que no sabe y menos si lo que sabe es incorrecto. Es fácil concluir que gran parte de la población practica hábitos de vida no saludables; basta con conocer las principales causas de muerte prematura y su relación directa con hábitos inadecuados. La enfermedad cardiovascular tiene relación con el fumado, alimentación inapropiada, sedentarismo y estrés. El cáncer con fumado e ingesta de sustancias cancerígenas y la enfermedad pulmonar, mayormente con el fumado. Estos factores, todos prevenibles, se suelen aprender como repetición de la conducta de padres y tutores. Por ello, es necesario para lograr un cambio en el estilo de vida, educar apropiadamente a los nuevos miembros de la sociedad. El objetivo principal de este ensayo, es proponer la necesidad de incorporar en la educación formal, Educación para la Salud con el fin de prevenir la enfermedad y mejorar la calidad de vida...

Health is a state of physical, mental and social wellbeing; and the most efficient way to fare for it is by preventing disease. It is recognized that the best way to modify habits is through education and formal education is most effective for this purpose. We expect parents to be responsible for the moral and ethical learning of their children, because values are taught at home and no educational system can say what is right and what is not. However, we also expect them to teach their children about health and healthy lifestyles and this is not acceptable because they cannot teach what they do not know or what they are mistaken about. It is easy to conclude that most of the population engages in unhealthy lifestyles. This can be attained simply by knowing the primary causes of death and their associations with inappropriate habits. Cardiovascular disease is related with smoking, unhealthy eating, sedentary lifestyle and stress, cancer with smoking and ingestion of carcinogenic substances, and pulmonary disease with smoking. The aforementioned and other equally preventable factors are almost all learned by mimicking the actions of parents and tutors. Because of this, it is necessary in order to achieve real change in population lifestyles and conducts, to appropriately educate new members of society. The objective of this essay is to propose the need to institute Health Education as part of our formal education in order to prevent disease and improve quality of life...