Physiological regulation of salicylic acid on Helianthus tubeuosus upon copper stress and root FTIR analysis / 生物工程学报

Phytoremediation plays an important role in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil. In order to elucidate the mechanism of salicylic acid (SA) on copper absorption, seedlings from Xuzhou (with strong Cu-tolerance) and Weifang Helianthus tuberosus cultivars (with weak Cu-tolerance) were selected for pot culture experiments. 1 mmol/L SA was sprayed upon 300 mg/kg soil copper stress, and the photosynthesis, leaf antioxidant system, several essential mineral nutrients and the changes of root upon copper stress were analyzed to explore the mechanism of copper resistance. The results showed that Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci upon copper stress decreased significantly compared to the control group. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid decreased with significant increase in initial fluorescence (F0), maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) content all decreased. The ascorbic acid (AsA) content was decreased, the glutathione (GSH) value was increased, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in the leaves were decreased, and the peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly increased. SA increased the Cu content in the ground and root system, and weakened the nutrient uptake capacity of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the root stem and leaves. Spray of exogenous SA can maintain the opening of leaf stomata, improve the adverse effect of copper on photosynthetic pigment and PSⅡ reaction center. Mediating the SOD and APX activity started the AsA-GSH cycle process, effectively regulated the antioxidant enzyme system in chrysanthemum taro, significantly reduced the copper content of all parts of the plant, and improved the ion exchange capacity in the body. External SA increased the content of the negative electric group on the root by changing the proportion of components in the root, promoted the absorption of mineral nutrient elements and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, strengthened the fixation effect of the root on metal copper, and avoided its massive accumulation in the H. tuberosus body, so as to alleviate the inhibitory effect of copper on plant growth. The study revealed the physiological regulation of SA upon copper stress, and provided a theoretical basis for planting H. tuberosus to repair soil copper pollution.

Nutritional efficiency in sunflower cultivars under dosages of potassium in semiarid region

Potassium (K) participates in critical processes in sunflower cultivation, such as osmotic regulation and translocation of photosynthesis. However, the absorption or accumulation of this nutrient occurs differently owing to edaphoclimatic factors or between cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional efficiency of sunflower cultivars as a function of different dosage K dosages in a semiarid region. To this end, two experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017. The treatments consisted of five dosages of K at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha-1 K2O and four sunflower cultivars, Aguará 6, Altis 99, Multissol, and BRS 122. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and subdivided plots. The characteristics evaluated were agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, recovery efficiency, utilization efficiency, and accumulation of total K in the plant. Sunflower cultivars responded to K dosages in the two crops, with variations in efficiency parameters. Crop 2 showed better nutritional efficiency compared to crop 1. Aguará 6 showed greater nutritional efficiency than the other two crops. The use of dosages between 75 and 91 kg ha-1 of K2O provided better efficiency in K usage for the cultivars.

Anaphylaxis to sunflower seed / Anafilaxia à semente de girassol

Sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus) is an uncommon allergenic source frequently consumed in snacks, as component of some types of bread, as condiment in some dishes, and also used in animal feeding. Occasional cases of anaphylaxis to this seed have been reported in the current literature, mainly in workers occupationally exposed to sunflower allergens and bird breeders. The allergenic nature of the storage protein albumin 2S and the non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) of this seed has been described. The authors report the case and diagnostic approach of a seed anaphylaxis.

A semente de girassol (Helianthus annuus) é uma fonte alergênica incomum frequentemente consumida em lanches, como componente de alguns tipos de pães, como condimento em alguns pratos, e também utilizada na alimentação animal. Casos eventuais de anafilaxia a esta semente têm sido relatados na literatura atual, principalmente em trabalhadores com exposição ocupacional a alérgenos de girassol e criadores de aves. A natureza alergênica da proteína de armazenamento albumina 2S e da proteína não específica de transferência de lipídios (nsLTP) dessa semente foi descrita. Os autores relatam o caso e a abordagem diagnóstica de uma anafilaxia por sementes.

Productive characteristics of sunflower genotypes irrigated with different levels of saline water

Sunflower is suitable for family farmers from Northeast Brazil who are benefited by the production of grain and oil and is adequate for crop rotation and for honey production. The need for irrigation in this region leads to the realization of this study for evaluating the production components of four sunflower genotypes irrigated with different levels of water salinity. The study was carried out in the municipality of Remigio, Paraíba, Brazil, using a randomized block with split plots experimental design in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of five electrical conductivity levels of the irrigation water at 25 °C (L1 - 0.14 (reservoir water), L2 - 1.50, L3 - 2.50, L4 - 3.50, and L5 - 4.50 dS m- 1), and four sunflower genotypes (C1 - Embrapa 122-V2000, C2 - Olisun 03, C3 - AG 963, and C4 - Multissol) with three replicates. The irrigation water salinity levels tested did not influence the variables studied. Different values of the variables among sunflower genotypes were due to characteristics inherent to each genotype. Sunflower genotype Olisun 03 presented the highest oil content, while the lowest content was observed in Multissol.

Agronomic characterization of sunflower cultivars for animal feeding in tropical conditions

This study was developed to examine morpho-agronomic traits of 18 sunflower cultivars and identify superior cultivars in terms of grain yield, forage quality, or both, for animal feeding. Twenty-two morpho-agronomic traits related to plant development and architecture; earliness of maturity; grain yield (achenes); dry matter yield; and dry matter content were evaluated. Cultivars Hélio 253, Hélio 358, Embrapa 122, BRS 321, and Hélio 360 showed inflorescence at the final stage. Aguará 4 showed the lowest flowering rate, characterizing it as late-maturing. For grain yield, cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended, as they showed the highest achene yields (average: 1,541.67 to 2,148.81 kg.ha−1, respectively). Cultivars Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL exhibited higher dry matter yields (9,550.93 to 11,789.91 kg ha−1) and were thus indicated for forage production. Cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended for grain yield, for the diet of monogastric animals; Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL for forage yield, for ruminant feeding; and Charrua, Olisun 3, and Paraíso 103CL for both purposes.

Metabolic characterization and oil profile of sunflower cultivars cultivated with increasing nitrogen doses / Caracterização metabólica e perfil do óleo de cultivares de girassol cultivados sob doses crescentes de nitrogênio

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has great economic importance due to its oil yield and quality. Among the factors influencing these parameters, nitrogen fertilization stands out. In this study we evaluated the effect of different N-urea doses (0,10,30,50,90,130 kg N-urea ha-1) at planting and 30 days after emergency on soluble fractions, oil profile and yield of three sunflower cultivars (BRS324, Catissol 01and Neon). Plants were harvested at the flowering stage for metabolic study, and at the end of the cycle for oil extraction and characterization. The Catissol 01 genotype presented the highest N-NO3- accumulation capacity, mainly in the stem. The Neon genotype presented the highest achene production at 30 and 50 kg N ha-1. Oleic oil had the highest yield, with the Catissol 01 and Neon cultivar standing out. Among the cultivars, Catissol 01 is economically more suitable for biofuel production, when cultivated at 50 kg N ha-1 since higher N doses did not result in increased oil yield.

O girassol é uma espécie com importante valor econômico pela qualidade e rendimento de óleo. Entre os fatores que influenciam esses parâmetros se destaca a fertilização nitrogenada. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de doses crescentes de N-uréia (0, 10, 30, 50, 90, 130 kg de N-Uréia ha-1 aplicadas no plantio e aos 30 dias após a emergência) sobre as frações solúveis, rendimento e perfil do óleo de três genótipos de girassol (BRS324, Neon e Catissol 01). As plantas foram coletadas no estádio de floração para o estudo metabólico e ao final do ciclo para a extração e caracterização de óleo. O genótipo Catissol 01 apresentou maior capacidade de acúmulo de N-NO3-, preferencialmente no caule. A maior produção de óleo por planta foi observada no BRS324, nas doses entre 30 e 50 kg N ha-1, embora o genótipo Neon tenha apresentado a maior produção de aquênios. O ácido oléico foi o de maior rendimento com destaque para os genótipos Catissol 01 e Neon. Dentre os genótipos avaliados, o Catissol 01 é economicamente mais indicado para a produção de óleo destinada ao biocombustível, quando cultivado com a dose de 50 kg N ha-1, pois doses superiores de N não resultam em aumento na produção de óleo.

Economic indicators of nitrogen fertilization in sunflower cultivars / Indicadores econômicos de adubação nitrogenada em cultivares de girassol

Sunflower is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. However, cultivation in semi-arid regions requires analysis of production costs and profitability, ensuring effective decision-making, focused on farming procedures and techniques. In two agricultural crops, 2016 and 2017, experiments were conducted to evaluate the economic indicators of sunflower cultivars ('Aguará 06', 'Altis 99', 'Multissol' and 'BRS 122') submitted to nitrogen (N) doses (0; 30; 60; 90 and 120 kg ha-1) via fertirrigation under semi-arid conditions. The net margin corresponded to the increase of N doses, reaching a maximum net margin in the 2016 harvest of R$ 366.89 ha-1 at the dose of 81 kg ha-1 of N for 'BRS 122'; R$ 577.41 ha-1 with 118 kg ha-1 of N for 'Multissol'; and for 'Aguará 06' (R$ 2,124.00 ha-1) and 'Altis 99' (R$ 976.66 ha-1) at the dose of 120 kg ha-1 of N. In the 2017 harvest, 'BRS 122' obtained R$ 190.90 ha-1 in the dose of 83 kg ha-1 of N and 'Multissol' reached R$ 657.50 in the dose of 85 kg ha-1 of N; the cultivars 'Aguará 06' (R$ 1,078.00 ha-1) and 'Altis 99' (R$ 957.14 ha-1) in the dose of 120 kg ha-1 of N. The rate of return and the profitability index were positive for all cultivars in both crops.

O girassol é uma das mais importantes oleaginosas do mundo. No entanto, o cultivo em regiões semiáridas requer análise dos custos de produção e rentabilidade, garantindo tomadas de decisão eficazes, focadas em procedimentos e técnicas agrícolas. Em duas safras agrícolas, 2016 e 2017, foram conduzidos experimentos para avaliar os indicadores econômicos de cultivares de girassol ('Aguará 06', 'Altis 99', 'Multissol' e 'BRS 122') submetidos a doses de nitrogênio (N) (0; 30; 60; 90 e 120 kg ha-1) via fertirrigação em condições semiáridas. A margem líquida correspondeu ao aumento das doses de N, atingindo uma margem líquida máxima na safra 2016 de R$ 366,89 ha-1 na dose de 81 kg ha-1 de N para 'BRS 122'; R$ 577,41 ha-1 com 118 kg ha-1 de N para 'Multissol'; e para 'Aguará 06' (R$ 2.124,00 ha-1) e 'Altis 99' (R$ 976,66 ha-1) na dose de 120 kg ha-1 de N. Na safra de 2017, 'BRS 122' obteve R$ 190,90 ha-1 na dose de 83 kg ha-1 de N e 'Multissol' alcançaram R$ 657,50 na dose de 85 kg ha-1 de N; as cultivares 'Aguará 06' (R$ 1.078,00 ha-1) e 'Altis 99' (R$ 957,14 ha-1) na dose de 120 kg ha-1 de N. A taxa de retorno e o índice de lucratividade foram positivos para todas as cultivares em ambas as culturas.

Growth and production of ornamental sunflower irrigated with dilutions of treated domestic sewage / Crescimento e produção de girassol ornamental irrigado com diluições de efluente doméstico tratado

The water and nutritional potential of wastewater has been frequently exploited as an alternative water source for the irrigation of crops, especially in regions affected by the scarcity of water resources. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate growth and production of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Anão de Jardim irrigated with different dilutions of treated domestic sewage in public-supply water. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates, in a greenhouse, in the Experimental Area of the Agricultural Engineering Graduate Program of the Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, located in the municipality of Cruz das Almas - BA, Brazil. Treatments started seven days after transplanting of the seedlings and consisted of five dilutions of treated domestic sewage (TDS) in public-supply water (PSW) (100% PSW ­ control; 25% TDS + 75% PSW; 50% TDS + 50% PSW; 75% TDS + 25% PSW and 100% TDS). In the control treatment, plants were fertilized with 100% of the mineral fertilization recommendation, whereas plants in treatments with effluent received 50% of the nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) recommendation. Biometric (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot fresh and dry matter and leaf area) and production (capitulum internal and external diameter, capitulum fresh and dry matter, beginning of flowering and full capitulum opening) indicators evaluated at harvest demonstrated that ornamental sunflower plants irrigated with 100% TDS showed similar performance to those irrigated with PSW, which makes it possible to infer on the possibility of replacing PSW by TDS in irrigation, along with the 50% reduction in the recommendation of N and K fertilization, with no damage to the growth and production of ornamental sunflower, cv. Anão de Jardim, thus leading to the saving of good-quality water and fertilizers. KEYWORDS:Helianthus annuus L.. Wastewater. Water resources. INTRODUCTION In agriculture, water is essential for crop development and production. Therefore, in areas where rainfall is scarce, it is of fundamental importance to complement irrigation. In some regions, such as the Northeast semi-arid region, where weather conditions establish a situation of scarcity of water resources due to the low rainfall levels and high evapotranspiration rates, domestic and industrial purposes are the priority in the use of water, which limits the use and expansion of irrigated agriculture. In addition to such limitation, most regions also face sanitary problems, with poor sanitation systems and sewage effluents dumped in watercourses, causing contamination of water bodies and environment. Given this environmental degradation, especially water pollution, many studies have been carried out in Brazil to establish a sustainable management for water resources. Since irrigated agriculture is one of the most water-consuming activities and water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, wastewater utilization in agriculture and studies on defining techniques for the treatment of these waters and their subsequent use have been stimulated (CUBA et al., 2015). The reuse of water in agriculture has increased significantly due to factors such as the increasing difficulty in identifying alternative sources of water for irrigation, the high cost of fertilizers and the treatment systems required before its discharge into receiving bodies, in addition to the guarantee of being used with minimum risks to public health and soil contamination. Therefore, water reuse represents a tool for the sustainability of water resources, applied mainly for non-potable Received: 08/04/19 Accepted: 30/12/19

O potencial hídrico e nutricional da água residuária vem sendo frequentemente explorado como fonte hídrica alternativa para irrigação de culturas, principalmente em regiões acometidas pela escassez de recursos hídricos. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produção do girassol ornamental (Helianthuns annuus L.) cv. Anão de Jardim irrigado com diferentes diluições de efluente doméstico tratado em água de abastecimento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, em casa de vegetação na área experimental do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, localizada no munícipio de Cruz das Almas (BA). Os tratamentos foram iniciados sete dias após o transplantio das mudas e constituíram-se de cinco diluições de efluente doméstico tratado (EDT) com água de abastecimento (AA) (100% AA ­ testemunha; 25% EDT + 75% AA; 50% EDT + 50% AA; 75% EDT + 25% AA e 100% EDT). No tratamento testemunha as plantas foram adubadas com 100% da recomendação de fertilizante mineral e nos tratamentos com efluente utilizou-se 50% da recomendação de nitrogênio e de potássio. Os indicadores biométricos (altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, área foliar) e de produção (diâmetro interno e externo do capítulo e massa fresca e seca do capítulo, início da floração e abertura total do capítulo) avaliados na colheita mostraram que as plantas de girassol ornamental irrigadas com 100% do efluente apresentaram desempenho semelhante ao das plantas irrigadas com água de abastecimento, o que permite inferir sobre a possibilidade de substituição da água de abastecimento por efluente doméstico tratado para a irrigação juntamente com a redução de 50% da recomendação de adubação com nitrogênio e potássio sem prejuízos ao crescimento e produção das plantas de girassol ornamental cv. Anão de Jardim, resultando assim a economia de água de boa qualidade e de fertilizantes.

Grain production fatty acid and oil profile from sunflower cultivars receiving different boron doses / Produção de grãos, perfil de óleo e ácido graxo em cultivares de girassol submetidos a diferentes doses de boro

Among the main factors that affect the productivity of crops is deficiency of nutrients. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, and sunflower is one of the most sensitive plants to deficiency of the element. Its inadequate supply can impair sunflower plants' metabolism and grain and oil yield. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different boron doses on the production of sunflower grains and the content and quality of the oil obtained from them. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme with three cultivars (Helio251, BRS323, BRS324) and four B doses (0, 2.5, 5.0, 8.0 kg ha-1). Two harvests were performed, the first in the R5 reproductive stage and the second at the end of the R9 cycle. In both cases, the levels of B in the capitulum were measured. At the end of the cycle, the grain yield, crude protein and oil content in the grains and fatty acid profile were analyzed. The cultivars responded differently to the treatments with B. The boron fertilization influenced the grain yield and oil content, but was not correlated with the profile of the majority unsaturated fatty acids and crude protein in the grains. Variations were observed in the fatty acid profile between the cultivars, an important aspect that needs to be evaluated according to the purpose of the production. In soil with lower availability of B, cultivar BRS323 was most efficient in B uptake, grain yield and oil content and quality.

Dentre os principais fatores que afetam a produtividade das culturas está a deficiência de nutrientes. O Boro (B) é um micronutriente essencial para plantas, e o girassol é uma das mais sensíveis à deficiência desse elemento. Seu fornecimento inadequado pode prejudicar o metabolismo, a produção de óleo e grãos das plantas de girassol. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de boro na produção de grãos, conteúdo a qualidade do óleo de girassol. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial com três cultivares (Helio251, BRS323, BRS324) e quatro doses de B (0; 2,5; 5,0; 8,0 kg ha-1). Foram realizadas duas coletas, a primeira na fase reprodutiva R5 e a segunda no final do ciclo R9. Em ambos os casos, os níveis de B no capítulo foram medidos. No final do ciclo, foram analisados a produção de grãos, teor de proteína bruta e óleo nos grãos e perfil de ácidos graxos. Os cultivares responderam diferentemente aos tratamentos com B. A adubação com boro influenciou o rendimento de grãos e teor de óleo, mas não se correlacionou com o perfil da maioria dos ácidos graxos insaturados e da proteína bruta nos grãos. Foram observadas variações no perfil de ácidos graxos entre cultivares, um aspecto importante que precisa ser avaliado de acordo com a finalidade da produção. No solo com menor disponibilidade de B, o cultivar BRS323 foi mais eficiente na absorção de B, rendimento de grãos, teor e qualidade de óleo.

Weed management in glyphosate-resistant maize / Manejo de plantas daninhas em milho resistente ao glifosato

The application of glyphosate associated with other herbicides is an important alternative for weed control in maize, to increase control spectrum and to minimize problems with resistance and tolerance from some species to the product. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy, selectivity and effects on the grain yield components of glyphosate-resistant maize as a function of its application, associated or not with other pre- and postemergence herbicides. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments consisted in the use of glyphosate combined with the herbicides: atrazine, [atrazine + simazine], [atrazine + oil], [atrazine + S-metolachlor], applied pre- and/or postemergence and [nicosulfuron + mesotrione] only postemergence, plus two controls, one weeded and one infested. The evaluated variables were maize phytotoxicity, weed control, ear insertion height, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, one thousand grain mass and grain yield. Herbicide treatments caused low phytotoxicity to maize, less than 6%; control greater than 88, 95 and 95% for alexandergrass, turnip and sunflower, respectively, and did not affect grain yield components. The tested herbicides are selective to the hybrid Forseed 2A521 PW and effective in weed control. Weed control with weeding or herbicide increased maize Forseed 2A521 PW yield by 43%. The association of glyphosate with pre- or postemergence herbicides increased maize grain yield by approximately 14%.(AU)

O uso de glifosato associado com outros herbicidas torna-se uma alternativa importante para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestantes do milho, pois ele aumenta o espectro de controle, minimiza problemas com resistência e tolerância de plantas daninhas ao herbicida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a eficiência, a seletividade e os efeitos nos componentes de rendimento de grãos do milho resistente ao glifosato pelo uso dessa substância associada ou não a outros herbicidas aplicados em pré- e pós-emergência. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatros repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na utilização do glifosato em combinação com os herbicidas: atrazina, [atrazina + simazina], [atrazina + óleo], [atrazina + S-metolacloro], aplicados em pré- e/ou pós-emergência e o [nicosulfuron + mesotriona] somente em pós-emergência, além das testemunhas capinada e infestada. Avaliaram-se as variáveis: fitotoxicidade ao milho, controle de plantas daninhas, altura de inserção de espigas, número de fileiras e de grãos por espiga, peso de mil grãos e a produtividade de grãos. Os herbicidas ocasionaram baixa fitotoxicidade ao milho, inferior a 6%, controle superior a 88, 95 e 95% para papuã, nabo e girassol, respectivamente, e não influenciaram negativamente nos componentes relacionados ao rendimento de grãos da cultura. Os herbicidas testados são seletivos ao híbrido Forseed 2A521 PW e efetivos no controle de papuã, nabo e girassol. O manejo das plantas daninhas com capina ou herbicidas proporcionou aumento de cerca de 43% na produtividade de grãos do híbrido de milho Forseed 2A521 PW. O uso de glifosato em mistura de tanque com herbicidas aplicados em pré- ou pós-emergência incrementou, aproximadamente, 14% a produtividade de grãos de milho.(AU)

Sunflower growth irrigated with sewage effluent under organic fertilization / Crescimento de girassol irrigado com efluente de esgoto sob adubação orgânica

In the semi-arid region of Brazil due to water scarcity, the use of alternative water sources is of vital importance, such as the use of saline waters and treated sewage effluents. Therefore, in the present work, the growth of sunflower plants irrigated with tap water and treated domestic sewage effluent, associated with organic fertilization was evaluated. The research was carried out in a protected environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus I, Campina Grande, PB. A completely randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement was used (4 x 2) + 2, with 5 repetitions. the treatments consisted of organic manure dosages (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% of manure on a weight basis) and two water sources (supply water and treated domestic sewage effluent). According to the results obtained, it can be indicated that the use of domestic sewage effluent for sunflower irrigation increased sunflower growth in relation to the use of water supply. The application of manure doses of 12.5 and 15% improved the early growth of the sunflower, with significant increases in the growth variables.

Na região semiárida do Brasil, devido à escassez de água, o uso de fontes alternativas de água é de vital importância, como o uso de águas salinas e efluentes de esgoto tratado. Portanto, no presente trabalho, avaliou-se o crescimento de plantas de girassol irrigadas com água da torneira e efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado, associado à adubação orgânica. A pesquisa foi realizada em ambiente protegido da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus I, Campina Grande, PB. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial (4 x 2) + 2, com 5 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dosagens de adubo orgânico (7,5; 10; 12,5 e 15% de esterco por peso) e duas fontes de água (água de abastecimento e efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se indicar que o uso de efluente de esgoto doméstico na irrigação com girassol aumentou o crescimento do girassol em relação ao uso de água. A aplicação de doses de estrume de 12,5 e 15% melhorou o crescimento inicial do girassol, com aumentos significativos nas variáveis de crescimento.

Decomposition of cover crop mulch and weed control under a no-till system for organic maize / Decomposição da palhada e controle de plantas daninhas em plantio direto orgânico de milho

The decomposition dynamics of cover crop mulch influence the nutrient supply of successor crops and weed suppression. This is even more relevant in organic production systems, due to their limited use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides. As such, the aim of this study was to quantify biomass production, model the decomposition and N, P and K release of the mulch of different cover crops, and assess the weed suppression of cover crops in the form of mulch and in consortium with organic maize. A randomized block design was used, with a 7x2 factorial scheme (7 cover crop management strategies and 2 cropping systems - maize in monoculture and intercropped with jack bean) and 4 replicates. The management practices that produced the most biomass were white lupine intercropped with black oat and the white lupine, black oat and sunflower monocultures. The use of cover crops did not differ from manual weeding in terms of weedbiomass, but did affect the relative importance (RI) of nutgrass. Additionally, maize intercropped with jack bean reduced weed biomass in subsequent crop growth stages.

A dinâmica de decomposição da palhada de plantas de cobertura influencia o suprimento de nutrientes para a cultura sucessora e a supressão de plantas daninhas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a produção de biomassa e de modelar a decomposição e liberação de N, P e K da palhada de diferentes plantas de cobertura, assim como, avaliar a supressão de plantas daninhas por plantas de cobertura na forma de palhada e em consórcio com milho orgânico. O experimento foi realizado em esquema fatorial 7 x 2 (7 tipos de manejos de planta de cobertura e 2 sistemas de cultivo ­ milho em monocultivo e consorciado com feijão-de-porco) em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Os manejos que produziram a maior biomassa foram os consórcios de tremoço branco e aveia preta, além dos monocultivos de tremoço branco, aveia preta e girassol. Os manejos de planta de cobertura não se diferenciaram do manejo com capina manual para biomassa de plantas daninhas, porém afetaram a importância relativa da tiririca. Já o consórcio de milho com feijão-de-porco diminuiu a biomassa de plantas daninhas em estádios avançados da cultura.

Association of SSR based genetic distances with heterosis in sunflower

Aim: Development of commercial hybrid of sunflower on basis of best inbred combination remains a key challenge to sunflower breeders. In the current investigation, heterosis of F1 hybrids, parental genetic diversity and correlation between genetic distance and level of heterosis were estimated. Methodology: Thirty five parental genotypes (3 CMS A lines and 32 R lines) and their hybrids were assessed for physio-morphological, yield and quality traits. Heterosis was measured as mid-parent and better parent heterosis. Among parents, SSR marker based genetic distances were calculated using DARwin software. Correlation between heterosis and genetic distances was carried out by Karl Pearson’s simple correlation method. Results: Range of genetic distances, based on SSR marker analysis, varied from 0.32-0.73. Genetic distance had significant positive correlation with the heterosis for oil content (r = 0.22 p<0.05) and linoleic acid (r = 0.32 p<0.05), but negative correlation was observed for days to maturity, test weight, volume weight, stearic acid and oleic acid. There was no significant correlation between genetic distance and heterosis for seed yield and other agronomic traits. Interpretation: Although, genetic distance is poor predictor of heterosis, dependence of oil content on genetic distance among parental lines may be used for designing an effective breeding program for sunflower.

Optimization of Integrated Processing Technology for “Precise Decoction Pieces ”of Helianthus annuus by Grey Correlation Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the integrated processing technology for “precise decoction pieces” of Helianthus annuus. METHODS： The contents of total flavonoids and total protein in H. annuus were determined by UV spectrophotometry with rutin and bovine serum albumin as control. Refering to Chinese Pharmacopoeia， the contents of water soluble extract， dilute ethanol extracts and ethyl acetate extract were determined. Based on the different needs such as maintaining quality consistency with the original medicinal materials， preference for anti-gout treatment， preference for liver calming and pain relief， using the contents of total flavonoids， total protein and 3 kinds of polar extract as indexes， gray correlation method was used to optimize the integrated processing technology of 3 kinds of “precise decoction pieces” of H. annuus. RESULTS： Gray correlation analysis showed that the ideal sample sequence of decoction pieces in massive shape dried at 60 ℃ with the original medicinal materials and decoction pieces with preference use of liver calming and pain relief was the most relevant； the ideal sample sequence of ideal sample sequence of decoction pieces in massive shape dried in the shade with decoction pieces with clinical application preference of anti-gout therapy was the most relevant. CONCLUSIONS： Different integrated processing technology for “precise decoction pieces” of H. annuus can be adopted for different needs. If it is necessary to keep the quality consistent with the original medicinal materials or to prepare H. annuus decoction pieces for liver calming and pain relieving， medicinal material can be cut into massive shape and dried at 60 ℃； if it is necessary to prepare H. annuus decoction pieces for anti-gout treatment， cutting into massive shape and drying in the shade can be adopted.

Quality evaluation of Aurea helianthus by multiwavelength HPLC fingerprint and chemometrics methods / 中草药

Objective: To establish multiwavelength HPLC fingerprint of Aurea helianthus from different batches, and combine quantitative analysis, similarity evaluation, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis to evaluate the quality of A. helianthus. Methods: The chromatographic column was Phenomenex Kinetex C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was composed of 0.08% phosphoric acid water (A) and acetonitrile (B) in gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, the detection wavelength was set at 260 nm for protocatechuic acid during 0-8 min, 324 nm for caffeic acid during 8-15 min, 360 nm for rutin, hyperin, isoquercitrin, gossypetin-8-O-β-D-glucuronide, myricetin, quercetin-3’-O-glucoside, and quercetin during 15-60 min. The column temperature was set at 30 oC. And the HPLC fingerprint of A. helianthus was established by the similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of TCM (Version 2004A) and SPSS19.0, which was used for similarity evaluation, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis. Results: A total of 25 common peaks were confirmed of A. helianthus HPLC fingerprint, and nine peaks were identified which were determined. The similarity of 16 batches of samples was between 0.879 and 0.983; The results of cluster analysis showed that A. helianthus was clustered into two groups, indicating that there were differences in the similarity; Ranked the quality of A. helianthus based on the main component composite score. Conclusion: The method is simple and accurate, which can be used for the comprehensive quality evaluation research of the medicinal materials of A. helianthus.

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of different organs of three sunflower cultivars on germination of radish / Efeito alelopático de extratos aquosos de diferentes órgãos de três cultivares de girassol sobre a germinação de nabo

This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of different organs of three sunflower cultivars on the germination and initial development of radish. The study was conducted in a Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The design was completely randomized in a threefactor scheme with four replications. The first factor consisted of three sunflower cultivars: Olisun 3, Olisun 5, and Aguará 6. The second factor consisted of different organs: leaves, stems, and roots. The third factor consisted of the extracts concentrations: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The experimental unit (EU) used was gearboxes with two sheets of germitest paper that were moistened with the extracts. The EUs were placed in BOD germination chamber at 25 °C. Daily count of germinated seeds was performed. The radicle length and hypocotyl were measured on the 10th day. The variables analyzed included germination (G); germination speed index (GSI); radicle length (RL); and hypocotyl length (HL). Sunflowers have allelopathic potential on the radish. The extract concentration of 75% of all organs and cultivars were sufficient to significantly reduce the variables. The allelopathic activity differs between organs (leaves, stems, and roots) and sunflower cultivars. The amount of allelopathic effects vary in the order of root, stem, and then leaf. Extracts from the roots showed the greatest allelopathic effect on germination and initial development on the radish; however, this depends on the cultivar used. Field studies should be performed to verify such allelopathic activities.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial alelopático de extratos aquosos de diferentes órgãos de três cultivares de girassol sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial de rabanete. O estudo foi realizado em Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brasil. O projeto foi inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema trifatorial, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu de três cultivares de girassol: Olisun 3, Olisun 5, e Aguará 6. O segundo fator consistiu de diferentes órgãos: folhas, caules e raízes. O terceiro fator consistia nas concentrações dos extratos: 0, 25, 50, 75, e 100%. A unidade experimental (UE) utilizada foi caixas do tipo gerbox, com duas folhas de papel germitest na base, que foram umedecidas com os extratos. As EUs foram colocadas em câmara de germinação BOD a 25 °C. Diariamente após semeadura realizou-se a contagem diária de sementes germinadas. O comprimento da raiz e do hipocótilo das plântulas foram medidas no décimo dia. As variáveis analisadas foram: germinação (G); índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG); comprimento radicular (CR); e comprimento de hipocótilo (CH). Girassóis apresentam potencial alelopático sobre o nabo. A concentração do extrato de 75% de todos os órgãos e cultivares de girassóis foram suficientes para reduzir significativamente as variáveis, em comparação com a testemunha. A atividade alelopática difere entre órgãos (folhas, caules e raízes) e cultivares de girassol. A quantidade de efeitos alelopáticos varia na ordem de raiz, caule, folha. Extratos das raízes apresentam maior efeito alelopático na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial sobre o nabo; no entanto, isso depende da cultivar usada. Estudos a campo devem ser realizados para verificar tais atividades alelopáticas.

Timing and placement of cattle manure and/or gliricidia affects cotton and sunflower nutrient accumulation and biomass productivity

ABSTRACT Organic fertilizers are a viable alternative to increase oilseed productivity in family agriculture systems. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of timing and placement of cattle manure and/or gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium Jacq. Walp) prunings on cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) nutrient accumulation and biomass productivity. Experiments were carried out in 2010 and 2011 in Taperoá, Paraíba, Brazil. The organic fertilization treatments were: GI - gliricidia incorporated before planting; GS - gliricidia applied on surface 45 days after planting (DAP); MI + GI - manure and gliricidia incorporated before planting; MI + GS - manure incorporated before planting and gliricídia applied on the surface 45 DAP; MI - manure incorporated before planting; and T - with no organic fertilization. In 2010, treatment MI + GS increased N, P, and K accumulation in cotton (12 and 7 kg ha-1) as well as in sunflower (20 and 29 kg ha-1). In 2011, GI and GS treatments resulted in higher N, P, K accumulations in both crops. The highest cotton productivity in 2010 was obtained with MI + GS treatment (198 kg ha-1) and in 2011 with GS treatment (594 kg ha-1). For sunflower, MI + GS treatment yielded the highest productivity in 2010 (466 kg ha-1) and GI treatment in 2011 (3542 kg ha-1). GI and MI + GS treatments increased total biomass productivity for cotton and sunflower. The treatment that combined both cattle manure incorporated into the soil before planting and gliricidia applied on the surface 45 days after planting was the most viable management strategy.

Development of food products using fish maw (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and roasted sunflower kernel (Helianthus annuus) for branched-chain organic acidurias patients

@#Introduction: Branched-chain organic acidurias include maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), isovaleric acidemia (IVA), propionic acidemia (PA), and methylmalonic acidemia (MMA). Long term management requires diets of adequate energy and protein with restriction of the offending amino acids. Standard commercial formulas are expensive and unaffordable to patients of low socio-economic status. Methods: This study aimed to develop food products for branched-chain organic acidurias children aged 4-15 years using locally available raw materials in Thailand. Fish maw (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and roasted sunflower kernel (Helianthus annuus) were selected as protein sources due to their low leucine contents. Five formulations were developed, namely (i) powder (low leucine, isoleucine, and valine for MSUD) for tube feeding preparation, (ii) – (v) rice sprinkle powder, bouillon cube, instant cocoa drink, and snack bar, respectively with low leucine for IVA; low valine, isoleucine, methionine and threonine for PA and MMA. Results: All five formulated products provide 500-600 kcal/100 g, adequate protein in which the offending amino acids were controlled at non-harmful levels. These products were shelf stable at room temperature (Aw = 0.3-0.5). Conclusion: The products that were formulated from fish maw and roasted sunflower kernel provide proteins of appropriate quality and quantity for long-term management of branched-chain organic acidurias. The developed products should be further tested for efficacy among patients in accordance with an adequately powered study design.

Acute and chronic toxicity studies of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. in rats

Objective:To investigate the safety levels of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. (H. annuus) in rat.Methods:Acute oral toxicity test of hydromethanol leaf extract of H. annuus was conducted through up and down method at 2.00 g/kg dose limit in rats. The chronic toxicity study was conducted by administering different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 g/ kg) of hydromethanol extract of H. annuus in feed, for 90 consecutive days. On days 30, 60 and 90, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of the rats for determination of serum biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of the pancreas, livers, kidneys and testis were also conducted.Results:The LDConclusions:The findings suggest that hydromethanol extract of H. annuus is tolerated in short term administration, but long term (up to 90 days) administration at high doses, may elicit hepatic, testicular and nephrotic disorder.

Acute and chronic toxicity studies of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. in rats

Objective: To investigate the safety levels of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. (H. annuus) in rat. Methods: Acute oral toxicity test of hydromethanol leaf extract of H. annuus was conducted through up and down method at 2.00 g/kg dose limit in rats. The chronic toxicity study was conducted by administering different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 g/ kg) of hydromethanol extract of H. annuus in feed, for 90 consecutive days. On days 30, 60 and 90, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of the rats for determination of serum biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of the pancreas, livers, kidneys and testis were also conducted. Results: The LD50 of the hydromethanol extract of H. annuus was greater than 2.00 g/kg and it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced serum cholesterol. On days 60 and 90, the serum urea and creatinine levels of hydromethanol extract of H. annuus treated groups were elevated when compared with the control group. There were fibrosis in the kidneys and livers; degeneration and necrosis in the testis and significant dose-dependent increases in number and size of pancreatic islet of langerhans. Conclusions: The findings suggest that hydromethanol extract of H. annuus is tolerated in short term administration, but long term (up to 90 days) administration at high doses, may elicit hepatic, testicular and nephrotic disorder.