The use of chemoprophylaxis or not for dvt in spine surgery: a systematic review / O uso da quimioprofilaxia ou não para tvp em cirurgia de coluna: revisão sistemática / El uso de quimioprofilaxis o no para la tvp en la cirugía de columna vertebral: revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare pharmacological and non-pharmacological prophylaxis in elective spine surgery to determine the risks of DVT, PTE, and epidural hematoma (EH) in both groups, as well as their respective treatment effectiveness. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis based on systematically searched articles, using combinations of MeSH terms related to chemoprophylaxis and non-chemoprophylaxis for prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in elective spine surgery. Adult patients were eligible for inclusion in the study, except for those with trauma, spinal cord injury, neoplasms, or those using vena cava filters. Results: Five studies were selected for this systematic review and meta-analysis: 3 retrospective studies, 1 prospective study, and 1 case series. Data analysis showed that 4.64% of patients treated with chemoprophylaxis had an unfavorable outcome regarding DVT, while this outcome occurred in 1.14% of patients not treated with chemoprophylaxis (p=0.001). Among patients using chemoprophylaxis, only 0.1% developed epidural hematoma and 0.38% developed PTE. Among those on non-pharmaceutical prophylaxis, 0.04% had EH (p=0.11) and 0.42% had PTE (p=0.45). Conclusions: No benefits were found for chemoprophylaxis as compared to non-chemoprophylaxis in preventing DVT in elective spine surgery, nor was there an increased risk of epidural hematoma or fatal thromboembolic events. Level of evidence III; Therapeutic studies; Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar profilaxia farmacológica e não farmacológica em cirurgia eletiva da coluna vertebral, a fim de determinar os riscos de TVP, TEP e hematoma epidural (HE) em ambos os grupos, bem como a respectiva eficácia do tratamento. Métodos: Revisão sistemática e metanálise com base em artigos sistematicamente pesquisados, usando combinações de termos MESH relacionados à quimioprofilaxia e à não quimioprofilaxia para prevenção de trombose venosa profunda e embolia pulmonar em cirurgia eletiva da coluna vertebral. Pacientes adultos foram elegíveis para inclusão no estudo, exceto aqueles com trauma, lesão medular, neoplasias e aqueles que usavam filtros de veia cava. Resultados: Cinco estudos foram incluídos para fazer parte desta revisão sistemática e metanálise: três estudos retrospectivos, um prospectivo e um série de casos. A análise dos dados mostrou que 4,64% dos pacientes tratados com quimioprofilaxia tiveram um resultado desfavorável em relação à TVP, enquanto esse resultado ocorreu em 1,14% dos pacientes não tratados com quimioprofilaxia (p = 0,001). Entre os pacientes em uso de quimioprofilaxia, apenas 0,1% desenvolveram hematoma epidural (HE) e 0,38% desenvolveram TEP. Entre aqueles em profilaxia não medicamentosa, 0,04% apresentaram HE (p = 0,11) e 0,42% tiveram TEP (p = 0,45). Conclusões: Não foram encontrados benefícios para a quimioprofilaxia quando comparada à não quimioprofilaxia na prevenção da TVP em cirurgia eletiva da coluna vertebral, assim como não foi verificado aumento do risco de hematoma epidural ou eventos tromboembólicos fatais. Nível de evidência III; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar la profilaxis farmacológica y no farmacológica en la cirugía de columna electiva para determinar los riesgos de TVP, TEP y hematoma epidural (HE) en ambos grupos, así como la respectiva eficacia del tratamiento. Métodos: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis basados en artículos buscados sistemáticamente, utilizando combinaciones de términos MESH relacionados con quimioprofilaxis y no quimioprofilaxis para la prevención de trombosis venosa profunda y embolia pulmonar en cirugía electiva de columna. Se eligieron pacientes adultos para su inclusión en el estudio, excepto aquellos con traumatismos, lesión medular, neoplasias y aquellos que usan filtros de vena cava. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco estudios para formar parte de esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis: 3 estudios retrospectivos, 1 prospectivo y 1 serie de casos. El análisis de los datos reveló que el 4,64% de los pacientes tratados con quimioprofilaxis tuvieron un resultado desfavorable con respecto a la TVP, mientras que este resultado se produjo en el 1,14% de los pacientes no tratados con quimioprofilaxis (p = 0,001). Entre los pacientes que recibieron quimioprofilaxis, sólo el 0,1% desarrolló hematoma epidural (HE) y el 0,38% desarrolló TEP. Entre los que recibieron profilaxis no farmacológica, el 0,04% desarrolló HE (p = 0,11) y el 0,42% desarrolló TEP (p = 0,45). Conclusiones: No se encontraron beneficios para la quimioprofilaxis en comparación con la no quimioprofilaxis para prevenir la TVP en la cirugía de columna electiva, así como tampoco un mayor riesgo de hematoma epidural o eventos tromboembólicos fatales. Nivel de evidencia - III; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Traumatismo encéfalo-craneano por caída libre en neonatos

Objetivo : Describir las características clínicas del traumatismo encéfalo craneano en neonatos. Materiales y métodos : Se realizó una serie de casos de neonatos con traumatismo encéfalo craneano, todos con diagnóstico clínico y tomográfico atendidos por el Servicio de Neuropediatría y Neonatología del Hospital Cayetano Heredia del 2014 al 2019. Resultados : Se incluyeron 12 neonatos, 67% (8/12) fueron varones, 33% (4/12) menores de cuatro días de edad y 25% (3/12) hijos de madres añosas. La caída libre fue el mecanismo de lesión en todos los casos y tres de ellos se cayeron de coches de paseo para bebés. El lugar más frecuente de la caída fue el hospital, tres neonatos se encontraban en alojamiento conjunto, dos en la sala de espera de la consulta externa y uno en hospitalización. El 83% (10/12) de los casos cayó de ≥ 0.5 m de altura y 33% (4/12) cayó de ≥ 1m. El 58% (7/12) fue sintomático a la caída, cuatro casos con letargia y uno con irritabilidad. Además, se reportaron vómitos y dificultad respiratoria. Cuatro presentaron hematoma epidural y tres de ellos fractura craneal, dos de gravedad por hipertensión endocraneana descompensada que requirieron evacuación quirúrgica de emergencia. Conclusión : El traumatismo encéfalo craneano en neonatos es un problema potencialmente grave. El hematoma epidural fue la lesión intracraneal más frecuente. La letargia e irritabilidad fueron los síntomas más frecuentes en los neonatos que cayeron de ≥ 0.5m de altura.

Objective : To describe clinical characteristics of head trauma in neonates. Material and methods : This is a case series of neonate patients with head trauma. All of them had a clinical diagnosis and computed tomography scans performed. They were taken care of in both Neuropediatrics and Neonatology services in Cayetano Heredia National Hospital in Lima, Peru from 2014 to 2019. Results : Twelve neonates were included, 67% (8/12) were male, 33% (4/12) were less than four days old, and 25% (3/12) were born to mature mothers. Free fall was the mechanism of lesion for all cases, and three of them fell down from baby trolleys. Places where these accidents occurred were at the hospital. Three neonates were in joint housing, two were in the waiting room of the outpatient clinic, and one fall occurred in the hospitalization ward. Eighty- three per cent (10/12) of all cases fell from ≥0.5- m height, and 33% (4/12) fell from 1- m height. Fifty-eight per cent (7/12) developed symptoms after the fall, four had lethargy and one had irritability. Also, vomits and respiratory distress were reported. Four neonates developed epidural hematoma and three had cranial fracture, two of these latter cases were severe because of decompensated cranial hypertension that required emergency surgical decompression. Conclusion : Head trauma in neonates is a potentially severe condition. Epidural hematoma was the most frequent intracranial lesion. Lethargy and irritability were most frequent symptoms in neonates who fell from ≥0.5- m height.

Clinical application value of craniotomy with hematoma evacuation combined with decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical application value of craniotomy with hematoma evacuation combined with decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.Methods:Sixty-eight patients with severe traumatic brain injury who received treatment in China Coast Guard Bureau Hospital, China between June 2016 and June 2019 were randomly assigned to receive either craniotomy with hematoma evacuation combined with decompressive craniectomy (observation group, n = 34) or conventional craniotomy (control group, n = 34). Surgical value for severe traumatic brain injury and the occurrence of complications were compared between the observation and control groups. Results:Before treatment, there were no significant differences in intracranial pressure, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, activity of daily living between the observation and control groups (all P > 0.05). After 7 days of treatment, intracranial pressure in the two groups was significantly decreased compared with before treatment, and intracranial pressure in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group ( t = 17.284, P < 0.001). After treatment, Glasgow Coma Scores were significantly increased in the two groups, and Glasgow Coma Scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( t = 5.823, 7.185, 9.234, all P < 0.05). In addition, the numbers of patients with grade I, II and III severe traumatic brain injury in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The number of patients with grade V prognosis in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [20 (58.8%) vs. 8 (23.5%), χ2 = 8.743, P < 0.05]. After treatment, severe traumatic brain injury was mitigated in the two groups. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the activity of daily living in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The numbers of patients with delayed hematoma, a need for reoperation, hydrocephalus, acute encephalocele, epilepsy, and intracranial infection in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusion:Craniotomy with hematoma evacuation combined with decompressive craniectomy for treatment of severe traumatic brain injury can greatly decrease intracranial pressure, reduce the degree of injury and improve prognosis.

Reporte de caso: hematoma epidural supra e infratentorial en paciente pediátrico / Case report: supra and infratentorial epidural hematoma in a pediatric patient

El traumatismo craneoencefálico es una causa común de morbi-mortalidad en la población pediátrica, sus lesiones secundarias como los hematomas epidurales son frecuentemente hallados, pero en su localización de la fosa posterior solo representa el 5% y son de alto riesgo de presentar complicaciones; además el hematoma supra e infratentorial simultáneo es muy poco frecuente. En el presente trabajo daremos a conocer el manejo quirúrgico de alto riesgo de un paciente con un hematoma supra e infratentorial de gran volumen, describiendo las posibles complicaciones y observando la evolución. Se realizó craneotomía supratentorial y una craniectomía sub-occipital para evacuación de hematoma. El paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente mostrando mejoría en el postoperatorio inmediato, siendo dado de alta recuperando la función global(AU)

Traumatic Head Injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Its secondary lessons, such as epidural hematomas, are frequently found, but in the posterior fossa it only represents 5% and they are at high risk of complications; in addition, simultaneous supra and infratentorial hematoma is very rare. In the present work, we will present the high-risk surgical management of a patient with a large volume supraand infratentorial hematoma, describing the possible complications and observing the evolution. Supratentorial craniotomy and sub-occipital craniectomy were performed to evacuate the hematoma. The patient recovered satisfactorily showing improvement in the immediate postoperative period, being discharged recovering global function(AU)

Hematoma epidural supra e infratentorial en paciente pediátrico

El traumatismo craneoencefálico es una causa común de morbi-mortalidad en la población pediátrica, sus lesiones secundarias como los hematomas epidurales son frecuentemente hallados, pero en su localización de la fosa posterior solo representa el 5% y son de alto riesgo de presentar complicaciones; además el hematoma supra e infratentorial simultáneo es muy poco frecuente. En el presente trabajo daremos a conocer el manejo quirúrgico de alto riesgo de un paciente con un hematoma supra e infratentorial de gran volumen, describiendo las posibles complicaciones y observando la evolución. Se realizó craneotomía supratentorial y una craniectomía sub-occipital para evacuación de hematoma. El paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente mostrando mejoría en el postoperatorio inmediato, siendo dado de alta recuperando la función global.

Traumatic Head Injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Its secondary lessons, such as epidural hematomas, are frequently found, but in the posterior fossa it only represents 5% and they are at high risk of complications; in addition, simultaneous supra and infratentorial hematoma is very rare. In the present work, we will present the high-risk surgical management of a patient with a large volume supra- and infratentorial hematoma, describing the possible complications and observing the evolution. Supratentorial craniotomy and sub-occipital craniectomy were performed to evacuate the hematoma. The patient recovered satisfactorily showing improvement in the immediate postoperative period, being discharged recovering global function.

Atypical evolution after dengue: extradural hematoma of vertebral canal level l4-l5 / Evolução atípica após dengue: formação de hematoma extradural do canal vertebral nível l4-l5 / Evolución atípica después del dengue: formación de hematoma extradural del canal vertebral nivel l4-l5

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to report a case of atypical evolution after a classic case of dengue confirmed by serology, in which the formation of an epidural hematoma with low back pain and radiculopathy was observed. The article is a qualitative and descriptive case report. Data were collected from the medical records of the hospital where the patient was treated. In conclusion, the diagnostic correlation of dengue with this rare condition was possible due to radiological comparisons before and after the formation of the extradural hematoma. Level of evidence V; Expert Opinion.

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de evolução atípica após quadro clássico de dengue, confirmada por sorologia, em que foi observada a formação de um hematoma extradural, com dor lombar baixa e radiculopatia. O artigo é tipo relato de caso, qualitativo e descritivo. Os dados foram coletados no prontuário do hospital onde o doente foi atendido. Como conclusão, a correlação diagnóstica da dengue com essa afecção rara foi possível devido a comparações radiológicas pré- e pós-formação do hematoma extradural. Nível de evidência V; Opinião de Especialista.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar un caso de evolución atípica después de un cuadro clásico de dengue, confirmado por serología, en el que se observó la formación de un hematoma extradural, con dolor lumbar bajo y radiculopatía. El artículo es tipo relato de caso, cualitativo y descriptivo. Los datos fueron recolectados en el prontuario del hospital en donde el enfermo fue atendido. Como conclusión, la correlación diagnóstica del dengue con esta afección fue posible debido a las comparaciones radiológicas pre y post formación del hematoma extradural. Nivel de evidencia V; Opinión de Especialista.

Correlación de la leucocitosis y lesión intracraneal en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico / Correlation of leukocytosis and intracranial injury in patients with traumatic brain injury / Correlação de leucocitose e lesão intracraniana em pacientes com traumatismo crânioencefálico

Resumen: El daño microvascular difuso se asocia a pérdida de la autorregulación vascular cerebral y a pérdida de integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica. El TCE (traumatismo craneoencefálico) está asociado a un aumento en los niveles séricos de catecolaminas. Las catecolaminas son responsables de los depósitos de neutrófilos. Las catecolaminas aumentan la cuenta leucocitaria, introduciendo las células marginadas al pool circulante. La respuesta de fase aguda también se caracteriza por leucocitosis al ingreso, por lo que es probable que la cuenta de células blancas sirva como indicador adicional al diagnóstico y pronóstico del trauma de cráneo. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo longitudinal. Se incluyeron pacientes atendidos con TCE, se recopilaron estudios de imagen y de laboratorio. Resultados: De los pacientes atendidos con hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA), se encontró a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 17,718 10^3/µl y de 13,970 10^3/µl a las 24 horas del trauma, con una p = 0.000 y 0.001, respectivamente. En pacientes con hematoma subdural (HSD) se observó a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 18,212 10^3/μl y de 13,319 10^3/µl a las 24 horas, con una p = 0.000 y 0.003, respectivamente. En pacientes con contusión hemorrágica se detectó a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 13,225 10^3/µl y de 12,501 10^3/µl a las 24 horas, una p = 0.091 y 0.027, respectivamente. En pacientes con hematoma epidural (HE) se observó a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 16,527 10^3/µl y de 13,240 10^3/µl a las 24 horas, con una p = 0.000 y 0.019, respectivamente.

Abstract: Diffuse microvascular damage is associated with loss of cerebral vascular self-regulation and loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Traumatic brain injury is associated with an increase in serum levels of catecholamines. Catecholamines are responsible for neutrophil deposits. Catecholamines increase the leukocyte count by introducing the marginal cells into the circulating pool. The acute phase response is also characterized by leukocytosis on admission. Therefore, the white cell count is likely to serve as an additional indicator to the diagnosis and prognosis of TBI. Material and methods: Longitudinal prospective cohort study. Patients treated in the emergency room with TBI were included, blood test and imaging studies were collected. Results: Of the patients treated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a mean of leukocytes on entry of 17,718 10^3/µl on admission and 13,970 10^3/µl on 24 hours of trauma, with p = 0.000 and 0.001. In patients with subdural hematoma, a mean number of leukocytes was found at 18,212 10^3/µl and 13,319 10^3/µl at 24 hours, with p = 0.000 and 0.003. For patients with hemorrhagic contusion, leukocytes were found on admission on average 13,225 10^3/µl and at 12,501 10^3/µl at 24 hours, a p = 0.091 and 0.027. In patients with epidural hematoma, a mean of 16,527 10^3/µl leukocytes was found on admission, at 24 hours 13,240 10^3/µl, with p = 0.000 and 0.019.

Resumo: O dano microvascular difuso está associado à perda da autorregulação vascular cerebral e à perda da integridade da barreira hematoencefálica. O TCE está associado a um aumento nos níveis séricos de catecolaminas. As catecolaminas são responsáveis pelos depósitos de neutrófilos. As catecolaminas aumentam a contagem de leucócitos introduzindo as células marginais no pool circulante. A resposta de fase aguda também é caracterizada por leucocitose na admissão. Assim, a contagem de células brancas provavelmente servirá como um indicador adicional do diagnóstico e prognóstico do trauma craniano. Material e metodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo longitudinal. Incluiram-se pacientes atendidos com TCE, foram coletados estudos de imagem e laboratório. Resultados: Dos pacientes atendidos com hemorragia subaracnoide (HSA), uma média de leucócitos de 17,718 10^3/µl na admissão e 13,970 10^3/µl em 24 horas após o trauma. Com P = 0.000 e 0.001, respectivamente. Em pacientes com hematoma subdural (HSD), encontramos uma média de leucócitos na admissão de 18,212 10^3/µl e 13,319 10^3/µl às 24 horas, com p = 0.000 e 0.003. Para os pacientes com contusão hemorrágica, encontramos na admissão uma média de leucócitos de13,225 10^3/µl e às 24 horas de 12,501 10^3/µl, com p = 0.091 e 0.027. Nos pacientes com hematoma epidural (HE) foi encontrada uma média de 16,527 10^3/µl leucócitos à admissão, às 24 horas 13,240 10^3/µl, com p = 0.000 e 0.019.

A case report spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma diagnosed in a hemophilic child with neck pain

Hemophilia is a disease that causes a hemorrhagic tendency due to a congenital deficiency of blood clotting factors. Hemorrhagic arthritis is the most common complication in hemophilia patients, and hemorrhage in various areas, such as intramuscular hemorrhage and mucosal hemorrhage, can occur. Among the most dangerous complications, central nervous system hemorrhage can occur, which is the most common cause of death in hemophiliacs. An intracerebral hemorrhage in a central nervous system hemorrhage is very rare but occurs spontaneously, and it is often traumatic. Some cases have been reported in foreign countries, but there are no cases reported in Korea. Most cases reported in foreign countries occurred in the cervical to the thoracic regions, but there are no cases in only the cervical region. This paper reports a case of spinal epidural hematoma that developed spontaneously in a child with hemophilia complaining of neck pain.

Generalidades de trauma cráneo encefálico en medicina legal / Generalities of traumatic brain injury in legal medicine

Resumen:El Trauma Cráneo Encefálico (TCE) tiene hoy en día una incidencia muy alta de morbilidad y mortalidad en nuestra población, por lo que es de suma importancia esclarecer los conceptos básicos de las lesiones producidas por el TCE, su cronología y el pronóstico de dichos traumas. Este artículo se basa en identificar las lesiones primarias y secundarias más frecuentes y las características más importantes de cada una de ellas, así como describir los mecanismos de trauma frecuentemente implicados.

Abstract:The Brain Trauma (TCE) has a very high incidence of morbidity and mortality in its population today, so it is very important to clarify the basic concepts of the injuries produced by the TCE, its timing and the prognosis of these traumas. This article is based on identifying the most frequent primary and secondary lesions and the most important characteristics of each, as well as describing the mechanisms of trauma frequently involved

Research progress on early diagnosis, reasonable prevention and treatment of symptomatic spinal epidural hematoma following spinal surgery / 中华外科杂志

Symptomatic spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) following spinal surgery is rare but one of the serious complications. SSEH can leave devastating neurological consequences if missing the optimal timing for treatment. The early diagnosis of SSEH is critical to the neurologic recovery, and MRI examination can help to check the location and the scope of the hematoma and provide imaging information for surgical operation. The risk factors of SSEH can be divided into preoperative factors, intraoperative factors and postoperative factors. The occurrence of SSEH can be minimized by controlling the risk factors, exact hemostasis and reasonable perioperative management. Patients with mild paralysis can choose conservative treatment, while patients with severe or progressive nerve injury (manual muscle testing <3) and unendurable nerve root pain should choose to clean the hematoma and decompress the nerve as soon as possible.

Diagnóstico diferencial de hernia discal / Diagnostic differences for disc herniation

Disc herniation is a frequent pathology in the radiologist's daily practice. There are different pathologies that can simulate a herniated disc from the clinical and especially the imaging point of view that we should consider whenever we report a herniated disc. These lesions may originate from the vertebral body (osteophytes and metastases), the intervertebral disc (discal cyst), the intervertebral foramina (neurinomas), the interapophyseal joints (synovial cyst) and from the epidural space (hematoma and epidural abscess).

La hernia discal es una patología frecuente en la práctica diaria del radiólogo. Hay distintas patologías que pueden simular una hernia discal desde el punto de vista clínico y especialmente imagenológico que debemos considerar cada vez que informamos una hernia discal. Estas lesiones pueden provenir del cuerpo vertebral (osteofitos y metástasis), del disco intervertebral (quiste discal), de los forámenes intervertebrales (neurinomas), de las articulaciones interapofisiarias (quiste sinovial) y desde el espacio epidural (hematoma y absceso epidural).

Application of near-infrared spectrum in diagnosis of epidural and subdural hematoma / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To explore the application value of near infrared spectrum (NIRS) in the detection of epidural and subdural hematoma in clinic.Methods Thirty-four patients with subdural and epidural hematomas (study group) confirmed by CT or MRI and 14 healthy volunteers (contrast group) were selected.The NIRS equipment which was produced by Institute of Automation of Chinese Academy of Sciences were used to assess the intracranial hematomas.Taking CT or MRI results as the golden standard,the diagnostic efficiency of NIRS for subdural and epidural hematomas were evaluated.Results For the diagnosis of subdural and epidural hematomas,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.18％(31/34),71.43％ (10/14),85.42％(41/48),88.57％(31/35) and 76.92％ (10/13),respectively.Conclusion NIRS is a good device to predict intracranial subdural and epidural hematomas with high sensitivity and positive predictive value,which is helpful for early diagnosis and therapy in clinic.

Application of early time window modified stereotaxic aspiration in converting operation therapy on the specified acute epidural hematoma / 中国基层医药

Objective To discuss the application of early time window modified stereotaxic aspiration in converting operation therapy on the specified acute epidural hematoma.Methods 21 patients with the specified acute epidural hematoma were treated with early time window modified stereotaxic aspiration drainage,using YL-1 hematoma puncture needle with silica gel ventricular drainage tube.Results The successful rate of puncture was 100％.Hematoma was completely cleared in 19 cases.A small amount of epidural effusion was remained in 2 cases.1 case had concomitant rebleeding during the puncture,and shifted to craniotomy.Conclusion Early time window modified stereotaxic aspiration drainage is a minimally invasive,safe and effective treatment on the specified acute epidural hematoma when mastering the indications,timing and skills of puncture.

Spontaneous intracranial epidural hematoma during rivaroxaban treatment / Hematoma epidural intracraniano espontâneo durante tratamento com rivaroxaban

Summary According to our research, this is the first case described in the literature of spontaneous intracranial epidural hematoma secondary to the use of Xareltor. Spontaneous intracranial epidural hematomas are rarely described in the literature. They are associated with infectious diseases of the skull, coagulation disorders, vascular malformations of the dura mater and metastasis to the skull. Long-term post-marketing monitoring and independent reports will probably detect the full spectrum of hemorrhagic complications of the use of rivaroxaban.

Resumo Segundo nossa pesquisa, descrevemos o primeiro caso na literatura de hematoma epidural intracraniano espontâneo secundário ao uso de Xareltor. Hematomas epidurais intracranianos espontâneos raramente são descritos na literatura, sendo comumente associados a doenças infecciosas cranianas, distúrbios de coagulação, malformações vasculares da dura-máter e metástases cranianas. A elaboração de relatórios de monitoramento em longo prazo de pós-comercialização e relatórios independentes provavelmente irá detectar o espectro completo de complicações hemorrágicas do uso desse medicamento.

Application of modified three-dimensional titanium mesh in skull repair / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the role of the improved computer aided design of the digital three -dimensional titanium mesh in the repair of skull,to reduce the incidence of postoperative epidural hematoma and epidural fluid.Methods Retrospective analysis of 93 cases of skull repair using the three -dimensional titanium mesh was conducted.49 cases in the conventional group used the conventional three -dimensional titanium mesh. 44 cases in the observation group were given the improved three -dimensional titanium mesh.The clinical effect of the two groups was observed.Results In the conventional group,postoperative epidural hematoma occurred in 4 cases, 1 case of epidural fluid.All patients were fine in the observation group.The improved three -dimensional titanium mesh could reduce the incidence of epidural hematoma and effusion(χ2 =4.745,P =0.029).The conventional group and the observation group both had one case of infection after operation,there was no significant difference between the two groups(χ2 =0.001,P =1.000).Conclusion The improved three -dimensional titanium mesh can effective-ly reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve the curative effect of the operation.

Clinical Outcome of Acute Epidural Hematoma in Korea: Preliminary Report of 285 Cases Registered in the Korean Trauma Data Bank System / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this preliminary collaborative study was to assess the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of epidural hematoma (EDH) based on the data collected and registered in the Korean Trauma Data Bank System (KTDBS). METHODS: Of 2,698 patients registered in the KTDBS between September 2010 and March 2014, 285 patients with EDH were analyzed. Twenty-three trauma centers participated in the study voluntarily to collect data. We subcategorized the patients into two groups with good and poor outcomes. Various clinical characteristics and the time intervals with regard to treatment course were investigated to determine the relationship between these parameters and the functional outcome. RESULTS: Of multiple parameters for this analysis, older age (p=0.0003), higher degree of brain injury (p<0.0001), cases of surgical EDH (p<0.0001), time interval from trauma to hospital before 6 hours, and the decreasing pattern of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) between and initial and final GCS were strongly associated with poor outcome. Use of prophylactic anticonvulsant did not affect the functional outcome. There was an interesting difference in the use of mannitol in treating EDH between the urban and rural regions (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: This is the first multi-center analysis of etiology of injury, pre-hospital care, treatment, and functional outcome of EDH in Korea. The degree of brain injury and the GCS difference were notable factors that were significant in determining the functional outcome of EDH.

Epidural Hematoma: A Prospective Analysis of Morbidity and Mortality in 173 Patients / Hematoma epidural: Uma análise prospectiva de morbidade e mortalidade em 173 pacientes

Objectives A few recent studies have focused on epidural hematomas (EDHs) that are routine in emergency rooms. The study was to evaluate the latest situation of affected patients by encephalic trauma associated with EDH in our service. Methods Prospective study between September 1, 2003 and May 30, 2009. Data were computed regarding age, sex, trauma mechanism, qualification by Glasgow coma scale admission, presence of anisocoria, and evaluation by the recovery of Glasgow scale high, with all patients by computed tomography (CT) scan. Results Among the 173 analyzed patients, mortality reached 20 patients (11.5%). Mortality was higher in the subgroup of 76 patients (44%) admitted with Glasgow coma scale (GCS ≤ 8) with 17 deceased, corresponding to 85% of total deaths. Prevalence of male subjects (140 cases, 81%) with bruises located in the temporal, frontal and parietal regions; 147 (85%) patients underwent neurosurgical treatment by craniotomy. The worst prognosis was in patients with hematomas of higher-volume (50 mL), midline structures deviations greater than 1.5 mm and basal cisterns CSF closed. Conclusion The authors emphasize the correct indication of neurosurgery and the postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) as key factors for success in the treatment of patients with EDHs.

Objetivos Poucos estudos atuais tem focado os hematomas epidurais que são rotina nos serviços de emergência. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a situação mais recente dos doentes acometidos por traumatismo crânio ancefálico associado a hematoma epidural no nosso serviço. Métodos Estudo prospectivo entre 1 de setembro de 2003 a 30 de maio de 2009. Foram computados dados referentes a idade, sexo, mecanismo do traumatismo, qualificação pela escala de coma de Glasgow` a admissão, presença de anisocoria e avaliação pela escala de recuperação de Glasgow na alta, tendo todos os pacientes realizado tomografia de crânio. Resultados Dentre os 173 pacientes analisados encontramos mortalidade de 20 pacientes (11,5%). No subgrupo de 76 pacientes (44%) admitidos em escala de coma de Glasgow (ECGLa) ≤ 8 pontos, a mortalidade foi superior com 17 óbitos, correspondendo a 85% do total de óbitos. Prevaleceram indivíduos do sexo masculinos (140 casos, 81%) com hematomas localizados na região temporal, seguido pelas regiões frontal e parietal; 147 (85%) foram submetidos a tratamento neurocirúrgico por craniotomia. O prognóstico foi pior nos pacientes com hematomas de volume superior a 50 mL, desvios de estruturas de linha mediana maiores que 1,5 mm e cisternas liquóricas basais fechadas. Conclusões Os autores enfatizam a correta indicação da neurocirurgia e o pósoperatório na unidade de terapia intensiva como fatores chave para o bom resultado no tratamento dos doentes com hematomas epidurais.

Hematoma epidural diagnosticado por diplopia - Relato de caso / Epidural Hematoma Diagnosed by Diplopia - Case Report

Os autores relatam e discutem o mecanismo pelo qual um paciente de 33 anos, com relato de traumatismo crânio encefálico ocorrido 5 dias antes comperda de consciência no momento do traumatismo, e assintomático nos 4 dias sequentes, iniciou diplopia no quinto dia após o traumatismo, sintoma que provocou sua ida ao pronto-socorro, a realização de exame físico neurológico normal e de tomografia do crânio devido a história e mecanismo de traumatismo, que revelou hematoma epidural occipital, prontamente operado, com o sintoma de diplopia tendo desaparecido no 14o dia após a cirurgia, já com o paciente em casa.

The authors report a male of 33 years that after head trauma occurred 5 days before developed diplopia, which motivated him to go to the emergency room, where even without changes in neurological examination, brain CT scan performed revealed an epidural hematoma occipital, operated with good functional outcome.

Clinical Analysis of Delayed Surgical Epidural Hematoma / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: A small epidural hematoma (EDH) that has been diagnosed to be nonsurgical by initial brain computed tomography (CT) can increase in size and need surgical removal, resulting in a poor prognosis. However, there have been few studies, which focused delayed operated EDH. Therefore, we analyzed the clinical factors to determine the predicting factors of delayed operated EDH. METHODS: Between January 2011 and January 2014, 90 patients, who were admitted due to EDH, were enrolled in this study. None of the patients were indicated for operation initially. Based on the presence of surgery, we classified the patients into a delayed-surgery group (DG) and a non-surgical group (NG). Additionally, we analyzed them according to the following: time interval between the trauma and the initial CT, gender, age, medical history, drinking, change of mean arterial pressure (MAP), volume of EDH and other traumatic brain lesion. RESULTS: Among the 90 patients, the DG was 19 patients. Compared with NG, the DG revealed increased MAP, less presence of drinking, and a short time interval (DG vs. NG: +9.684 mm Hg vs. -0.428 mm Hg, 5.26% vs. 29.58%, 1.802 hours vs. 5.707 hours, respectively, p<0.05). Analyzing the time interval with receiver operating characteristic, there was 88.2% sensitivity and 68.3% specificity at the 2.05-hour cut-off value (area under the curve=0.854). CONCLUSION: According to our results, the time interval between the trauma and the initial CT along with blood pressure change are potential predicting factors in the cases of delayed operation of EDH.

Intraoperative Endovascular Embolization of Middle Meningeal Artery and a Pseudoaneurysm by Using N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate for Hemostasis during Operation of Acute Epidural Hemorrhage / 대한신경손상학회지

A 21-year-old female presented with acute epidural hemorrhage (EDH) on the left temporal region associated with skull fracture after traffic accident. She was neurologically deteriorated at four-hour after an admission, and follow-up computed tomography revealed increased amount of EDH. Under the general anesthesia, emergency craniotomy was performed. During the surgery, massive bleeding from the base of middle cranial fossa was observed. However, we could not identify an origin of bleeding and foramen spinosum due to brain swelling and obscured surgical field. Consequently, her systolic blood pressure was dropped to 60 mm Hg with >110 beat/min of heart rate. Therefore, we decided to perform an intraoperative angiography after gauze packing into the middle cranial fossa. Intraoperative angiography showed a large pseudoaneurysm with massive contrast leakage of the middle meningeal artery (MMA). Intraoperative endovascular embolization of the pseudoaneurysm and MMA by using n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was done. After that, her vital sign became stable, and we could complete the operation after the achievement of adequate hemostasis. Intraoperative angiography and endovascular embolization of MMA was effective in achieving adequate hemostasis in case with brisk bleeding from the middle cranial fossa could not be controlled in an open surgical field.