Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Secondary to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Aims: To describe a Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Secondary to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.Presentation of Case: A 25 years old, male, student, in regular follow-up in the Hematology sector due to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria in regular use of Eculizumab. He reports a month ago that he suddenly noticed, upon waking up in the morning, blurring and decreased visual acuity in her left eye.Discussion: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired disorder characterized by hemolysis, thrombosis, and bone marrow failure caused by defective expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI-anchored) complement inhibitors. Most commonly, PNH is caused by the loss of PIGA function, which is necessary for GPI biosynthesis.Conclusions: Patients with hemolytic anemia, unexplained thrombosis, especially in uncommon sites, cytopenias and bone marrow failure syndromes, dysphagia, and unexplained abdominal pain should be screened for PNH. PNH patients can benefit greatly from the treatments available, with a reduction in the risk of serious sequelae and a considerable improvement in their quality of life. So that the patient continues to be followed up in the ophthalmology department, with decreased visual acuity ipsilateral to the lesion, with a relative afferent pupillary defect on that side.

Complement Inhibitors in Rare Diseases / 罕见病研究

The complement system is a self-protection mechanism of the human body. The abnormal activation of the complement system is involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases. The application of complement inhibitors in many rare diseases was a milestone in leading to the progress of such disease as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and others. Recently, the application of complement inhibitors has gradually expanded to other complement-related diseases. This review summarizes the literature on the current application of complement inhibitors in rare diseases and looks into the prospects of the application in the rare diseases.

Clinical characteristics of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) complicated with ischemic bowel disease / 中华内科杂志

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired hematopoietic stem cell disease. Gastrointestinal involvement is rarely seen in PNH. This study aims to analyze the clinical features in PNH patients complicated with ischemic bowel disease. Clinical date of 6 patients were collected at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2010 to December 2020. The clinical manifestations, laboratory tests,imaging, endoscopic,and histopathological features and treatment were analyzed.Five in 6 patients were men, with a median age of 31 years old at onset. Most of disease course were recurrent episodes of chronic disease, with abdominal pain (5/6) and gastrointestinal bleeding (5/6). Laboratory examinations showed pancytopenia, reticulocytosis, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, high D-dimer and C-reactive protein levels in all patients. Multiple segments of small intestine were the most commonly involved and colon was also affected. Abdominal CT scan showed thickening and roughness or exudation of the intestinal wall (6/6), increased mesenteric density or “comb sign”(4/6), and cholestasis or gallbladder stones (5/6). Endoscopic manifestations included irregular shallow ulcers in the annular cavity (5/6), swelling mucosa with well-defined margins (6/6). Pathological biopsy revealed chronic inflammation of mucosa. The efficacy of steroids combined with anticoagulant therapy was better than that of steroids alone. Ischemic bowel disease in PNH patients is different from typical ischemic enteritis. Young patients, involvement of intestine with multiple segments are common characteristics. The anticoagulant is an essential agent for these patients.

Significance of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone in immunosuppressive therapy for children with severe aplastic anemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the association between paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clone and immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in children with severe aplastic anemia (SAA).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 151 children with SAA who were admitted and received IST from January 2012 to May 2020. According to the status of PNH clone, these children were divided into a negative PNH clone group (n=135) and a positive PNH clone group (n=16). Propensity score matching was used to balance the confounding factors, and the impact of PNH clone on the therapeutic effect of IST was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The children with positive PNH clone accounted for 10.6% (16/151), and the median granulocyte clone size was 1.8%. The children with positive PNH clone had an older age and a higher reticulocyte count at diagnosis (P<0.05). After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in baseline features between the negative PNH clone and positive PNH clone groups (P>0.05). The positive PNH clone group had a significantly lower overall response rate than the negative PNH clone group at 6, 12, and 24 months after IST (P<0.05). The evolution of PNH clone was heterogeneous after IST, and the children with PNH clone showed an increase in the 3-year cumulative incidence rate of aplastic anemia-PNH syndrome (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#SAA children with positive PNH clone at diagnosis tend to have poor response to IST and are more likely to develop aplastic anemia-PNH syndrome.

Consensus statement for diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a chronic, multi-systemic, progressive and lifethreatening disease characterized by intravascular hemolysis, thrombotic events, serious infections and bone marrow failure. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria results from the expansion of a clone of hematopoietic cells that due to an inactivating mutation of the X-linked gene PIG-A are deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins. Early diagnosis, using flow cytometry performed on peripheral blood, the gold standard test to confirm the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, is essential for improved patient management and prognosis. The traditional therapy for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria includes blood transfusion, anti-thrombosis prophylaxis or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The treatment that has recently become available is the complement blockade by the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab. In this consensus, we are aiming to review the diagnosis and treatment of the paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients, as well as the early recognition of its systemic complications. These procedures express the opinions of experts and have been based on the best available evidence and international guidelines, with the purpose of increasing benefits and reducing harm to patients.

Estudo Pioneiro sobre a Presença de Clone de Hemoglobinúria Paroxística Noturna durante Acompanhamento Terapêutico de Leucemia Aguda / Pioneering Study about the Presence of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Clone during Therapeutic Monitoring of Acute Leukemia / Estudio Pionero sobre la Presencia de un Clon de Hemoglobinuria Paroxística Nocturna durante el Seguimiento Terapéutico de la Leucemia Aguda

Introdução: O potencial de transformação maligna de células-tronco hematopoiéticas portadoras de mutações no gene glicosilfostatidilinositolclasse A (PIG-A) para leucemias agudas, embora raro, já é bem descrito na literatura. Objetivo: Neste estudo, porém, buscou-se evidenciar pela primeira vez na literatura o surgimento ou a manutenção de clones de hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna (HPN) em pacientes diagnosticados com leucemia aguda ou ainda após o início do tratamento quimioterápico. Método: A pesquisa de clones de HPN foi realizada por citometria de fluxo em blastos, hemácias, granulócitos ou monócitos de 47 amostras de sangue periférico e medula óssea de pacientes submetidos à investigação diagnóstica ou acompanhamento terapêutico, provenientes de dois hospitais oncológicos e públicos de Belém, no período de dezembro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Resultados: A presença de clones de HPN foi observada em 19/47 (40,4%) amostras de pacientes, em investigação diagnóstica ou acompanhamento terapêutico, que realizaram pelo menos um estudo de acompanhamento terapêutico e ainda tiveram o surgimento ou a manutenção do clone de HPN mesmo após iniciado o tratamento quimioterápico. Conclusão: Foi possível evidenciar, de forma primária, a presença de clones de HPN em pacientes diagnosticados com leucemia aguda tanto no período de investigação diagnóstica como durante o acompanhamento terapêutico, independentemente da ontogenia celular. Sem, porém, que se possa ainda avaliar a importância da presença desses clones de HPN para a evolução da doença primária, prognóstico ou necessidade de tratamento específico.

Introduction: The potential for malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells carrying mutations in theglycosylphosphatidylinositol class A (PIG-A) gene for acute leukemias, although rare, is already well described in the literature. Objective: In this study, however, it was attempted to show for the first time in the literature the emergence or maintenance of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones in patients diagnosed with acute leukemia or even after the beginning of the chemotherapy treatment. Method: The search of PNH clones was performed by flow cytometry in blasts, erythrocytes, granulocytes or monocytes of 47 samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow from patients undergoing diagnostic investigation or therapeutic follow-up in two oncological and public hospitals in Belém, from December 2017 to December 2018. Results: The presence of PNH clones was observed in 19/47 (40.4%) patient samples, in diagnostic investigation or therapeutic follow-up, who participated of at least one therapeutic follow-up study and still experience the appearance or maintenance of the PNH clone even after the beginning of the chemotherapy treatment. Conclusion: Primarily, it was possible to demonstrate the presence of PNH clones in patients diagnosed with acute leukemia both during the diagnostic investigation period and therapeutic follow-up, regardless of cell ontogeny. However, the importance of the presence of these PNH clones for the evolution of the primary disease, prognosis or need for specific treatment was not evaluated yet.

Introducción: El potencial de transformación maligna de las células madre hematopoyéticas que portan mutaciones en el gen glicosofosfatidilinositol (GPI) clase A (PIGA) para las leucemias agudas, aunque raro, ya está bien descrito en la literatura. Objetivo: En este estudio, sin embargo, buscamos mostrar por primera vez en la literatura la aparición o mantenimiento de clones de HPN en pacientes diagnosticados de leucemia aguda o incluso después del inicio de la quimioterapia. Método: La investigación de clones de hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) se realizó mediante citometría de flujo en blastos, eritrocitos, granulocitos o monocitos de 47 muestras de sangre periférica y médula ósea de pacientes sometidos a investigación diagnóstica o seguimiento terapéutico de dos hospitales oncológicos y públicos de Belém, durante el período. de diciembre de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Resultados: La presencia de clones HPN se observó en 19/47 (40,4%) muestras de pacientes, en investigación diagnóstica o seguimiento terapéutico, que realizaron al menos un estudio de seguimiento terapéutico y aún tenían la aparición o mantenimiento del clon HPN incluso después de iniciado el tratamiento de quimioterapia. Conclusión: Se pudo evidenciar, de forma primaria, la presencia de clones de HPN en pacientes diagnosticados de leucemia aguda tanto durante el período de investigación diagnóstica como durante el seguimiento terapéutico, independientemente de la ontogenia celular. Sin embargo, no podemos todavía evaluar la importancia de la presencia de estos clones de HPN para la evolución de la enfermedad primaria, el pronóstico o la necesidad de un tratamiento específico.

The importance of flow cytometry in the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / A importância da citometria de fluxo no diagnóstico e monitoramento da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna

ABSTRACT Introduction: The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disease of the hematopoietic stem cells, and it is clinically characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis, bone marrow failure and hypercoagulability leading to thrombosis. It is a rare disorder of the hematopoietic stem cells that occurs due to a somatic mutation in the gene phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIG-A). Objective: Here we reviewed the importance of screening and monitoring of individuals with high risk of developing PNH, since the early diagnosis of the disease is essential for better prognostic and treatment choice for the patient. Method: A review was carried out with great focus on the pathophysiology and diagnosis of PNH, mainly with the use of flow cytometry technique to detect the disease. Results: This gene codifies an enzyme essential to the formation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), which acts as a molecular anchor for many membrane proteins. The alteration of GPI synthesis promotes a partial or complete loss of proteins that needs this molecular anchor to bind to the cell surface. Among these proteins are the CD55 and the CD59, which control the activation of the complement cascade. Conclusion: The immunophenotyping exam with flow cytometry is considered the reference test for PNH diagnosis, since the technique is highly sensitive and specific, presenting advantages as the quantitative identification of small populations of cells with PNH phenotype and the capacity to distinguish cells with partial or total deficiency of GPI-anchored proteins.

RESUMEN Introducción: La hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) es una enfermedad clonal adquirida de células madre hematopoyéticas; se caracteriza clínicamente por hemólisis intravascular crónica, insuficiencia medular e hipercoagulabilidad, que conduce a trombosis. Es un trastorno raro de las células madre hematopoyéticas que ocurre debido a una mutación somática en el gen fosfatidilinositol-glicano de clase A (PIG-A). Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la importancia del cribado y seguimiento de individuos con alto riesgo de desarrollar HPN, pues el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad es vital para un mejor pronóstico y la elección del tratamiento del paciente. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión con mayor enfoque en la fisiopatología y diagnóstico de la HPN. El foco principal de la investigación fue el uso de la técnica de citometría de flujo para detectar la enfermedad. Resultados: Ese gen codifica una enzima esencial en la formación de glicosilfosfatidil inositol (GPI), que actúa como molécula de anclaje para varias proteínas de membrana en las células hematopoyéticas. Cambiar la síntesis de GPI genera una pérdida parcial o total de proteínas que necesitan esta molécula de anclaje para unirse a la superficie celular. Entre esas proteínas se encuentran CD55 y CD59 presentes en los eritrocitos, que controlan la activación de la cascada del complemento. Conclusión: La técnica de inmunofenotipificación por citometría de flujo se considera la prueba de referencia para el diagnóstico de HPN, ya que es altamente sensible y específica, presenta ventajas como la identificación cuantitativa de pequeñas poblaciones de células con el fenotipo de HPN y la capacidad de distinguir células con deficiencia parcial o total de proteínas ancladas por GPI.

RESUMO Introdução: A hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna (HPN) é uma enfermidade clonal adquirida de células-tronco hematopoiéticas; caracteriza-se clinicamente por hemólise intravascular crônica, falência medular e hipercoagulabilidade, levando a tromboses. É uma rara desordem das células-tronco hematopoiéticas que ocorre devido a uma mutação somática no gene fosfatidilinositol glicano classe A (PIG-A). Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a importância do rastreamento e monitoramento de indivíduos com alto risco de desenvolvimento da HPN, pois o diagnóstico precoce da doença é essencial para um melhor prognóstico e a escolha do tratamento para o paciente. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão com mais enfoque na fisiopatologia e no diagnóstico da HPN. O foco principal da pesquisa foi o uso da técnica da citometria de fluxo para a detecção da doença. Resultados: Esse gene codifica uma enzima essencial na formação de glicosilfosfatidil inositol (GPI), a qual atua como molécula âncora de diversas proteínas de membrana nas células hematopoiéticas. A alteração da síntese de GPI gera uma perda parcial ou completa de proteínas que necessitam dessa molécula-âncora para se ligarem à superfície celular. Entre estas proteínas estão o CD55 e o CD59 presente em eritrócitos, que controlam a ativação da cascata do complemento. Conclusão: O exame de imunofenotipagem por citometria de fluxo é considerado o teste de referência para diagnóstico de HPN, pois a técnica é altamente sensível e específica, apresentando vantagens como a identificação quantitativa de pequenas populações de células com fenótipo HPN e a capacidade de distinguir células com deficiência parcial ou total de proteínas ancoradas pela GPI.

Perinatal outcomes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria during pregnancy: cases report and literature review / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To explore the progression of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) during pregnancy and treatment for improving maternal and infant outcomes.Methods:Nine pregnant women with PNH were admitted to the Obstetrics Department of Peking University People's Hospital from September 2010 to September 2020. The clinical data of these patients were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Relevant literature was reviewed to summarize the progression, treatment, complications, perinatal outcomes, and follow-up of PNH during pregnancy. Descriptive methods were used for statistical analysis.Results:Among the nine patients, six were classic PNH, and three combined with bone marrow failure disease. Eight cases received blood transfusion/low-dose corticosteroids or combination therapy during pregnancy, and four of them were also received anticoagulants. In seven out of the eight patients diagnosed prenatally, the disease worsened during pregnancy. Complications were noted in eight patients during pregnancy, including fetal growth restriction in seven cases, hypertension and premature delivery in four cases each, thrombosis and intrauterine fetal death in one case each. No maternal deaths were reported, with a live birth rate of 8/9 between 33-38 gestational weeks, with the median at 37 weeks. The median time of postpartum follow-up was 50 months (4-92 months), during which the patients' conditions were all stable, and no abnormalities were found in the growth and development of the babies.Conclusions:Pregnant women with PNH tend to worsen with an increased incidence of perinatal complications and adverse outcomes. Multidisciplinary management is recommended for this population may help improve maternal and infant outcomes.

Application of umbilical cord blood transplantation in the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnalhemoglobinuria / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective:To explore the feasibility and efficacy of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) in the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).Methods:From May 2014 to December 2019, clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 7 PNH patients undergoing UCBT. The grades were severe ( n=6) and extremely severe ( n=1). The causes were primary PNH ( n=4) and PNH-aplastic anemia (AA) syndrome ( n=3). There were 5 males and 2 females with a median age of 29 (20-47) years, a median weight of 60(50-71) kg and a median time from diagnosis to transplantation of 62.5(7.7-171) months. All of them were accompanied by transfusion dependence. Myeloablative ( n=6) and reduced-intensity ( n=1) pretreatment was offered. The regimen of preventing GVHD was cyclosporine A plus short-term mycophenolate mofetil without ATG. The median number of input nucleated cells was 2.4(1.71-4.28)×10 7/kg and the median number of CD34+ cells 1.58(0.88-3.02)×10 5/kg. Results:Neutrophil and erythroid engraftment was obtained with a median neutrophil engraftment time of 17(15-21) days and a median erythroid engraftment time of 27. Engraftment time of 37(25-101) days for platelets >20×10 9/L and 62(27-157) days for platelets >50×10 9/L. The incidence of 100-day acute GVHD was 28.6%(95%CI 0-55.3%). The severity of GVHD was grade Ⅱ° acute ( n=2) and mild ( n=1). The median follow-up period was 13.5(3-71.4) months. Six patients survived while another with PNH-AA syndrome with iron overload died of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The 2-year overall survival rate was 83.3%(95%CI 27.3-97.5%). Conclusions:With excellent engraftment and survival in the treatment of PNH, UCBT is indicated for patients without HLA full-match donor. PNH-AA syndrome with iron overload may be one of the important prognostic factors.

Current global scenario of guidelines on the management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a systematic literature review / Cenário global de diretrizes para o manejo da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Objective: To report the outcomes of a systematic literature review of guidelines and consensus on the management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and describe the main therapeutic options available worldwide. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in April 2018 with no time limit and reported in line with the PRISMA statement. The AGREE II instrument was used to determine the quality of each guideline included in the systematic review. Results: Eight guidelines/consensus were eligible, one developed by an international group, two in Spain, and one each in Turkey, Germany, Argentina, Australia and the United Kingdom. Supportive treatment with erythrocyte transfusion, anticoagulants and steroids is indicated by all guidelines and consensus. The use of erythropoietin is suggested by three of them. Recommendations for the prescription of eculizumab were consistent in all but one guideline, published in 2005. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is reported as the only potentially curative treatment for PNH, although its association with high mortality and morbidity rates is emphasized, being indicated for a selected group of patients. The AGREE II scores applied for each domain showed in general a low and heterogeneous methodological quality among guidelines. Conclusion: Despite the low and heterogeneous methodological quality, in general the comparison of guidelines and consensus for PNH management showed consistent recommendations regarding supportive care, eculizumab and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Objetivo: Relatar os desfechos de uma revisão sistemática da literatura de diretrizes e documentos de consenso sobre o manejo da hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna (HPN) e descrever as principais opções terapêuticas disponíveis mundialmente. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida em abril de 2018 sem limite temporal e realizada de acordo com a recomendação PRISMA. O instrumento AGREE II foi utilizado para determinar a qualidade de cada diretriz incluída na revisão. Resultados: Foram elegíveis oito diretrizes/consensos, um desenvolvido por um grupo internacional, dois na Espanha e um em cada um dos países a seguir: Turquia, Alemanha, Argentina, Austrália e Reino Unido. O tratamento de suporte com transfusão de eritrócitos, anticoagulantes e esteroides é indicado por todos os documentos. A eritropoetina é indicada por três deles. A recomendação de prescrição do eculizumabe foi consistente em todos, exceto em um publicado em 2005. O transplante alogênico de células-tronco hematopoéticas é reportado como o único tratamento com potencial curativo para a HPN, apesar de uma enfática associação com maiores taxas de mortalidade e morbidade, sendo indicado para grupos selecionados de pacientes. Os escores AGREE II aplicados para cada domínio demonstraram, em geral, qualidade metodológica baixa e heterogênea entre as diretrizes. Conclusão: Apesar da qualidade metodológica baixa e heterogênea, em geral, a comparação de diretrizes e consensos para o manejo da HPN demonstrou recomendações consistentes quanto ao uso de tratamento de suporte, eculizumabe e transplante alogênico de células-tronco hematopoiéticas.

The case of eculizumab: litigation and purchases by the Brazilian Ministry of Health / O caso do eculizumabe: judicialização e compras pelo Ministério da Saúde

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES This study examined the purchases of eculizumab, a high-cost monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of rare diseases by Brazilian federal agencies, in terms of purchased quantities, expenditures, and prices. METHODS Eculizumab purchases made between March 2007 and December 2018 were analyzed, using secondary data extracted from the Federal Government Purchasing System (SIASG in Portuguese). The following aspects were assessed: number of purchases, purchased quantities, number of daily doses defined per 1,000 inhabitants per year, annual expenditures, and prices. The prices were adjusted by the National Broad Consumer Price Index for December 2018. Linear regression was used for trend analysis. RESULTS All acquisitions by federal agencies were made by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The purchases began in 2009 with tender waiver to comply with legal demand. There was an increasing trend in the number of purchases and quantities acquired over time. Two hundred and eighty-three purchases were made, totaling 116,792 units purchased, 28.2% of them in 2018. The adjusted total expenses summed more than R$ 2.44 billion. After market approval by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, the weighted average price fell approximately 35%, to values under the Medicines Market Chamber of Regulation established prices. CONCLUSION Eculizumab represented extremely significant expenditures for the Brazilian Ministry of Health during the period. All purchases were made to meet demands from lawsuits, outside the competitive environment. The market approval of eculizumab promoted an important price reduction. This study indicates the relevance of licensing and the need for permanent monitoring and auditing of drug purchases to meet legal demands.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS O estudo examinou as aquisições de eculizumabe, um anticorpo monoclonal de alto custo utilizado no tratamento de doenças raras, pelos órgãos federais brasileiros, em termos das quantidades compradas, gastos e preços. MÉTODOS Foram analisadas compras de eculizumabe realizadas entre março de 2007 e dezembro de 2018, por meio de dados secundários extraídos do sistema de compras do governo federal (Siasg). Foram examinados o número de compras, quantidades adquiridas, número de doses diárias definidas por 1.000 habitantes por ano, gastos anuais e preços praticados. Os preços foram corrigidos pelo índice nacional de preços ao consumidor amplo para dezembro de 2018. Regressão linear foi utilizada para análises de tendência. RESULTADOS Todas as aquisições por órgãos federais foram realizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. As compras se iniciaram em 2009, sendo efetuadas por dispensa de licitação e para atendimento de demanda judicial. Houve tendência crescente no número de compras e quantidades adquiridas ao longo do tempo. Foram realizadas 283 compras, totalizando 116.792 unidades adquiridas, 28,2% compradas em 2018. Os gastos totais contratados corrigidos somaram mais de R$ 2,44 bilhões. Após a aprovação do registro pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, o preço médio ponderado caiu aproximadamente 35%, para valores abaixo dos preços estabelecidos pela Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos. CONCLUSÃO O eculizumabe representou gastos extremamente significativos para o Ministério da Saúde no período. Todas as compras foram feitas para atendimento de demandas judiciais, fora do ambiente competitivo. Seu registro promoveu queda importante nos preços praticados. O estudo aponta a relevância do registro sanitário e da necessidade de monitoramento e auditoria permanentes das compras de medicamentos para atendimento de demandas judiciais.

Hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna y absceso hepático: asociación poco frecuente / Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and hepatic abscess: A little frequent association

Resumen: La hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna es un trastorno adquirido de las células madre hematopoyéticas que se caracteriza por episodios de hemólisis intravascular. Aunque es una enfermedad poco frecuente, afecta en su mayor parte a adultos jóvenes, sin distinción de sexo. Comunicamos el caso de un paciente de 32 años de edad, que acudió a consulta con cuadro clínico de palidez, ictericia, hemoglobinuria y dolor en el hipocondrio derecho. El estudio de citometría de flujo de médula ósea reportó la ausencia de marcadores CD55 y CD59, indicativos del diagnóstico de hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna, además de una imagen tomográfica hipodensa en el hígado compatible con absceso. En la bibliografía médica éste es el primer caso en el que se describe la coexistencia de estas dos afecciones.

Abstract: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is an acquired disorder of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by episodes of intravascular hemolysis. Although it is a rare disease, it mostly affects young adults, regardless of sex. We present the case of a 32-year-old man with acute symptoms of paleness, jaundice, hemoglobinuria and pain in the right hypochondrium. The study of flow cytometry of bone marrow reported the absence of CD55 and CD59 markers, diagnostic indicators of nocturnal paroxysmal hemoglobinuria in addition to a hypodense tomographic image in the liver compatible with abscess. In the medical literature, this is the first case in which the coexistence of these two medical conditions is described.

Hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna: revisión de la literatura / Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: literature Review

La hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) es una enfermedad clonal y adquirida causada por una mutación somática en el gen PIG-A que se encuentra en el cromosoma X y codifica una proteína involucrada en la síntesis del glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GPI), el cual le sirve como anclaje a muchas proteínas de la membrana celular produciendo mayor sensibilidad al complemento. Los distintos signos y síntomas que se presentan tienen gran impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, por lo que un diagnóstico correcto es de vital importancia. Actualmente, la citometría de flujo multiparamétrica es la metodología de elección para detectar y seguir al paciente con HPN.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal and acquired disease caused by a somatic mutation in the PIG-A gene found on the X chromosome and encoding a protein involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), which serves as anchoring to many proteins of the cell membrane producing greater sensitivity to complement. The different signs and symptoms that appear have a great impact on the quality of life of patients, so a correct diagnosis is of vital importance. Currently, multiparameter flow cytometry is the methodology of choice to detect and follow the patient with PNH.

Off-Pump coronary revascularization using bilateral internal thoracic arteries in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a case report

Abstract Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an ultra-orphan disease. We report the first case in the literature of Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization Using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A 36-year-old man came to the emergency department with acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). He presented paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria diagnosed in 2016. Coronary angiography revealed tripple vessel disease. The conduits used for coronary revascularization were both internal thoracic arteries (left ITA-right ITA [LITA-RITA]). We consider that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries (BITA) can be safely performed with low in-hospital mortality and complications rates, even in patient with PNH.

Clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A forty-year survey (1978-2018) and a brief review of the literature / Clostridioses diagnosticadas em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma pesquisa de quarenta anos (1978-2018) e breve revisão da literatura

Clostridial diseases are important causes of livestock losses in the southern Rio Grande do Sul. Since 1978 annual surveys conducted at the "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of the "Universidade Federal de Pelotas" (LRD-UFPel) have shown that clostridial diseases represent 10.40% of the bacterial diseases diagnosed in cattle and 1.65% of all diseases diagnosis in cattle over a 40-year period. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects of the clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from January 1978 to December 2018 at the LRD-UFPel in the hopes that it will constitute a useful guide for field veterinary practitioners and interested farmers. We assessed and review the necropsy protocols of 6,736 cattle; these necropsies were performed either by LRD-UFPel faculty or by field veterinary practitioners; 111 outbreaks (1.65%) were diagnosed as clostridial disease, distributed as follows: 35 outbreaks of tetanus, 34 of blackleg, 23 of bacillary hemoglobinuria, 11 of malignant edema (gas gangrene), and eight of botulism. Approximately 904, from a total of 42,480 cattle at risk, died in these outbreaks.(AU)

Clostridioses são doenças produzidas por alguma das espécies do gênero Clostridium e são importantes causas de perdas pecuárias no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisas anuais realizadas no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD-UFPel) desde 1978 demonstraram que as clostridioses representaram 11,1% das doenças bacterianas diagnosticadas em bovinos e 1,65% de todos os diagnósticos de doenças em bovinos ao longo de 40 anos. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e patológicos das clostridioses diagnosticadas de janeiro de 1978 a dezembro de 2018, pelo LRD/UFPel com a intenção de que esse trabalho possa servir de guia útil para os veterinários de campo e fazendeiros interessados. Foram avaliados e revisados os protocolos de necropsia de 6.736 bovinos; essas necropsias foram realizadas pelo pessoal do LRD/UFPel ou por veterinários de campo. Cento e quatro (1,16%) casos foram diagnosticados como clostridioses, distribuídos da seguinte forma: 35 surtos de tétano, 34 de carbúnculo sintomático, 23 de hemoglobinúria bacilar, 11 de edema maligno (gangrena gasosa) e oito de botulismo. Aproximadamente 904, de um total de 42.480 bovinos sob-risco, morreram nesses surtos.(AU)

Hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna durante el embarazo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in pregnancy: report of a case and literature review

Objectives: To describe the perinatal results in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Methods: We present the case of a patient diagnosed with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico. Case report: The 19-year-old patient presented a 26-week pregnancy and pancytopenia. Infectious, pharmacological and autoimmune etiologies were discarded. Flow cytometry identified paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone type II/III in over 50% of granulocytes and monocytes. During pregnancy, the management consisted in transfusion support and anticoagulation with acenocoumarin. Delivery occurred at 38.5 weeks of gestation. The patient was then referred to a bone marrow transplant unit.

Objetivo. Presentar los resultados perinatales de una paciente con hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna. Metodología. Se revisó el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna atendida en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México. Caso clínico. Paciente de 19 años, embarazo de 26,0 semanas y pancitopenia. Dentro del abordaje, se descartaron entidades infecciosas, farmacológicas y autoinmunes. La citometría de flujo reportó hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna con clona clase II/III en granulocitos y monocitos mayor al 50%. Durante la gestación el manejo fue soporte transfusional y anticoagulación con acenocumarina. El embarazo se resolvió a las 38,5 semanas. Se envió a la paciente a la unidad de trasplante de médula ósea.

Diagnóstico por citometría de flujo de la hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna / Diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria by flow cytometry

Introducción: La hemoglobinuria paroxística (HPN) nocturna es una enfermedad clonal, adquirida y no maligna de la célula madre hematopoyética. En este padecimiento se encuentra afectado el anclaje a la membrana celular de moléculas como el CD55 y CD59, fundamentales en la regulación de la lisis mediada por el complemento. Por su elevada especificidad y sensibilidad, la citometría de flujo multiparamétrica (CFM) es el método de elección para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Establecer un algoritmo diagnóstico de la HPN por CMF. Métodos: Se analizó una muestra de sangre periférica para CFM de un paciente con sospecha de HPN. El inmunofenotipaje celular se realizó con un panel de anticuerpos monoclonales dirigidos contra los antígenos que se expresan en la membrana citoplasmática mediante su anclaje al glicosilfosfatidilinositol. Las muestras se leyeron en un citómetro GALLIOS, Beckman Coulter y los datos obtenidos se analizaron con el empleo del programa informático Kaluza. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro clones HPN. En los granulocitos se observó un clon HPN de aproximadamente 90 por ciento, con deficiencia en la expresión de CD16, CD24, CD55 y CD59. En los monocitos se observaron dos clones: (1) clon CD14_CD59_ y (2) clon CD14_CD59+ con tamaños clonales de 59,77 por ciento y 19,45 por ciento, respectivamente. En los eritrocitos se identificó un clon de 19,98 por ciento y de determinó el grado de afectación. Conclusiones: El algoritmo de análisis propuesto permite identificar las poblaciones celulares con clones HPN. Además, dichos clones pueden ser cuantificados en cuanto a tamaño clonal y expresividad de los antígenos dependientes de anclaje a glicosilfosfatidilinositol. Con la CFM se logra determinar con elevada sensibilidad el grado de afectación de los eritrocitos en la expresión de CD59 como medida directa de la susceptibilidad que experimentan a la lisis por el complemento(AU)

Introduction: The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal, acquired disease and not malignant hematopoietic stem cell. In this condition, the anchor to the cell membrane of molecules such as the CD55 and CD59 is affected, This antigens are fundamental in the regulation of the complement-mediated lysis. By its high specificity and sensitivity multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) is the goal standard for the diagnosis of this disease. Objective: To establish a diagnosis of PNH by MFC algorithm. Methods: A sample of peripheral blood of a patient with suspicion of PNH was analyzed by MFC. The cell immunophenotyping was carried out using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against antigens that are expressed in the cytoplasmic membrane through its the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The samples were read in a Cytometer GALLIOS, Beckman Coulter and the data obtained were analyzed with the use of the Kaluza software. Results: We identified four clones HPN. A HPN clone of approximately 90 percent, was observed in granulocytes with deficiency in the expression of CD16, CD24, CD55, CD59. In the monocytes were two clones: (1) CD14-CD59- clone and (2) CD14-CD59 + clone, with size clone of 59.77 percent and 19.45 percent, respectively. A clone of 19.98 percent was identified in erythrocytes and determined the degree of involvement of the same. Conclusions: The proposed analysis algorithm allows to identify cellular populations with clones PNH. In addition, these clones can be quantified in terms of size clonal and expressiveness of anchor to glycosylphosphatidylinositol antigen dependent. With the MFC is achieved with high sensitivity to determine the degree of involvement of the erythrocytes in the expression of CD59 as a direct measure of susceptibility undergoing lysis by complement(AU)

Expression and influencing factors of hepcidin in classical paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / 中华血液学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the serum expression and influencing factors of hepcidinin patients with classical paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) .@*Methods@#Retrospective analysis of 36 classical PNH patients from 2016.3 to 2017.3. Serum hepcidin concentration was measured by ELISA method. The relationship between serum hepcidin concentration and erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis parameters was evaluated.@*Results@#The median serum hepcidin level of 36 classical PNH patients was 32.03 (23.11, 118.48) μg/L, it was significantly lower than of 181.42 (106.80, 250.53) μg/L in 292 normal control subjects (z=-5.107, P<0.001) . The median serum hepcidin of 56.41 (44.60, 95.06) μg/L in PNH patients with normal ferritin was significantly lower than that in normal controls. The median serum hepcidin concentration 23.75 (21.77, 30.35) μg/L in iron deficiency PNH patients was lower than that in the normal ferritin PNH patients. However, the median serum hepcidin level of classical PNH with elevated ferritin patients 336.19 (304.19, 375.08) μg/L was significantly higher not only than that of normal ferritin and iron deficiency PNH ones, but also than that of normal control subjects. Regression analysis showed that serum ferritin, transferrin saturation and serum albumin level were independent influencing factors of serum hepcidin level in patients with classical PNH.@*Conclusion@#The decreased serum hepcidin level in patients with classical PNH was mainly influenced by iron metabolism factors.

Expression and influencing factors of hepcidin in classical paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To investigate the serum expression and influencing factors of hepcidinin patients with classical paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) . Methods: Retrospective analysis of 36 classical PNH patients from 2016.3 to 2017.3. Serum hepcidin concentration was measured by ELISA method. The relationship between serum hepcidin concentration and erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis parameters was evaluated. Results: The median serum hepcidin level of 36 classical PNH patients was 32.03 (23.11, 118.48) μg/L, it was significantly lower than of 181.42 (106.80, 250.53) μg/L in 292 normal control subjects (z=-5.107, P<0.001) . The median serum hepcidin of 56.41 (44.60, 95.06) μg/L in PNH patients with normal ferritin was significantly lower than that in normal controls. The median serum hepcidin concentration 23.75 (21.77, 30.35) μg/L in iron deficiency PNH patients was lower than that in the normal ferritin PNH patients. However, the median serum hepcidin level of classical PNH with elevated ferritin patients 336.19 (304.19, 375.08) μg/L was significantly higher not only than that of normal ferritin and iron deficiency PNH ones, but also than that of normal control subjects. Regression analysis showed that serum ferritin, transferrin saturation and serum albumin level were independent influencing factors of serum hepcidin level in patients with classical PNH. Conclusion: The decreased serum hepcidin level in patients with classical PNH was mainly influenced by iron metabolism factors.

Outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria compared to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-aplastic anemia syndrome / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To compare the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-aplastic anemia (PNH-AA) syndrome. Methods: The outcomes of 46 patients who received allo-HSCT (16 PNH patients, 30 PNH-AA patients) from July 10, 2007 to June 2, 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The conditioning regimen was busulfan, cyclophosphoramide, and ATG in haploidentical donors and unrelated donors. Patients with matched sibling donors were treated with the fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and ATG regimen. Results: There were no differences of baseline data between the 2 groups except gender distribution and the numbers of haploidentical donor transplantation. The median values of absolute nucleated cell counts were 10.58 (3.83-13.83) ×10(8)/kg in the PNH group and 10.81 (3.96-33.40) ×10(8)/kg in the PNH-AA group (P=0.668) . The median doses of CD34(+) cells infused were 5.00 (3.14-8.42) ×10(6)/kg and 3.57 (1.97-6.17) ×10(6)/kg (P=0.002) , respectively. All patients obtained complete engraftment. The median time for myeloid engraftment were 11 (7-14) days in the PNH group and 12 (10-26) days in the PNH-AA group (P=0.003) . The median time for platelet engraftment were 13 (11-16) days and 18 (12-75) days (P=0.002) , respectively, after a median follow-up of 36 (4-132) months in the PNH group and 26 (4-75) months in the PNH-AA group (P=0.428) . There were no differences of incidence rates of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) , chronic GVHD and infection between PNH and PNH-AA groups (P>0.05) . No patient occurred early death and relapse. The estimated 3-year overall survival (OS) of PNH and PNH-AA groups were (100.0±0.0) % and (85.7± 6.6) % (P=0.141) , GVHD-free and failure-free survival (GFFS) were (100.0±0.0) %, (78.7±7.7) % (P=0.067) . Conclusions: allo-HSCT is effective for patients with PNH and PNH-AA syndrome. The preliminary results indicate that myeloid and platelet engraftment in PNH group were faster than PNH-AA group. There were no differences in OS and GFFS between PNH group and PNH-AA group.