ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Los temas de la acuicultura en los que se requiere innovación e investigación están orientados al mejoramiento y al conocimiento genético de especies nativas. En este sentido, el presente estudio se concentró en estimar heredabilidades, correlaciones genéticas y fenotípicas para características de crecimiento, canal, calidad y espinas intramusculares derechas (EIMD), en cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus). La progenie de 12 hembras y 24 machos por fertilización artificial de una hembra por dos machos, es decir, doce familias de hermanos medios, fueron analizados por medio del paquete estadístico SAS 9.4 (SAS®, 2014). Se asumió un modelo lineal general univariado, con inclusión de los efectos fijos, como factores de entorno, estanque y edad y factores genéticos, como efectos aleatorios. Las heredabilidades, en general, para las variables de crecimiento, mostraron valores de medios a altos; para las variables de la canal presentaron valores bajos a medios; para las variables de calidad fueron bajos y, de particular interés para la EIMD, la magnitud de la estima fue de 0,11 ± 0,15. Las correlaciones estuvieron, generalmente, cercanas a la unidad entre características de crecimiento. Estas fueron significativamente positivas para peso corporal, a 180 días de edad, con la mayoría de variables, a diferencia con las variables de calidad, la correlación para rendimiento en canal con EIMD de -0,99 fue encontrada significativamente negativa. Los resultados del estudio destacan el potencial para mejorar características de crecimiento, de canal y de calidad, a través de la explotación de la variación genética aditiva observada.
ABSTRACT The topics of aquaculture in which innovation and research are required are directed towards the improvement and genetic knowledge of native species. In this sense the present study concentrated on the estimation of heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations for growth, carcass, quality and right intramuscular spines (RIMS) in white cachama (Piaractus brachypomus). The progeny of 12 females and 24 males by artificial fertilization of a female by two males, that is to say twelve half-sib families, were analyzed by means of the statistical package SAS 9.4 (SAS®, 2014), assumed an univariate general linear model with inclusion of Fixed effects such as environmental factors, pond and age as fixed effects and genetic factors as random effects. Heritabilities in general for growth variables showed medium to high values; for carcass variables, presented low to medium values; And for the quality variables were low; For the RIMS the magnitude of the estimate was 0,11 ± 0,15. The correlations were generally close to unity between growth characteristics. These were significantly positive for body weight at 180 days of age with most variables unlike quality variables; the correlation for channel performance with RIMS of -0.99 was found to be significantly negative. The results of the study highlight the potential to improve growth, carcass and quality traits through the exploitation of the additive genetic variation observed in this study.
ABSTRACT
Neste trabalho, foram avaliados, na fase de pós-desmama, 28.349 animais da raça Aberdeen Angus, nascidos entre os anos de 1993 e 2003 e criados em 141 fazendas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar parâmetros genéticos e avaliar a tendência genética e a fenotípica para os escores de avaliação visual (EVs), conformação (C), precocidade (P), musculatura (M) e tamanho (T). Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados por REML, utilizando um modelo animal. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram: 0,13; 0,11; 0,16 e 0,13 para C, P, M e T, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas obtidas entre os escores visuais variaram de 0,01 a 0,92. As tendências genéticas e fenotípicas para C, P, M e T (pontos/ano) foram: 0,0054 e 0,0189; 0,0035 e -0,0013; 0,0057 e 0,0217 e 0,0026 e -0,0016, respectivamente. As herdabilidades estimadas sugerem baixa resposta à seleção direta. As correlações genéticas entre os EVs foram altas entre C, P e M (0,79 a 0,92) e foram baixas entre estes e T (0,01 a 0,30). As tendências genéticas mostram que a seleção está promovendo ganho genético de pequena magnitude, porém, as tendências fenotípicas, com valores negativos para algumas características, indicam que deve ser dada mais atenção para as condições ambientais.
There were evaluated at post weaning phase, 28.349 Aberdeen Angus breed animals, born from 1993 to 2003 on 141 farms, to estimate genetic parameters and to evaluate genetic and phenotypic trends for visual scores (EVs) conformation (C), precocity (P), musculature (M) and size (T). The covariance components were obtained by REML using an animal model. The heritabilities estimated were: 0.13, 0.11, 0.16 and 0.13, to C, P, M and T, respectively. The genetic correlations between the EVs range from 0.01 to 0.92. The genetic and phenotypic trends estimated for C, P, M, and T (points/year) were 0.0054 and 0.0189; 0.0035 and -0.0013; 0.0057 and 0.0217; and 0.0026 and -0.0016, respectively. The heritabilities estimated showed low responses by direct selection. The genetic correlations between the EVs were high between C, P and M (0.79 to 0.92) and low between these and T (0.01 to 0.30). The genetic trends showed that, selection is promoting low genetic progress; however the phenotypic trends that are negative for some characteristics, indicate that more attention for environmental conditions must be given.