Variantes de la heterocromatina y la eucromatina en el diagnóstico prenatal citogenético / Variants of heterochromatin and euchromatin in cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis

Algunos cambios en la morfología de los cromosomas, detectados durante el análisis citogenético, no están asociados con defectos clínicos, representan un dilema para el asesor genético principalmente durante la realización de un estudio prenatal; por esta razón es que una apropiada discriminación entre una variante inocua y una verdadera anomalía resulta crucial para llevar a cabo un asesoramiento genético preciso. Los polimorfismos de la heterocromatina son identificados usualmente por técnicas de bandeo específicas y consideradas como variaciones mendelianas sin una significación clínica. De igual modo, en la literatura se expone la presencia de variantes en regiones eucromáticas que después de un análisis detallado resultan ser de naturaleza benigna. Debido a la importancia de este tema en la actualidad se hace necesario proponer un protocolo a seguir en los laboratorios cada vez que una variante cromosómica sea detectada en el diagnóstico prenatal. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de la literatura acerca de los pasos que se siguen ante la aparición de una variante cromosómica y las sugerencias que se brindan para un manejo más adecuado.

Some changes in chromosome morphology, which are detected in cytogenetic diagnostics, are not associated with clinical defects presenting a dilemma for the genetic counsellor, especially during prenatal diagnosis; this is the reason why a proper discrimination between innocuous variants and true anomalies is crucial to allow precise counselling. Polymorphisms of heterochromatin are identified usually by specific banding techniques and considered as Mendelian variations without a clinical significance. Likewise, it has been exposed in the literature the presence of variants in euchromatic regions that after a detailed analysis turns out to be of benign nature. Due to the current importance of this issue it is necessary to propose a protocol to follow in our laboratories every time a chromosome variant is detected while performing a prenatal analysis and supported by experienced specialist in our field. The goal of this work is to present a review of the literature about how a finding of a chromosome variant is handled and the suggestions given for a more proper management.

Characterization of a rare short arm heteromorphism of chromosome 22 in a girl with down-syndrome like facies.

Chromosomal heteromorphisms are described as interindividual variation of chromosomes without phenotypic consequence. Chromosomal polymorphisms detected include most regions of heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y and the short arms of all acrocentric chromosomes. Here, we report a girl with Down‑syndrome such as facies and tremendously enlarged short arm of a chromosome 22. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a probe specific for all acrocentric short arms revealed that the enlargement p arms of the chromosome 22 in question contained exclusively heterochromatic material derived from an acrocentric short arm. Parental studies identified a maternal origin of this heteromorphism. Cryptic trisomy 21 of the Down‑syndrome critical region was excluded by a corresponding FISH‑probe. Here, we report, to the best of our knowledge, largest ever seen chromosome 22 short arm, being ~×1.5 larger than the normal long arm.

Karyotypic description of the stingless bee Oxytrigona cf. flaveola (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponina) of a colony from Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

The aim was to broaden knowledge on the cytogenetics of the subtribe Meliponina, by furnishing cytogenetic data as a contribution to the characterization of bees from the genus Oxytrigona. Individuals of the species Oxytrigona cf. flaveola, members of a colony from Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, were studied. The chromosome number was 2n = 34, distributed among four chromosomal morphologies, with the karyotype formula 8m+8sm+16st+2t. Size heteromorphism in the first metacentric pair, subsequently confirmed by sequential staining with fluorochrome (DA/DAPI/CMA3), was apparent in all the examined individuals The nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) are possibly located in this metacentric chromosome pair. These data will contribute towards a better understanding of the genus Oxytrigona. Given that species in this group are threatened, the importance of their preservation and conservation can be shown in a sensible, concise fashion through studies such as this.