The joint influence of subjective social status and life skill level on adolescent health risk behaviors / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Subjective social status and life skill level are important influencing factors of adolescent health risk behaviors, and they interact with each other and jointly act on adolescent health risk behaviors, which make the mechanism of adolescent health risk behaviors become more diverse and complex. The current paper reviews the correlations among subjective social status, life skill level and adolescent health risk behaviors, in order to explore the joint influence of subjective social status and life skill level on adolescent health risk behaviors, then provides future directions for exploring possible mechanisms, and proposes recommendations for effective prevention strategies of adolescent health risk behaviors.

Research progress on the relationship between campus bullying and social status at school / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#According to the traditional view, campus bullying is a kind of intentional injury behavior. However, recent research indicates that campus bullying is also purpose oriented, and teenagers may intend to gain social status at school through bullying perpetration. Adolescents status acquisition strategies (bullying and prosocial behavior) and status evaluation methods (social preference and perceived popularity) interact with each other. This process is closely related to adolescents peer group, developmental stage, personality traits, and beliefs. Prevention of campus bullying involves identifying and targeting status oriented bullies with targeted interventions.

Caracterización de la conducta de riesgo al consumo de alcohol en adolescentes / Characterization of risk behavior to alcohol consumption in adolescents

RESUMEN Introducción: la adolescencia es una etapa donde con frecuencia comienza el consumo de sustancias adictivas, entre ellas, el alcohol. Objetivo: caracterizar la conducta de riesgo al consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes del Centro Mixto Carlos Marx del municipio de Pinar del Río. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en un universo constituido por 284 alumnos matriculados en el Centro Mixto Carlos Marx del municipio Pinar del Río, durante el período comprendido de junio 2017 a junio del 2019. La muestra (intencional no probabilística) estuvo comprendida por 40 estudiantes de noveno grado (14-15 años) y 40 estudiantes de duodécimo grado (17-18 años). Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino en la edad 17-18 años donde se encontró la mayor cantidad en la categoría riesgo. Prevaleció el consumo normal de una a dos unidades en adolescentes masculinos de noveno grado. Las principales necesidades y motivos manifestaron lo relacionado a la presencia física en los adolescentes de duodécimo grado y en noveno grado proyectado hacia la necesidad de alimentación; los factores ambientales que prevalecieron fueron las relaciones interpersonales en adolescentes de noveno grado y el ámbito familiar en duodécimo. Conclusiones: la ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas alcanzó la presencia de mayor número de consumidores que no consumidores; el ámbito familiar y la afectividad se comportaron de forma similar como factores ambientales, familiares y entorno social que constituyeron un riesgo para el consumo del alcohol en los adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: adolescence is a stage where the consumption of addictive substances, including alcohol, often begins. Objective: to characterize the risk behavior to alcohol consumption in adolescents enrolled at Carlos Marx Mixed School, Pinar del Rio municipality. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in a target group comprised of 284 students enrolled at Carlos Marx Mixed School, Pinar del Rio municipality during the period from June 2017 to June 2019. The sample (intentional non-probabilistic) included 40 students from 9th grade (14-15 years old), and 40 students from 12th grade (17-18 years old). Results: female sex predominated in the 17-18 age groups, where the highest figure was found in the risk category. Normal consumption of one to two units prevailed in male adolescents from 9th grade. The main needs and motivation were related to physical presence in the adolescents from 12th grade and in 9th grade, projected towards the need for food; the environmental factors that prevailed were interpersonal relationships in adolescents from 9th grade and the family environment in 12th grade. Conclusions: the consumption of alcoholic beverages reached the presence of a greater number of consumers than non-consumers, highlighting the fact of a dependent adolescent who consumes more than twelve units daily; family environment and affectivity behaved similarly as environmental factors, family and social situation constituted a risk for alcohol consumption in adolescents.

Cultura do trote universitário: desafios que permanecem / University hazing culture: challenges that remain

INTRODUÇÃO: Trotes são provações aplicadas aos novatos que entram na Universidade como ritual de iniciação. Desde 2010, a pesquisa "bulindo com a universidade" estuda o trote no curso de Medicina. Este estudo revelou as relações hierárquicas e de poder existentes entre os estudantes. Seus resultados desencadearam medidas adotadas em uma faculdade paulista. RELATO: O presente artigo analisa que mudanças foram produzidas após seis anos de intervenções na cultura do trote. Em 2015, 89 ingressantes fizeram uma narrativa a partir da pergunta: "o que você viu, viveu e sentiu relacionado à sua recepção na faculdade?". As respostas foram analisadas em cinco categorias temáticas. A maioria narrou que há muito incomodo causado pelo trote. Naturalizaram estes episódios e disseram que a hierarquia existente na Medicina sustenta esse tipo de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: Essa posição hierárquica respalda e perpetua a relação de superioridade promovida pelos veteranos.

INTRODUCTION: Hazing are trials applied to new students entering the University as a ritual of initiation. Since 2010, the research "bullying with the university" studies hazing in medical courses. This study revealed the hierarchical and power relations existing among students. Its results triggered measures adopted in a Medical School from São Paulo State, Brazil. REPORT: This article analyzes the changes that occurred after six years of interventions in the hazing culture. In 2015, 89 new students entering Medical School made a narrative stimulated by the question: "What did you see, live and feel related to your reception in college?". The answers were analyzed in five thematic categories. Most have reported that there is much discomfort caused by the hazing process. They naturalized these episodes and claimed that the hierarchy in medicine supports this type of treatment. CONCLUSION: The hierarchical structure endorses and perpetuates the superiority condition promoted by the veteran students.

A influência do desempenho motor no status sociométrico de crianças e adolescentes: um estudo transcultural / The influence of motor performance in the sociometric status of children and adolescents: a transcultural study

Introdução: O desempenho motor é um componente essencial para o desenvolvimento dos indivíduos e inclui fatores que influenciam diretamente o status perante o grupo. Objetivo: verificar se há relação entre o desempenho motor e status sociométrico, bem como comparar o desempenho motor de crianças e adolescentes do Brasil e de Portugal. Métodos: Participaram 785 (7 a 14 anos), crianças e adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala Subjetiva de Status Social em Sala de Aula para o status social e Körperkoordinationtest Für Kinder-KTK para avaliação do desempenho motor. Resultados: Observou-se que os alunos rejeitados tiveram mais chances de terem coordenação insuficiente em relação aos pares, independente do país de origem, além disso os portugueses obtiveram mais chances de apresentarem insuficiência na coordenação quando comparadas aos brasileiros. Conclusão: Os participantes rejeitados pelos pares apresentaram maiores chances de terem insuficiência na coordenação motora, tal associação pode tornar-se um problema multifatorial do desenvolvimento no universo da escola.

Introduction: Motor performance is an essential component for the development of individuals and includes factors that directly influence the status before the group. Aim: To verify the relationship between motor performance and sociometric status, as well as to compare the motor performance of children and adolescents in Brazil and Portugal. Methods: 785 (7 to 14 years old) participated, children and adolescents from public and private schools. The instruments used were the Subjective Scale of Social Status in Classroom for social status and Körperkoordinationtest Für Kinder-KTK for evaluation of motor performance. Results: It was observed that the rejected students were more likely to have insufficient coordination in relation to the pairs, regardless of the country of origin. In addition, the Portuguese were more likely to present insufficiency in coordination when compared to Brazilians. Conclusion: Participants rejected by peers were more likely to have insufficient motor coordination, such association may become a multifactorial problem of development in the school universe.

Cuatro cuestiones axiológicas de la epidemiología social para el monitoreo de la desigualdad en salud / Four axiological considerations in social epidemiology for the monitoring of health inequality

A medida que las agendas contemporáneas más relevantes de la salud pública mundial y regional se van alineando en sus componentes conceptuales y emerge más explícitamente el rol medular de la equidad como su principio constitutivo, va creciendo también el reconocimiento del valor estratégico del monitoreo de desigualdades sociales en salud como el instrumento por excelencia de la inteligencia sanitaria para juzgar objetivamente el progreso hacia la equidad en salud, pero también para dar cuenta de la acción sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud, el avance hacia el alcance progresivo de la universalidad en salud y el éxito de iniciativas intersectoriales con enfoque de salud en todas las políticas. Estas transformaciones acontecen en el marco de una cada vez más evidente transición paradigmática de la salud pública. Este ensayo plantea cuatro consideraciones axiológicas inherentes a-y esenciales para-la conceptualization e instrumentación de la medición y monitoreo de las desigualdades en salud: la ecoepidemiología como era emergente en la salud pública contemporánea, los determinantes de la salud como modelo de causalidad y núcleo del nuevo enfoque paradigmático, la relación entre jerarquía social y salud para entender el gradiente en salud, y la necesidad práctica de una clasificación socioeconómica para capturar la dimensión social de la determinación de la salud. Se plantea que estas cuatro cuestiones valorativas otorgan coherencia y racionalidad epidemiológicas al proceso de medición y monitoreo de las desigualdades en la salud y, por extensión, a la formulación de propuestas de política sanitaria en pro de la equidad.

As the conceptual components of the most important contemporary public health agendas at the global and regional levels are brought into alignment and as it becomes more clearly understood that equity is a constitutive principle of these agendas, there is also a growing awareness of the strategic value of monitoring social inequalities in health. This is the health intelligence tool par excellence, not only for objectively assessing progress towards achieving health equity, but also for reporting action on the social determinants of health, progress towards the attainment of health for all, and the success of intersectoral efforts that take a "health in all policies" approach. These transformations are taking place in the context of an increasingly evident paradigm shift in public health. This essay presents four axiological considerations inherent to-and essential for -conceptualizing and implementing ways to measure and monitor health inequalities: ecoepidemiology as an emerging field in contemporary public health; the determinants of health as the causal model and core of the new paradigm; the relationship between the social hierarchy and health to understand the health gradient; and the practical need for a socioeconomic classification system that captures the social dimension in the determinants of health. The essay argues that these four axiological considerations lend epidemiologic coherence and rationality to the process of measuring and monitoring health inequalities and, by extension, to the development of pro-equity health policy proposals.

Pautas de género en el desarrollo del habitus médico: los años de formación en la escuela de medicina y la residencia médica / Gender norms and the development of the medical habitus: in the years of medical schooling and residency

Se documenta el maltrato de género que enfrentan los estudiantes de medicina en México. Se analiza el concepto de socialización médica, con énfasis en el problema del maltrato a las y los estudiantes de medicina. En el marco teórico se articulan conceptos de Foucault y Goffman, con los conceptos nodales de Bourdieu bajo un enfoque de género. Se ilustra mediante diversos ejemplos la manera en que el espacio de aprendizaje del currículum formal lo es también de reproducción de las jerarquías de género, a través del currículum oculto. Las mujeres enfrentan diversas formas de desmotivación socialmente inducida para optar y mantenerse en la carrera de medicina, particularmente en algunas de sus especialidades. La discriminación se presenta igual bajo interacciones afectivizadas que bajo formas muy autoritarias. Enfrentan acoso sexual en clase y en los años de especialización, y no dejan de ser construidas como sujetos subordinados. Al final se discute la importancia de estos hallazgos en la constitución del habitus médico.

This article documents the gender abuse that Mexican medical students face. The concept of medical socialization is analyzed, with emphasis on the problem of the mistreatment of medical students. The theoretical framework articulates ideas from Foucault and Goffman with the nodal points of Bourdieu using a gender focus. Numerous examples are employed to show that the formal program of study also contains a hidden curriculum which serves to reproduce gender hierarchies. Women face numerous types of socially induced discouragement in choosing and completing their course of study, particularly in certain specialties. Discrimination is present in affectivized as well as in authoritarian interactions. They face sexual harassment in the classroom and in their years of specialization, and are constantly constructed as subordinated subjects. The importance of these findings in the constitution of a medical habitus is discussed.

Women working at university restaurants: life and work conditions and gender-based violence / Mujeres trabajadoras de restaurantes universitarios: condiciones de vida, trabajo y violencia de genero / Mulheres trabalhadoras de restaurantes universitários: condições de vida, trabalho e violência de gênero

This is an exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative approach that aimed to understand the social production and reproduction processes of women working at university restaurants and the occurrence and the magnitude of gender-based violence committed against them by their intimate partners. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The analysis categories used were social production and reproduction, gender and gender-based violence. The interviewees held a subordinate social position during the productive and reproductive periods of their lives. Approximately 70% reported having experienced gender-based violence from an intimate partner (66% psychological violence, 36.3% physical violence and 28.6% sexual violence). Most of the health problems resulting from violence were related to mental health. The results indicate that the situation requires immediate interventions, mostly guided by the instrumentalization of these women and the support by the state and the university as appropriate to address violence.

Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo desde una perspectiva cuantitativa que tuvo por objetivos: conocer los procesos de producción y reproducción social de mujeres trabajadoras de restaurantes universitarios y la ocurrencia y la magnitud de la violencia de género cometida por sus parejas íntimas, contra ellas. La recolección de datos fue realizada por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Las categorías de análisis utilizadas fueron producción y reproducción social, género y la violencia de género. Las entrevistadas ocupan una posición de subalternidad social en los momentos productivo y reproductivo de la vida. Cerca del 70% refirieron violencia de género perpetrada por su pareja íntima (66% sufrieron violencia psicológica, 36.3% violencia física y 28.6% sexual). La mayor parte de los problemas de salud a consecuencia de la violencia tenían alguna relación con la salud mental. Los resultados indican que la situación exige intervenciones inmediatas pautadas principalmente por la preparación y empoderamiento de esas mujeres; en el apoyo del Estado y de la Universidad para el enfrentamiento de la violencia de acuerdo a su realidad.

Estudo exploratório e descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, que teve por objetivos conhecer os processos de produção e reprodução social de mulheres trabalhadoras de restaurantes universitários, a ocorrência e a magnitude da violência de gênero cometida contra elas por seus parceiros íntimos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As categorias de análise utilizadas foram produção e reprodução social, gênero e violência de gênero. As entrevistadas ocupam posição de subalternidade social nos momentos produtivo e reprodutivo da vida. Cerca de 70% referiram violência de gênero por parceiro íntimo (66% violência psicológica; 36,3% física e 28,6%, sexual). A maior parte dos problemas de saúde decorrentes da violência tinha relação com a saúde mental. Os resultados indicam que a situação exige intervenções imediatas, pautadas principalmente na instrumentalização dessas mulheres e no apoio do Estado e da Universidade para que façam o enfrentamento da violência que sua realidade exige.

Data collection in post-operative cardiac surgery: an ethnographic research

Aims: To interpret the collective representations of nurses about their practice with regard to data collection in post-operative cardiac surgery, and to identify if the nurse realizes this step of the nursing process (PE) as a contributing element to its professional legitimacy. Method: it is an ethnographic research based on collective representations based on Émile Durkheim?s work. The data will be collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and diaries filled in over a three month period by nurses from a cardiac intensive care unit of a hospital for cardiovascular diseases in Rio de Janeiro. Results: Preliminary analysis of the data revealed that nurses recognize the value of data collection and its differential approach. However, they point out difficulties associated with its implementation which they attributed to excessive bureaucratic activities that separate health professionals from their patients.