Mechanism of high-salt diet up-regulating TMEM16A-induced cerebral arterial remodeling in C57BL/6J mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the mechanism of high salt-induced cerebral artery remodeling in mice by up-regulating TMEM16A. Methods Forty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups (10 per group, 8 weeks of intervention), namely, blank control group (normal diet), low-salt group (2% high salt diet), medium-salt group (4% high salt diet) and high-salt group (8% high salt diet). HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes of cerebral arteries; blood vessel permeability test was used to compare the color and absorbance value of brain tissue. Immunofluorescence was employed to detect TMEM16A expression in cerebral arteries of mice in each group; PCR and Western blot were applied to detect the mRNA and protein expression of TMEM16A in cerebral arterial tissues; whole-cell patch clamp was use to record the calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) currents of mouse cerebral artery smooth muscle cells in each group. Results HE results showed that 2%, 4%, and 8% high salt diet could concentra-tion-dependently induce cerebral arterial wall thickening and lumen stenosis in C57BL/6J mice. The permeability test found that compared with the control group, the absorbance value of the brain tissue of the mice in the 2%, 4% and 8% high salt groups increased significantly. The results of isolated muscle tension showed that compared with the control group, the systolic response of isolated cerebral arteries to 60 mmol • L

Blockade of Endogenous Angiotensin-(1-7) in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates High Salt-Induced Sympathoexcitation and Hypertension / 神经科学通报·英文版

Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is an important biologically-active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system. This study was designed to determine whether inhibition of Ang-(1-7) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates sympathetic activity and elevates blood pressure by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and oxidative stress in the PVN in salt-induced hypertension. Rats were fed either a high-salt (8% NaCl) or a normal salt diet (0.3% NaCl) for 10 weeks, followed by bilateral microinjections of the Ang-(1-7) antagonist A-779 or vehicle into the PVN. We found that the mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and plasma norepinephrine (NE) were significantly increased in salt-induced hypertensive rats. The high-salt diet also resulted in higher levels of the PICs interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, as well as higher gp91 expression and superoxide production in the PVN. Microinjection of A-779 (3 nmol/50 nL) into the bilateral PVN of hypertensive rats not only attenuated MAP, RSNA, and NE, but also decreased the PICs and oxidative stress in the PVN. These results suggest that the increased MAP and sympathetic activity in salt-induced hypertension can be suppressed by blockade of endogenous Ang-(1-7) in the PVN, through modulation of PICs and oxidative stress.

Effect of high salt diet on arterial blood pressure in urea transporter B gene depletion mice and its mechanism / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the effect of high salt diet on the arterial blood pressure in the urea transporter B (UT-B) gene depletion (UT-B-/-) mice, and to clarify the possible mechanism of the UT-B-/- leading to the changes in the arterial blood pressure of the mice. Methods: The heterozygous (UT-B/-) mice were mated to obtain the wild-type (UT-B1/) and UT-B-/- mice with the same genetic background. The 4-week-old male UT-B1/1 and UT-B-/- mice were selected and fed on normal diet (0. 3% NaCl) or high salt diet (8. 0% NaCl) for 4 weeks. The mice were divided into UT-B/1 mice + normal diet (UT-B /1 +N) group, UT-B-/- mice + normal diet (UT-B-/- +N) group, UT-B1/1 mice+high salt diet (UT-B /1 +H) group, and UT-B-/- mice + high salt diet (UT-B-/- +H) group. The changes in water intakes and mean arterial pressures of the mice in various groups were monitored; RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels and location of UT-B mRNA and protein in choroid plexus (CP) of the brain tissue of the mice. The levels of serum angiotensin II (Ang II) and the Na levels in cerebrospinal fluid of the mice in various groups were determined by ELISA. Results: The PCR results of genomic DNA of mouse tail showed that there was a 400 bp base fragment in the UT-B mice, 250 and 400 bp base fragments in the UT-B mice, and 250 bp base fragment in the UT-B- - mice. Compared with normal salt diet group, the water intake of the mice in high salt diet was significantly increased (P<0. 01); compared with UT-B-/- +N group and UT-B1/1 + H group, the mean arterial pressure of the mice in UT-B-/- +H group was significantly increased (P<0. 01). The UT-B mRNA and protein expressed in the epithelial cells of CP in the UT-B/1 mice. Compared with UT-B-/- +N group and UTS1/ mice+H group, the Ang II level in serum of the mice in UT-B-/- mice+H group was significantly increased (P< 0.01); the Na level in cerebrospinal fluid of the mice was significantly increased (P< 0. 05). Conclusion: High salt diet can cause a significant increase in the mean arterial pressure in the UT-B-/- mice, and its mechanism is related to increasing the serum Ang II level and the Na' level in cerebrospinal fluid in the mice.

Effect of response to phenylephrine-mediatedsignal pathway in renal arteries of offspring rats inducedby maternal high-salt diet / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the effect of high salt diet during pregnancy on the development of renal vessels in offspring rats and its mechanism.Methods Natural pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into high-salt group and control group.The pregnant rats in the high-salt group were given high-salt diet of 8% NaCl content , while the control group normal diet with 1% NaCl content.In both groups, pregnant rats were given normal drinking water.After delivery, all mothers returned to normal diet and all neonatal rats were breast-fed until one month old.The adult male off springs were used as experimental animals.The vessel tone of renal interlobar arteries and electrophysiological behavior of single vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were detected respectively.Results The contractile response of renal arteries to phenylephrine(Phe) in high-salt group was stronger than that in the control group(P0.05).Conclusions High-salt diet during pregnancy could increase the sensitivity of renal interlobar arterial contractile response to Phe in adult male offsprings, which is associated with PKC-mediated BK channels pathway.Maternal high-salt diet during pregnancy may increase the risk of renal vascular diseases in adult offsprings.

Effect of caveolin-1 expression on high-salt diet-induced endothelial dys-function in type 1 diabetic rats / 中国病理生理杂志

[ ABSTRACT] AIM: To investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) rats fed with high-salt diet.METHODS:Type 1 DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg).Normal and diabetic rats were fed high-salt food (HS, 8% NaCl) and standard food for 6 weeks, respectively.Isometric tension of the mesenteric arteries were measured .The expression of Akt , endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) was examined by Western blot .RESULTS:The rats in DM+HS group exhibited more pronounced impairment of vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and insulin compared with either DM group or HS group (P<0.01).Akt and eNOS phosphorylation levels, and nitric oxide (NO) concentration in DM +HS group were significantly lower than those in DM group (P<0.01).The level of Cav-1 in DM+HS group was significantly higher than that in DM group and HS group .CONCLUSION:Impaired endothelial Akt activation , increased Cav-1 expression and re-sultant decreased eNOS activation contribute to aggravate high-salt diet-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in DM rats.

Effects of eplerenone on expression and activity of aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase in hypertensive rats induced by high-salt intake / 中国病理生理杂志

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To explore the effects of eplerenone on the expression and activity of aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS) in high salt-induced hypertensive rats .METHODS: Male Wistar rats (4 week old, weighting 50~60 g) were randomly divided into control group , high-salt diet group and eplerenone group .The rats in control group were fed with ordinary rodent animal diet , the rats in high-salt group and eplerenone group were exposed to 5%salt diet for 16 weeks and administrated with the same dosage of saline or eplerenone (40 mg? kg-1? d-1 ) by gavage for 4 weeks, re-spectively.Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff every 2 weeks.The rats were sacrificed after 16 weeks and the thoracic aorta was collected .The aldosterone content in the aorta was measured by ELISA .The protein levels of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and eNOS were determined by Western blot.The activitie of constitutive NOS (cNOS) was measured by chemocolorimetry .The protein localization of eNOS , neuronal nitric oxide synthase ( nNOS) and MR was observed by immunohistochemistry .RESULTS: A process of 8-week high-salt diet increased SBP gradually .SBP in the rats exposure to high salt for 16 weeks was significantly higher than that in control group ( P<0.05 ) .After 4 weeks of eplerenone treatment, SBP in the rats was significantly lower than that before treatment (P<0.05).Compared with control group, the aldosterone content in the aorta were significantly increased in high-salt diet group and eplerenone group ( P<0.05), the expression level of MR also increased significantly (P<0.05).Compared with control group, both eNOS pro-tein expression (P<0.05) and cNOS activity in high-salt diet group were significantly decreased (P<0.05).The protein expression of eNOS as well as cNOS activity in aorta increased significantly in eplerenone group compared with high -salt diet group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Aldosterone content in aorta of high-salt-induced hypertensive rats increases signifi-cantly .Aldosterone attenuates the protein expression of eNOS and reduces the enzyme activity through the activation of min -eralocorticoid receptor .The selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone enhances the protein expression of eNOS and its activity , thereby improves eNOS function .

Alkaloids of Nitraria sibirica Pall. decrease hypertension and albuminuria in angiotensin II-salt hypertension / 中国天然药物

In traditional Chinese medicine, Nitraria sibirica Pall. (Nitrariaceae) is used to treat hypertension. This study determined the effects of the total alkaloids of the leaves of Nitraria sibirica (NSTA) on blood pressure and albuminuria in mice treated with angiotensin II and a high-salt diet (ANG/HS). Adult mice were divided into three groups: control; infused with angiotensin II and fed a diet containing 4% NaCl (ANG/HS; and ANG/HS plus injection of NSTA (1 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), i.p.). After treatment of these regimens, daily water and food intake, kidney weight, blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion, renal concentrations of inflammatory markers, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the expression of renal fibrosis markers were determined. Compared to the control group, the ANG/HS group had higher blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion. Treatment with NSTA in ANG/HS mice for three weeks significantly reduced blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion. ANG/HS treatment caused elevated levels of sICAM-1 and MCP-1, as well as increased fibrosis markers. Concurrent treatment with ANG/HS and NSTA attenuated the levels and expression of renal inflammatory and fibrosis markers. Treatment with NSTA effectively reduces hypertension-induced albuminuria through the reduction of renal inflammatory and fibrosis markers.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Salt Reduction Program for Employees

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of a salt reduction education program. Subjects participating in this study were 251 employees (166 in the "educated" group, 85 in the "non-educated" group) at 8 hospital and industry food service operations in Daegu. After the salt reduction education program was carried out, a salty taste assessment of both groups was conducted. The educated group had statistically significant differences and the noneducated group did not have statistically significant differences. In terms of nutrition knowledge, while the nutrition knowledge of the educated group was increased (p < 0.001), that of the non-educated group rose at a rate of 0.92. In terms of dietary attitude, the educated group exhibited increased preference toward less salty foods when compared to the noneducated group (p < 0.001). Regarding dietary behavior, the score of the educated group was improved (p < 0.001), thereby indicating a preference for less salty taste. This means that nutrition education had influence on dietary behavior. However, after education, sodium excretion for the educated group was not significantly decreased, compared to before education. The results show that there was a positive correlation between salty taste assessment and dietary attitude and behavior for a high-salt diet. There was a positive relationship between attitude for a high-salt diet and sodium intake; when people prefere a more salty taste, they eat more sodium. Therefore, in order to change dietary preference away from salty taste and to decrease sodium intake, a nationwide, systematic and continuous salt reduction education program is needed.

Development and Evaluation of Nutrition Education Program for Sodium Reduction in Foodservice Operations / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to develop a nutrition education program for dietary salt reduction using various nutrition education materials. The effect of a 5-week nutrition education program on salty taste assessment, nutrition knowledge, salt attitude for a high-salt diet, salt content in food, and individual satisfaction with the salt concentration of meals during the education period was evaluated. Nutrition education materials included two animations, a pamphlet, panels, and a website, as well as other training resources. Subjects participating in this study were 335 employees (164 male, 171 female) at 15 foodservice operations in Daegu. Preference for higher levels of salty taste and food containing higher amounts of salt were lowered. Knowledge regarding the necessity for dietary salt reduction was higher (p < 0.001) than before nutrition education, and salt content in a meal was reduced. As the program progressed, average salt concentrations of soups were significantly lowered (p < 0.05), and there was greater satisfaction with the lower concentration (p < 0.001). This was a positive indication of the program's success. In addition, it was found that subjects who participated in the program several times have changed their preference to lower levels of salty taste and have increased their nutrition knowledge (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). Thus, the positive effect of this 5-week nutrition education program developed for, and applied to, foodservice employees, concerning dietary salt reduction was confirmed.

Influence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Morbidity Rate by High Salt Diet in Mare Island Area / 医学研究杂志

12,9.41%(148/1578);RDQ≤12,91.58%(1430/1578).Logistic multiple regression analysis of gastroesophageal reflux correlation factor studied:OR= 2.781.Conclusions The results showed:there were close correlation of high salt diet and GERED.

Effects of antihypertensive agent on cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive rats induced by high salt diet combined with cold stress / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To observe the effects of antihypertensive agents on renin angiotensin aldosterone system, blood pressure and myocardial hypertrophy induced by high salt diet plus cold stress. Methods Fifty male Wistar rats weighting 200～250 g were divided into 5 groups: control, saline, captopril, betaloc and nitrendipine. The rats treated with dugs or saline were fed with high salt diet(8% NaCl) and subjected to cold stress 4 hours a day. Blood pressure and body weight were measured once a week. Rats were sacrificed and then the gross weight of hearts was measured 8 weeks later. Renin activity(RA), angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ) and aldosterone(Aldo) in the left ventricular wall were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results ① Levels of RA, AngⅡ and Aldo of rat left ventricular wall in betaloc group were significantly lower than those in saline, captopril and nitrendipine groups( P