ABSTRACT
Background: College students appear more vulnerable in developing a dependence on the internet. Individuals with hikikomori are frequently reported to have social contact predominantly via the internet. Objectives: To find the prevalence of Internet addiction, gaming Addiction, Hikikomori Trait and Insomnia amongst medical undergraduates and to study their association with various determinants. Methodology: The present Cross-Sectional study was conducted among first to final-year medical students studying at various medical colleges in Indian City from February to May 2021. Data collection was done after obtaining the ethical permission of the Institute. A total of 400 students who gave consent were sent an electronic questionnaire. Results: The mean age of study participants was 20 ± 1.58 years. Internet addiction was present in 189(47.2%) participants, gaming addiction in 128 (32%) students and Hikikomori Trait was found in 98(24.5%) students. There was a statistically significant association between different grades of insomnia and internet, gaming addiction, and hikikomori trait (<?0.0001) in the present study. Conclusion: Internet addiction was present in almost half of the medical students while gaming addiction was seen in nearly one third of the students. Male gender and hostel stay had a statistically significant association with internet addiction, gaming addiction, insomnia and hikikomori trait.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO O fenómeno hikikomori, forma de isolamento social grave e prolongado, constitui um desafio diagnóstico. A nível conceptual, alguns autores diferenciam o hikikomori em primário e secundário. Este último conceito é utilizado quando está presente comorbilidade que, pelo menos parcialmente, explique a síndrome, enquanto na ausência de diagnóstico psiquiátrico denomina- se "hikikomori primário". Os autores apresentam um caso clínico português com as mesmas características sociodemográficas e clínicas descritas no Japão. Esse caso ilustra que o hikikomori pode potencialmente ser explicado por uma perturbação psiquiátrica subjacente, nem sempre clara à apresentação, e a importância da avaliação cuidadosa e continuada no tempo, por forma a conseguir o esclarecimento diagnóstico e intervenção terapêutica adequada.
ABSTRACT Diagnosing hikikomori, a form of severe and prolonged social withdrawal, is challenging. Conceptually speaking, some authors differentiate "primary" and "secondary" hikikomori. The latter term has been used when there is co-morbidity that at least partially explains the syndrome, whereas in the absence of a psychiatric diagnosis it is called "primary hikikomori". The authors present a Portuguese case report with the same sociodemographic and clinical characteristics described in Japan. This case illustrates that hikikomori can potentially be explained by an underlying psychiatric disorder that is not always clear at the presentation and the importance of careful and continuous assessment, in order to achieve diagnostic clarification and adequate therapeutic intervention.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivos Expandir os conhecimentos sobre o fenômeno de isolamento social prolongado, voluntário e grave denominado hikikomori e facilitar a identificação e o acompanhamento terapêutico desses indivíduos. Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura de 2000 a 2017, sendo utilizadas várias bases de dados como instrumentos de busca usando as palavras-chave: "hikikomori", "youth social withdrawal" e "isolamento social prolongado". Resultados O hikikomori foi descrito inicialmente no Japão, sendo considerado uma síndrome ligada à cultura nipônica. Porém, nos últimos anos foi descrito em diversos países, inclusive no ocidente. Afeta principalmente adolescentes e adultos jovens do sexo masculino, os quais vivem espontaneamente reclusos em seus quartos por pelo menos seis meses. São pessoas solitárias, tímidas, com um suporte social deficiente e que, frequentemente, tiveram alguma experiência traumática na infância. A maioria dos indivíduos apresenta algum transtorno psiquiátrico associado. O fenômeno acarreta terríveis prejuízos para o indivíduo, familiares e para a sociedade como um todo. Conclusão O hikikomori é subdiagnosticado e subtratado fora do Japão, pelo desconhecimento dos profissionais da saúde e pela recusa dos portadores em buscar ajuda. O fenômeno ainda não foi incluído numa categoria de diagnóstico psiquiátrico, o que dificulta a padronização e a realização de pesquisas ao redor do mundo.
ABSTRACT Objectives To expand the current knowledge on the phenomenon of severe, voluntary and prolonged social withdrawal called hikikomori, and to facilitate the identification and treatment of these individuals. Methods A comprehensive review of the literature from 2000 to 2017 has been conducted, using several data bases as search instruments using the keywords "hikikomori", "youth social withdrawal" and "prolonged social isolation". Results Hikikomori was firstly described in Japan and was considered a culture-bound syndrome. However, in the last years, it has been described in several other countries, including western countries. It affects mainly male adolescents and young adults, who spontaneously live recluse in their rooms, for at least six months. They are lonely and shy people, with insufficient social support, who frequently had some traumatic experience in childhood. Most of them present some associated psychiatric disorder. The phenomenon leads to terrible losses to the individuals, their families and to society. Conclusion Hikikomori is an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition outside Japan, due to the lack of knowledge of health professionals, and for the sufferers' refusal to seek help. The phenomenon was not yet included as a psychiatric disorder in the classifications, what difficults the standardization and conduction of research around the world.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the social withdrawal tendency in Korean adolescents using the Hikikomori Behavior Checklist and to compare the psychopathological differences between the high risk group of social withdrawal (HRSW) and the low risk group of social withdrawal (LRSW). METHODS: Participants included 300 high school students from Daegu, Korea. Each participant completed several questionnaires including the demographic questionnaire, Korean-Version of the Hikikomori Behavior Checklist (K-HBCL), the Parental Screening Questionnaire for Hidden Youth (HYQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory (ASI), Social Avoidance and Distress scale (SAD), the Scale for Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), and Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The subjects were divided into two groups, the HRSW and LRSW, depending on the mean value of their total HBCL score, and their BDI, ASI, SAD, FNE, and MOCI scores were compared between HRSW and LRSW. RESULTS: The scales affecting the high-risk group were BDI, ASI, and SAD. The total score of K-HBCL showed positive correlation with the total score of BDI, ASI, SAD, FNE, and MOCI. CONCLUSION: The socially withdrawn adolescents had more problematic issues of their psychopathology. Several emotional factors would be useful in assessing the high-risk group of socially withdrawn adolescents.