Manejo y comorbilidades de los trastornos bipolares en la infancia y adolescencia / Management and Comorbidities of Bipolar Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

Resumen El diagnóstico y tratamiento de los trastornos bipolares (TBP) en niños es, en la actualidad, uno de los mayores retos y área de controversia en el campo de la psiquiatría infantil. Los trastornos bipolares engloban varios trastornos afectivos que involucran alteraciones en el grado de actividad, contenido y forma del pensamiento que se caracterizan por episodios bifásicos del estado de ánimo; este grupo de trastornos afectan aproximadamente al 1% de la población mundial y comienzan en la juventud (edad media de inicio de ~20 años). Sin embargo, en algunos estudios se ha observado un retraso de 5 años desde la presentación de los síntomas al inicio del tratamiento. En la actualidad el diagnóstico de TBP en niños y adolescentes debe basarse en el mismo conjunto de síntomas aplicado a los adultos, así mismo los principios generales de tratamiento. La investigación realizada alrededor de este trastorno se ha traducido en cambios en la conceptualización y abordaje de esta patología, ahora concebido como un grupo de trastornos que comparten cambios en el estado de ánimo y otros síntomas cardinales, de carácter crónico y progresivo que impacta de manera negativa en quienes los padecen.

Abstract The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders (BPD) in children is currently one of the biggest challenges and area of controversy in the field of child psychiatry. Bipolar disorders encompass several affective disorders that involve alterations in the degree of activity, content and form of thinking that are characterized by biphasic episodes of mood. This group of disorders affect approximately 1% of the world population and begin in youth (the average age of onset of ~20 years). However, in some studies a delay of 5 years has been observed since the presentation of symptoms at the beginning of the treatment. Currently, the diagnosis of TBP in children and adolescents should be based on the same set of symptoms applied to adults, as well as the general principles of the treatment. The research carried out around this disorder has resulted in changes in the conceptualization and approach of this pathology, now conceived as a group of disorders that share changes in mood and other cardinal symptoms, of a chronic and progressive nature that impacts in a negative way in those who suffer them.

Hipomanía y corticoides en pacientes oncológicos. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Hypomania and corticoids in oncological patients. Case report and literature review

Resumen Introducción: Cada año aumenta el número de personas que padece algún tipo de cáncer. Los corticoides son ampliamente utilizados en el tratamiento de los pacientes con cáncer y su uso no está exento de efectos adversos, muchas veces muy invalidantes. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de un brote hipomaníaco en una paciente con cáncer de ovario usuaria de corticoides y realizar una revisión de la literatura del tema. Caso clínico: Paciente, portadora de un cáncer de ovario avanzado, tratado con cirugía y quimioterapia, debuta con episodios de vómitos que son manejados con dexametasona. Durante el tratamiento presenta insomnio, verborrea e ideas de grandiosidad, diagnosticándose un brote hipomaniaco secundario al tratamiento esteroidal. Discusión: En el caso de los pacientes oncológicos, e independientemente del uso de corticoides, aproximadamente el 50% de ellos presentará algún tipo de sintomatologia psiquiátrica, ahora bien, si a esto agregamos el uso de corticoides la incidencia puede aumentar hasta un 65% - 75%. La hipomanía da cuenta prácticamente del 50% de los trastornos psiquiátricos inducidos por corticoides. Con dosis menores de 40 mg/día sólo el 2% de los pacientes se verá afectado por este tipo de trastornos, mientras que con dosis entre 40 a 80 mg/día esta incidencia aumenta hasta un 5%. Conclusión: Los corticoides son ampliamente utilizados en pacientes oncológicos, sin embargo, su uso puede provocar trastornos psiquiátricos. Es importante dar a conocer más al equipo sanitario referente a la asociación de corticoides y cuadros psiquiátricos para su rápida detección y manejo clínico.

Introduction: Every year the number of people affecting by cancer increase. Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of patients with cancer and their use is not without adverse effects, often very disabling. Objective: Present a clinical case of hypomanic outbreak in a patient with ovarian cancer using corticosteroids and to carry out a review of the literature on the subject. Clinical case: Patient with an advanced ovarian cancer, treated with surgery and chemotherapy, debuts with episodes of vomiting that are managed with dexamethasone. During the treatment he presented insomnia, verbiage and grandiosity, diagnosing a hypomanic outbreak secondary to steroidal treatment. Discussion: In cancer patients, and independently of the use of corticosteroids, approximately 50% of them will present some type psychiatric disorder. With corticosteroids the incidence can increase up to 65%-75%. Hypomania accounts for almost 50% of psychiatric disorders induced by corticosteroids. With doses lower than 40 mg/day only 2% of patients will be affected by this type of disorders, while with doses between 40 to 80 mg/day this incidence increases up to 5%. Conclusion: Corticosteroids are widely used in cancer patients, however their use can cause psychiatric disorders. It is important to make the healthcare team more aware of the association of corticosteroids and psychiatric symptoms for rapid detection and clinical management.

Sobre el diagnóstico de bipolaridad / Diagnosing bipolar disorder

Dado el aumento en el diagnostico de bipolaridad, las dificultades de establecer límites entre el ánimo normal y patológico y los riesgos derivados de la indicación de tratamientos inadecuados se presentan aquí antecedentes relativos a la historia y diagnóstico del Trastorno Bipolar así como las principales clasificaciones vigentes y las áreas de conflicto en cuanto a diagnóstico diferencial.

Given the increase diagnosis of bipolarity nowadays, the difficult to clarify the border between normal and pathological mood in this article the historical aspects and clinical features of Bipolar Disorder are reviewed as well as the differential diagnosis.

Mania/hipomania induzida por aripiprazol / Manic/hypomanic symptoms induced by aripiprazole

Aripiprazol é um antipsicótico atípico (AAt) frequentemente indicado para o tratamento agudo da mania, assim como para quadros mistos de transtorno bipolar (TB) tipo I e para o tratamento de manutenção do TB tipo I. A potencial ação antidepressiva dos AAts possibilita que medicamentos dessa classe aumentem as chances do aparecimento de mania em indivíduos suscetíveis. Com o objetivo de sumarizar evidência que possibilite a discussão técnica desse tópico, aqui relatamos três casos de pacientes com TB com mania induzida por aripiprazol. Pacientes tinham diagnósticos e comorbidades diferentes e estavam em regime terapêutico também diferente. Mania foi temporalmente associada à introdução de aripiprazol. Melhora considerável aconteceu após a retirada do fármaco. Sugerimos que o aripiprazol, por meio da sua ação antidepressiva, seja fator de risco para virada maníaca e hipomaníaca. Recomendamos o uso associado de estabilizador de humor com potencial antimaníaco para prevenir eventual inversão de fase. Sugere-se, ainda, a provável eficácia antidepressiva do aripiprazol.

Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic often used as monotherapy or as add-on therapy in patients with manic episodes, as well as for bipolar disorders. The antidepressive effect of the atypical antipsychotic medications raises the possibility that these drugs may increase the risk of mania in susceptible individuals. With the aim of providing further evidence on this subject, herein we reported three patients with bipolar disorder and mania induced by aripiprazole. Patients had different final diagnosis as well as different comorbidities. Their therapeutic regimen was different as well. Onset of manias was temporarily associated with aripiprazole use and important improvement happened after the discontinuation of this drug. We suggest that aripiprazole, due to its antidepressant properties, is a risk factor for mania and hypomania. Mood stabilizer is recommended in certain individuals using this drug, in order to prevent phase switch. We also suggest the antidepressant efficacy of aripiprazole.