ABSTRACT
Due to the high prevalence of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in the diagnostic routine, several factors, especially prognostic, have been sought to determine the biological behavior of these neoplasms. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the main tools utilized to biologically differentiate more aggressive tumors from less aggressive ones. However, some immunostainings are influenced by formalin fixation, interfering with the results. This is both a retrospective and prospective study of MCTs diagnosed in laboratory routine. A total of 25 samples, without knowledge about fixation time, were analyzed in the retrospective study, whereas 12 samples, with known fixation times, were assessed in the prospective study. Two histologic grading systems (Patnaik and Kiupel), special staining of toluidine blue, and IHC for KIT and Ki67 proteins were applied in both studies. Additionally, two amplification systems (biotinylated and non-biotinylated) for Ki67 protein and counting of the argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR method) were tested in the prospective study. In the retrospective study, greater agreement between the evaluating pathologists was observed when the Kiupel system was used. IHC staining for KIT protein was effective in both studies, regardless of fixation time. IHC staining for Ki67 protein was highly sensitive to formaldehyde, and staining failure was observed in 56% of the cases in the retrospective study. In the prospective study, samples fixed for longer than 24 hours showed a reduction in the number of stained cells (altering the determination of the cell growth fraction) or showed absence of IHC staining in both amplification systems. The use of the AgNOR method to evaluate the rate of cell proliferation may be an alternative when the fixation time of the neoplasm is unknown or longer than 24 hours.(AU)
Devido a alta prevalência dos mastocitomas cutâneos caninos (MCCs) na rotina diagnóstica, vários fatores, especialmente fatores prognósticos, têm sido buscados para auxiliar na determinação do comportamento biológico desse neoplasma. A imuno-histoquímica é uma das principais ferramentas empregadas para diferenciar tumores biologicamente mais agressivos de tumores menos agressivos. Entretanto, algumas imunomarcações sofrem influência pela fixação em formol, interferindo nos resultados. Este estudo compreendeu avaliar através de uma etapa retrospectiva e uma etapa prospectiva casos de MCCs diagnosticados na rotina laboratorial. Um total de 25 amostras, sem conhecimento do tempo de fixação, foi analisado no estudo retrospectivo e 12 amostras, com tempos de fixação conhecidos, no estudo prospectivo. Foram aplicados nos dois estudos, dois sistemas de graduação histológica (Patnaik e Kiupel), a coloração especial de azul de toluidina e a imuno-histoquímica para as proteínas KIT e Ki67. Adicionalmente, no estudo prospectivo, foram testados dois sistemas de amplificação (biotinilado e não biotinilado) para a proteína Ki67 e a técnica de AgNOR (contagem das regiões organizadoras nucleolares argirofílicas). Na etapa retrospectiva, observou-se uma maior concordância entre os patologistas avaliadores quando o sistema Kiupel foi utilizado. A imunomarcação para KIT se manteve eficaz em ambos os estudos, independentemente do tempo de fixação. A imunomarcação para o Ki67 mostrou-se altamente sensível ao tempo de fixação em formol, sendo observada falha na imunomarcação em 56% dos casos do estudo retrospectivo. No estudo prospectivo, constatou-se que amostras fixadas por mais de 24 horas em formol apresentaram redução na quantidade de células imunomarcadas (alterando a determinação da fração de crescimento celular) ou apresentaram ausência de imunomarcação em ambos os sistemas de amplificação. A utilização do método AgNOR, para avaliar a taxa de proliferação celular, pode ser uma alternativa quando o tempo de fixação do neoplasma for desconhecido ou superior a 24 horas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs , Mastocytoma, Skin/diagnosis , Mastocytoma, Skin/immunology , Mastocytoma, Skin/ultrastructure , Mastocytoma, Skin/veterinary , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kitABSTRACT
Breast carcinoma is the second major killer next to lung carcinoma in female population, and the incidence is on rise. The current study is undertaken to underscore the importance of a low-cost and easy technique like fine-needle aspiration to identify and to grade carcinoma cytologically using Robinson's grading system and Fisher's modification of Black's nuclear grading system and compare with standard Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) histologic grading system and hormonal receptor status, as these are an important prognostic factor determining the therapy and outcome. The study found that Robinson's cytological grading system is superior to Fischer's modification of Black's nuclear grading, and the former system lined in congruence with the SBR histologic grade of tumour.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to evaluate urinary bladder biopsies showing papillary urothelial neoplastic lesions based on the 2004 WHO/ISUP classification of Urothelial Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder, to assess the reproducibility of the bladder carcinoma grade. Fifty consecutive transurethral tumor resection biopsies were evaluated by four pathologists independently. The final diagnoses of each pathologist were subjected to statistical analysis to assess the degree of interobserver variability and reproducibility of this classification. Significant interobserver variation was found in the reporting of urothelial neoplasms. In 22 instances there was difference in opinion between PUNLMP and low-grade carcinoma, and in 59 instances between low and high grade carcinoma. The 4 observers never unanimously agreed on the diagnosis of PUNLMP.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to histologically assess different types of oral squamous cell carcinoma and the silver-binding nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) morphology in neoplastic cells, as well as to quantify the number of AgNORs in each type of carcinoma in order to relate AgNOR count and histologic grading. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were divided into 4 groups, namely well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated. For NOR study, 3-µm-thick sections were stained with 50 percent aqueous silver nitrate solution. The predominant microscopic pattern of NORs was determined. Quantitative analyses of NORs were obtained of all cells present on each histological field using a 0.025 mm² eyepiece graticule. Different histological fields were analyzed until the total number of NORs was 120 cells for each tumor. Kruskall-Wallis test was applied to compare the groups of sample data at a significance level of p=0.05. RESULTS: The mean number of AgNORs per nucleus was 3.20 for the well-differentiated group, 5.33 for the moderately differentiated one, 8.27 for the poorly differentiated one, and 10.08 for the undifferentiated one. AgNOR count was significantly different (p<0.05) among all of the studied groups. CONCLUSION: AgNOR staining technique seems to be a useful diagnostic tool since differences in AgNOR numeric values can be identified in the different types of oral squamous cell carcinoma. This technique is easy to handle and inexpensive, thus justifying its large use in histopathology.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Nucleolus Organizer Region/pathology , Prognosis , Silver Staining , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
We analyzed the clinical features of 30 cases of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). And to compare the histologic grading system for DCIS. we graded the DCIS according to the Lagio's, Poller's, Silverstein's and Holland's classification. In order to compare histologic grading and status of biomarkers such as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, c-erbB-2, p53 and ki 67, immunohistochemical method for biomarkers was used. The most common pure and mixed type were cribriform and cribriform and micropapillary DCIS, respectively. Distribution of histologic grading according to the Lagio's, Holland's and Silverstein's except more Poller's classification were similar, and about 2/3 of cases were high grade. High grade lesions more freguently lack estrogen and progesterone receptors (p<0.05), have overexpression of the c-erbB-2 and p53 (p<0.05). In summery, adequate histologic grading and biomarkers were very important in DCIS.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers , Breast Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Ductal , Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating , Classification , Estrogens , Receptors, ProgesteroneABSTRACT
To assess the degree of malignancy in cerebral gliomas at the time of diagnosis, we compared the metabolic ratio using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG)-Positron Emission Tomography(PET) with histologic grading and proliferative index(Ki-67) of cerebral gliomas. Materials for this study were histologically-examined 21 gliomas and they were divided into glioblastomas as group 1, anaplastic gliomas as group 2, and low-grade gliomas as group 3. The visual analysis of FDG-PET images showed hypermetabolic lesions in 14(87.5%) out of 16 high-grade gliomas (glioblastomas and anaplastic gliomas), and hypometabolic lesions in 4(80%) out of 5 low-grade gliomas. Tumor to cerebellum ratio(T/Cbll) in FDG-PET was used as metabolic ratio and the values of T/Cbll in each group were 1.30+/-0.10, 0.73+/-0.07, 0.70+/-0.07, respectively. In comparision of T/Cbll between group 1 with remaining two groups, differences were statistically significant(p=0.0002, p=0.0002, respectively), however, there was no statistical difference between group 2 and group 3. The values of Ki-67 were 24.16+/-5.66 in group 1, 8.10+/-2.70 in group 2, 5.46+/-1.23 in group 3, and differences were statistically significant between group 1 and group 2, 3(p=0.015, p=0.015, respectively), but there was no statistical difference between group 2 and group 3. The correlation between T/Cbll and Ki-67 was good and statistically significant(p=0.0047). In conclusion, the visual and semiquantitative analysis of FDG-PET would be helpful in determining the degree of malignancy in cerebral gliomas.