Histological Techniques for the Study of the Dentogingival Junction: A Scoping Review Using the Anatomical Quality Assurance Checklist (AQUA) / Técnicas Histológicas para el Estudio de la Unión Dentogingival: Una Revisión de Alcance Utilizando el Anatomical Quality Assurance Checklist (AQUA)

SUMMARY: The dentogingival junction (DGJ) is an adaptation of the oral mucosa composed of epithelial and connective tissues intimately related with the mineralised tissues of the tooth. The histological evidence available is mainly based on studies in animals, separate evaluations of hard and soft tissues, and studies using conventional histological techniques that eliminate the enamel from preparations. The aim of this study was to carry out a review of the existing evidence on histological techniques available for study of the tooth and periodontium in conjunction in humans. A scoping review was carried out of the available literature referring to study of the tooth and the periodontium in conjunction in humans, in the Web of Science (WoS), EMBASE, Scopus and SciELO databases, using the terms "Histological Techniques"[Mesh]) and "Epithelial Attachment"[Mesh]. One hundred and fifty-nine articles were found, of which 54 were selected for full- text reading. Ten were finally included in the qualitative synthesis, and we applied the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist for analysis the methodological quality of the selected articles. The results showed that the only articles with a low risk of bias in all five domains according to the AQUA criteria corresponded to Silva et al. (2011) and Agustín-Panadero et al. (2020). Finally, we conclude that the quality of the histological sections to observe tissues that simultaneously contain the tooth and the periodontium, is conditioned by the selected technique and by the care required in certain specific tasks during the histological processing of the samples.

La unión dentogingival (DGJ) es una adaptación de la mucosa oral compuesta por tejidos epitelial y conectivo íntimamente relacionados con los tejidos mineralizados del diente. La evidencia histológica disponible se basa principalmente en estudios en animales, evaluaciones separadas de tejidos duros y blandos y estudios utilizando técnicas histológicas convencionales que eliminan el esmalte de las preparaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la evidencia existente sobre las técnicas histológicas disponibles para el estudio del diente y el periodonto en conjunto en humanos. Se realizó un scoping review de la literatura disponible referente al estudio del diente y el periodonto en conjunto en humanos, en las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS), EMBASE, Scopus y SciELO, utilizando los términos "Histological Techniques"[Mesh]) y "Epithelial Attachment"[Mesh]. Se encontraron 159 artículos, de los cuales 54 fueron seleccionados para lectura de texto completo. Diez fueron finalmente incluidos en la síntesis cualitativa, y se aplicó la lista de verificación Anatómica Quality Assurance (AQUA) para el análisis de la calidad metodológica de los artículos seleccionados. Los resultados mostraron que los únicos artículos con bajo riesgo de sesgo en los cinco dominios según los criterios AQUA correspondían a Silva et al. (2011) y Agustín-Panadero et al. (2020). Finalmente, concluimos que la calidad de los cortes histológicos para observar los tejidos que contienen simultáneamente el diente y el periodonto, está condicionada por la técnica seleccionada y por el cuidado requerido en ciertas tareas específicas durante el procesamiento histológico de las muestras.

Histological analysis of the effects of electroacupuncture stimulation on the femur fracture line in a rat model of hindlimb immobilization / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Introduction] This study compared the effects of joint immobilization and concurrent electroacupuncture stimulation on fracture line appearance, which is indicative of differences in cortical bone structure, in the femurs of young adult rats. [Materials and Methods] Forty-two 7-week-old Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a hindlimb immobilized group (IM), a hindlimb immobilized group with concurrent electroacupuncture stimulation (IMEA), and an untreated control group (CO). IM and IMEA were immobilized for two weeks with a jacket-type immobilization device that immobilized the hip joint in extension and restricted hip joint adduction and abduction. Acupuncture needles were inserted into the femoral region during the immobilization period in the IMEA group, and continuous alternating current was used for stimulation. A low-frequency stimulator was used to generate electrical current (250 μsec, 50 Hz, 0.24 mA, 500 Ω load resistance), and stimulation was performed daily for two weeks at 10 min/day. The extracted femur was fractured from the anterior part of the diaphysis or metaphyseal end by three-point-bending under constant conditions with 10 mm between the fulcrum and a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. [Results] IM showed significantly lower Stiffness, Deformation, and Strength values than CO. Bone morphometry parameters also showed lower values for IM. A cement line was observed between lamellar and non-lamellar bone in CO and IMEA, but was indistinct in IM. In CO and IMEA, minute bone fragments were formed in the deep diaphysis region sandwiched between the inner and outer circumferential lamellae, but no such fragments were found in IM. IMEA had less resorption than IM, and lamellar bone with a structure similar to CO was maintained. Moreover, cracks observed in CO and IMEA ran longitudinally in the vicinity of the cement line and rest line, but no such cracks were found in IM. [Discussion and Conclusion] These findings suggest that electroacupuncture mitigates bone weakening in immobilized rat femurs, and this affects the appearance of the fracture line.

Action of enfuvirtide on the pregnancy of albino rats ( Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia ): biological assay and functional and histological analyses of exposed maternal-fetal organs

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the effects of enfuvirtide on pregnancy in albino rats and their fetuses. Methods Forty pregnant EPM 1 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control (E) (distilled water twice/day), G1 (4mg/kg/day enfuvirtide), G2 (12mg/kg/day enfuvirtide), and G3 (36mg/kg/day enfuvirtide) groups. On the 20th day of gestation, the rats were anesthetized and subjected to cesarean section. Their blood was collected for laboratory analysis, and they were sacrificed. The offspring's fragments of their kidneys, liver, and placentas and the maternal rats' fragments of their lungs, kidneys, and liver were separated in the immediate postpartum period for light microscopy analysis. Results No maternal deaths occurred. In the second week at the end of pregnancy, the mean weight of the G3 Group was significantly lower than that of the G2 Group (p=0.029 and p=0.028, respectively). Analyzing blood laboratory parameters, the G1 Group had the lowest mean amylase level, and the G2 Group had the lowest mean hemoglobin level and the highest mean platelet count. In the morphological analysis, there were no changes in organs, such as the kidneys and liver, in both the maternal rats and offspring. Three maternal rats in the G3 Group had pulmonary inflammation in the lungs. Conclusion Enfuvirtide has no significant adverse effects on pregnancy, conceptual products, or functional alterations in maternal rats.

The effects of casein kinase 2 interacting protein-1 on the growth and development of craniomaxillofacial soft and hard tissues in mice / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@# To investigate the effect of casein kinase 2 interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1) on craniofacial soft tissues and hard tissues, to provide the basis for the study and treatment of craniomaxillofacial related diseases.@*Methods@#6-month- old male CKIP-1 knockout (KO) mice were selected as the experimental group, and wild-type (WT) mice were selected as the control group. The craniomaxillofacial hard tissues (parietal bone, nasal bone, incisors and molars) were analyzed through micro- CT, and the morphological changes of maxillofacial soft tissues (nasal cartilage, lip mucosa and tongue) were analyzed through HE staining and toluidine blue staining.@* Results@#CKIP-1 negatively regulated bone mass of cancellous bone of cranial and maxillofacial bones and dentin mineralization. Compared with the WT mice, the thickness of the parietal baffle layer increased by 93% in KO mice, while cortical bone showed no significant difference between the two groups. The nasal cancellous bone thickness increased by 160% in KO-mice, while cortical bone showed no significant difference between the two groups; the enamel thickness was normal, but the pulp cavity became smaller and the dentin thickness increased by 48%. Compared with the WT mice, the HE staining and toluidine blue staining analyses of the soft tissues revealed that the thickness of the alar cartilage plate of KO mice increased by 57%, and local ossification was found within the cartilage plate. The thickness of the keratinized layer of the labial mucosa increased by 170% in KO mice and the muscle fiber diameter of the lingual muscle increased by 45%. @*Conclusion@#CKIP-1 genes have different effects on the growth and development of various soft and hard tissues in the maxillofacial region of mice.

Effects of low molecular weight heparin on alveolar bone loss in wistar rats

Abstract This study aimed to assess the effects of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on alveolar bone loss (ABL), blood count, and counting of megakaryocytes and adipocytes in male Wistar rats. Forty male 60-day Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (C), Periodontal Disease (PD), Heparin (Hp) and Heparin + Periodontal Disease (Hp+PD). LMWH was applied for 60 days at doses of 1 ml/kg/day. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 30 and 60. On day-49, PD and Hp+PD groups were subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis around second upper right molar. The left side was assessed as spontaneous alveolar bone loss. Mean ABL in the side with ligature showed significantly different between C (0.35±0.07 mm) and Hp+DP (0.49±0.09 mm) groups (p<0.001), between PD (0.55±0.11 mm) and Hp (0.32±0.06 mm) groups (p<0.001) and between Hp and Hp+DP groups (p<0.001). No significant differences were found among groups for ABL in the side without ligature. Animal weight, food intake, and water consumption showed no statistically significant difference among groups. Megakaryocytes and adipocytes were counted using optical microscopy and no statistically significant differences were found. Within-groups, there were an increase and a decrease, respectively, in the counting of lymphocytes (p=0.005 for C and p=0.009 for Hp+PD groups only) and leukocytes (p=0.003 for C, p=0.001 for PD, p=0.002 for Hp, and p<0.001 for Hp+PD groups). There was no decrease in the number of platelets in the three collection periods. LMWH was not able to affect ABL, but it may change the blood counting, especially increasing lymphocytes.

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou verificar o efeito da heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) sob a perda óssea alveolar (POA), contagem de células sanguíneas, megacariócitos e adipócitos em ratos Wistar machos. Quarenta ratos Wistar de 60 dias foram randomicamente divididos em quatro grupo: Controle (C), Doença Periodontal (DP), Heparina (Hp) e Heparina + Doença Periodontal (Hp+DP). HBPM foi aplicada durante 60 dias em doses de 1 mL/kg/dia. Coletas sanguíneas foram realizadas nos dias 0, 30 e 60. No dia 49, os grupos DP e Hp+DP receberam indução de doença periodontal por ligadura ao redor do segundo molar superior direito. No lado esquerdo, verificou-se perda óssea alveolar espontânea. A média de POA no lado com ligadura mostrou-se estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos C (0,35±0,07 mm) e Hp+PD (0,49±0,09 mm) (p<0,001), entre os grupos DP (0,55±0,11 mm) e Hp (0,32±0,06 mm) (p<0,001) e entre os grupos Hp e Hp+DP (p<0,001). Nenhuma diferente significativa foi observada entre os grupos no lado sem ligadura. Peso dos animais, consumo de ração e ingestão de água não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Megacariócitos e adipócitos foram contados por microscopia óptica e nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada. Dentro dos grupos, houve um aumento e uma diminuição, respectivamente, na contagem de linfócitos (p=0,005 no grupo C e p=0,009 no grupo Hp+DP somente) e leucócitos (p=0,003 no grupo C, p=0.001 no grupo DP e p=0,002 no grupo Hp e Hp+DP). Não houve diminuição no número de plaquetas nos três períodos de coleta. HBPM não foi capaz de modificar a POA, porém modificou a contagem de células sanguíneas, especialmente aumentando o número de linfócitos.

Catha edulis forsk mediates embryotoxic effects in rats: an experimental study / Catha edulis forsk modera los efectos embriotóxicos en ratas: un estudio experimental

Catha edulis Forsk leaves (Khat) is a flowering plant. A high proportion of the adult population in the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa chews it for its mild stimulant effect. The aim of the current study was to investigate the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of the Khat extract using 60 female pregnant rats. These were divided to a Khat extract-treated group and a control group. Methanolic extract of Khat was orally given to the treated group 4 days before mating and up to day 16 of pregnancy with a dose of 100 mg/kg. Our results showed that significant number of embryos of the Khat-treated mothers were malformed and different in size and shape compared to embryos from the mothers of the control group. At day 8 of pregnancy, malformed embryos had ill developed primitive layers. By day 10 of pregnancy, neural tube and the somite were not formed compared to the control embryos. At later stages of pregnancy, embryos of the Khat-treated mothers appeared severely abnormal with opened neural groove and visceral pouches. Disrupted normal neural tube development, undifferentiated brain vesicles, incomplete closure of the brain flexures were also observed in these embryos. Highly significant increase in the number of the resorbed embryos of the Khat-treated mothers were observed (P < 0.01). The resorbed embryos appeared as a cellular collection in their placenta with some of their decidua had no visible embryonic tissues. In conclusions, Khat induced embryotoxic effects as well as severely affected the early normal embryonic development in rat.

Catha edulis (Khat) es una planta floreciente. Una alta proporción de la población adulta en la Península Arábiga y el Cuerno de África la mastica por su efecto estimulante. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los efectos embriotóxicos y teratogénicos del extracto de Khat utilizando 60 ratas hembras preñadas. Estas se dividieron en un grupo tratado con extracto de Khat y un grupo control. El extracto metanólico de Khat se administró por vía oral al grupo tratado 4 días antes del apareamiento y hasta el día 16 de preñez con una dosis de 100 mg / kg. Los resultados mostraron que una cantidad significativa de embriones de las madres tratadas con Khat tenían malformaciones y eran diferentes en tamaño y forma en comparación con los embriones de las madres del grupo control. En el día 8 de preñez, los embriones malformados tenían capas primitivas mal desarrolladas. Para el día 10 de preñez, el tubo neural y el somito no se formaron en comparación con los embriones del grupo control. En etapas posteriores de la preñez, los embriones de las madres tratadas con Khat parecían severamente anormales con surcos neurales abiertos y bolsas viscerales. También se observaron alteraciones en el desarrollo normal del tubo neural, vesículas cerebrales indiferenciadas y el cierre incompleto de las flexiones cerebrales en estos embriones. Se observó un aumento altamente significativo en el número de embriones reabsorbidos de las madres tratadas con Khat (P <0,01). Los embriones reabsorbidos aparecieron como una colección celular en su placenta con algunas de sus deciduas sin tejidos embrionarios visibles. Khat indujo efectos embriotóxicos y afectó severamente el desarrollo embrionario normal temprano en la rata.

The partitioning of food resources between two rodents in the subtropical region of southern Brazil

ABSTRACT The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and nutria (Myocastor coypus) are herbivorous semi-aquatic rodents. Although these rodents occur in sympatry in southern South America, little is known about how the two species interact in relationship to food resources. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the food resource overlap, the feeding strategy and the diversity of the diet of capybaras and nutria. A micro-histological analysis of feces was used to study the diets. A total of 48 plant species belonging to 10 families were identified in the diet of H. hydrochaeris, and a total of 49 species belonging to 14 families were identified in the diet of M. coypus. According to the Amundsen graphical method, both rodents adopted a specialized strategy for feeding on Poaceae and a generalized strategy for other families. The results of a multivariate analysis of the dietary data showed significant differences between the two rodent species and among the seasons. These differences between diets may be related to the different proportions of each food item eaten. However, the dietary overlap between the two rodents in the Taim wetland was high, suggesting that partitioning of other resources ensured the coexistence of the species.

Morphology of the urogenital papilla and its component ducts in Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Characiformes: Characidae)

The histological description of the urogenital papilla is an important tool to comprehension of the reproductive mechanisms in fish, as well as a pre-requisite to germ cell transplantation in adult fish, besides to be a good biological indicator to environmental changes. Was performed the histological description of the urogenital papilla and its component ducts in the tetra Astyanax altiparanae. The genital and urinay ducts pass separately throughout most part of its extension, joining in a single duct before opening. In males this opening is asymmetric and seems to have double origin, being completely surrounded by striated muscle fibers, while in females it is symmetric and the muscle fibers does not surround it totally. Spermatic duct and oviduct undergo changes throughout their extension, mainly in the morphology of the surrounding epithelium. In the spermatic duct, squamous epithelial cells change to columnar and cuboid with possible secretory activity, close to testes. In the oviduct, anteriorly epithelial cells are also squamous, however, close to ovary there are lamellae composed by a pseudostratified epithelium with columnar and cuboid cells. The urinary duct is highly similar for both sexes presenting globoid cells, which description is known in mammals, however, rare in fish.

A descrição histológica da papila urogenital é uma importante ferramenta para a compreensão dos mecanismos reprodutivos em peixes, assim como um pré-requisito para a realização do transplante de células germinativas em peixes adultos, além de um bom indicador biológico de possíveis alterações ambientais. Foi realizada a investigação histológica da papila urogenital e seus ductos constituintes no lambari Astyanax altiparanae. Os ductos genital e urinário ocorrem separadamente ao longo de maior parte de sua extensão, entretanto, unem-se em um ducto simples antes de abrir para o meio externo. Nos machos esta abertura é assimétrica e parece ter dupla origem, sendo completamente envolvida por fibras musculares estriadas, enquanto nas fêmeas ela é simétrica e as fibras musculares não a envolve totalmente. O ducto espermático e oviducto sofrem alterações ao longo de sua extensão, principalmente na morfologia do epitélio que os envolve. No ducto espermático as células epiteliais passam de pavimentosas a colunares e cuboides, com possível atividade secretora, à medida que se aproxima dos testículos. No oviducto, anteriormente as células também são epiteliais pavimentosas, entretanto, próximo aos ovários, formam-se lamelas compostas por um epitélio pseudoestratificado composto por células cuboides e colunares. O ducto urinário é bastante similar em ambos os sexos apresentando células globosas, cuja descrição é conhecida em mamíferos, porém rara em peixes.

Histological analysis after arm tip amputation in the brittle star Ophioplocus januarii (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) / Análisis histológico luego de la amputación de las puntas de los brazos en Ophioplocus januarii (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Abstract Wound healing in the arm tip after amputation in the brittle star Ophioplocus januarii was examined in San José gulf, Argentina, to observe histological and morphological changes. The process of wound healing is described and compared with other brittle stars species. This process in O. januarii involves the closure of the wound, the repair of the tissue damage and posterior formation of a presumptive stalked blastema by undifferentiated cells, sclerocytes and presumptive blastemic cells. The sclerocytes are the most abundant cell type due to this cells are crucial to the future skeleton regeneration. The results found in this study support the results found in others brittle stars Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 297-308. Epub 2015 June 01.

Resumen Se examinaron los cambios histológicos y morfológicos producidos en la punta del brazo de la ofiura Ophioplocus januarii luego de su amputación. En el presente trabajo se describe el proceso de cicatrización de la herida y se lo compara con otras especies de la misma Clase. Este proceso en O. januarii involucra el cierre de la herida, la reparación del tejido dañado y la posterior formación de un presunto blastema formado por células indiferenciadas, esclerocitos y presuntas células blastémicas. Los esclerocitos son las células más abundantes debido a que estas células son cruciales para la regeneración del esqueleto. Los resultados encontrados en este estudio apoyan los resultados que se encuentran en otras estrellas frágiles.

Histology of the regeneration of Paulownia tomentosa (Paulowniaceae) by organogenesis / Histología de la regeneración por organogénesis en Paulownia tomentosa (Paulowniaceae)

Paulownia tomentosa is a fast-growing tree species with a considerable economic potential because of its value for wood as well as its high biomass production, and elevated stress tolerance. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the development of adventitious buds in leaves obtained from four-week-old shoots of P. tomentosa, in order to identify the cells involved in in vitro adventitious bud development. Leaves (proximal halves with the petiole) from the first node were excised from four-week-old micropropagated shoots, and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium, supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 0.6% (w/v) Sigma agar, 22.7µM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 2.9µM indole-3-acetic acid for two weeks, explants were then transferred to the same medium with 0.44µM N6-benzyladenine for another four weeks. Five explants were collected daily during the two first weeks in TDZ treatment. A total of 140 samples were processed. Most of the buds developed indirectly from the callus formed in the petiole stub, and they became visible after eight-ten days of culture, although some buds were also observed in the area of the laminar cut at the level of the veins. The first histological changes could be observed after two-three days of culture, with the dedifferentiation of some subepidermal and inner parenchyma cells, which exhibited a large, prominent nucleus, densely-stained cytoplasm and a high nucleusto-cell area ratio. Proliferation of these cells gives rise to meristemoid formation after seven-ten days of culture. Organized cell division in meristemoids allows the formation of bud primordia that emerged from the explants surface. The progressive structural differentiation of the apical meristem, leaf primordia, and procambium strands, led to formation of complete buds that were observed in the exterior of the explants after 10-15 days of culture. Direct development of buds from cells in the subepidermic and/or epidermic layers were observed ...

Paulownia tomentosa es un árbol de rápido crecimiento y con un gran potencial económico por su madera, su utilización para la producción de biocombustible, así como su alto rendimiento en la producción de biomasa y su elevada tolerancia al estrés. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido evaluar el desarrollo a nivel histológico de yemas adventicias en hojas de Paulownia tomentosa. Hojas del primer entrenudo de brotes de cuatro semanas cultivados in vitro, fueron cultivadas en medio de Murashige y Skoog complementado con 22.7µM tidiazuron y 2.9µM ácido indol acético durante dos semanas. Los explantos fueron posteriormente transferidos a igual medio con 0.44µM N6 -benciladenina durante otras cuatro semanas. Se recogieron cinco muestras diarias durante las dos primeras semanas de tratamiento en medio con TDZ, procesando un total de 140 muestras. La mayoría de las yemas se desarrollan indirectamente a partir del callo formado en la superficie de corte del pecíolo. Después de dos-tres días de cultivo se observan los primeros cambios histológicos, con la desdiferenciación de algunas células de las capas subepidérmicas y del parénquima interno. La posterior proliferación de estas células da lugar a la formación de los meristemoides después de siete-diez días de cultivo. La progresiva diferenciación de estos meristemoides da lugar a la formación de las yemas que son visibles al exterior a partir de los 10-15 días. En la superficie adaxial del pecíolo se observó la formación de yemas adventicias de forma directa. Este protocolo puede ser de gran utilidad para la determinación de las células más adecuadas para los procesos de transformación genética.

The effect of sub-lethal doses of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) oil on the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) / Efeito de doses subletais do óleo de Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) no mesêntero de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the major field pests for maize production. It is mainly controlled by means of synthetic, and more recently by resistant cultivar of maize expressing Bt toxins. The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, is a plant that can potentially control insects with the advantage of being food and environmental safe. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of neem oil on the development and survival of S. frugiperda caterpillars by assessing histological alterations caused on their midgut. Newly hatched caterpillars were submitted to three neem oil concentrations: 0.006; 0.05; 0.4 percent, which were added to their artificial diet. Ten 3rd instar caterpillars, taken from each treatment, were submitted to histological analysis. The alimentary canals from the specimens were fixed in Baker for 12 hours, desiccated and diaphanized in alcohol/xylol (1:1) and xylol. After placing the samples in paraffin, they were sliced in 8 µm sections and stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain. The neem oil added to the diet of S. frugiperda caused total mortality at dose of 0.4 percent whilst still in the first instars, prolonged the larval and pupal stages, and reduced the pupal weight. Histo-physiological alterations such as degeneration of the epithelial lining of the midgut and in the peritrophic matrix were found at all concentrations of neem oil.

A lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda, é a mais importante praga da cultura do milho. Esta é usualmente, controlada por inseticidas sintéticos e mais atualmente por meio de variedades resistentes de milho com a toxina Bt. O nim Azadirachta indica é planta com potencial no controle de insetos, que possui as vantagens de segurança alimentar e ambiental. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do óleo do nim no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de lagartas de S. frugiperda em decorrência das alterações no mesêntero. As lagartas recém nascidas foram submetidas a três concentrações do óleo de nim: 0,006; 0,05; 0,4 por cento, adicionadas à dieta artificial. Dez lagartas do 3º instar, retiradas de cada tratamento, foram submetidas à análise histológica. O canal alimentar dos indivíduos foi fixado em Baker por 12 horas, desidratado, diafanizado em álcool/xilol (1:1) e xilol. Após a inclusão em parafina, as amostras foram seccionadas em 8 µm e coradas pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina. Observou-se que o óleo de A. indica adicionado à dieta de S. frugiperda causa: mortalidade total na dosagem 0,4 por cento nos primeiros instares, aumento na duração do período larval e pupal, redução no peso de pupas. Alterações histofisiológicas, como degeneração do epitélio do revestimento do mesêntero, da matriz peritrófica foram registradas em todas as concentrações do óleo de neem.

Microarchitectural adaptations in the stomach of African tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis) / Adaptaciones microarquitecturales en el estómago del pangolin africano (Manis tricuspis)

The microarchitecture of the pangolin's stomach favouring the high chitinous diet has been less waived into, despite extensive morphological investigations. Histological analysis of the microanatomy will provide powerful tools for interpretation to yield reliable insights. We investigated this by fixing the tissues in 10 percent formol saline for histological analysis. Serial sections at 5 micron m thickness were subjected to general staining methods for light microscopic study (Haematoxylin and eosin, Van Gieson's and Verhoeff's). The results revealed basic structural arrangements in their coats, with a modification of the epithelial lining of cardia and fundus into stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. These modifications were also reflected in the distribution of collagen and elastic fibers in the various layers (coats) of the stomach. The present study has shown that there was an adaptation of the stomach of African tree pangolin to its diet as reflected in the microarchitectural configuration.

La micro arquitectura del estómago de los pangolines que favorece la alta dieta de chitinous sido poco tomada en cuenta, a pesar de las amplias investigaciones morfológicas. El análisis histológico de la microanatomía proporcionará herramientas de gran importancia para la interpretación, junto con dar una información confiable. Se investigó mediante la fijación de los tejidos en solución salina de formol al 10 por ciento para análisis histológico. Las serie de secciones fueron sometidos a métodos de tinción estándar para el estudio con microscopía de luz (hematoxilina y eosina, Van Gieson y Verhoeff s). Los resultados revelaron adaptaciones estructurales básicas en sus capas, con una modificación del revestimiento epitelial del cardias y fundus en epitelio escamoso estratificado (queratinizado). Estas modificaciones también se reflejan en la distribución de colágeno y fibras elásticas en las diversas capas del estómago. El presente estudio ha demostrado que es una adaptación del estómago a la dieta como se refleja en la configuración de la microarquitectura.

Histological analysis of the association between formocresol and endotoxin in the subcutaneous tissue of mice

This study performed a histological analysis of the effect of formocresol associated to endotoxin (LPS) in the subcutaneous connective tissue of mice. Ninety mice were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=30). Each animal received one plastic tube implant containing endotoxin solution (10 mg/mL), formocresol (original formula) or a mixture of endotoxin and formocresol. The endotoxin and formocresol groups served as controls. The periods of analysis were 7, 15 and 30 days. At each experimental period, tissue samples were collected and submitted to routine processing for histological analysis. Endotoxin and formocresol produced necrosis and chronic inflammation at 7 and 15 days. At 30 days, the endotoxin group showed no necrosis, while in the formocresol group necrosis persisted. The formocresol-endotoxin association produced necrosis and chronic inflammation in the same way as observed with formocresol at all experimental periods. In conclusion, formocresol seems not to be able to inactive the toxic effects of endotoxin in connective tissues.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar histologicamente o efeito da associação do formocresol com endotoxina (LPS) em tecido conjuntivo de camundongos. Noventa camundongos foram divididos em três grupos de 30 camundongos cada. Cada camundongo recebeu um implante subcutâneo de tubo plástico contendo solução de endotoxina (10 mg/ml), formocresol (fórmula original), ou uma mistura de formocresol com endotoxina. Os grupos da endotoxina e formocresol foram considerados grupos controle. Os períodos de análise foram 7, 15 e 30 dias. Após os períodos experimentais, os tecidos foram removidos e submetidos a processamento histológico. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a endotoxina e o formocresol produzem necrose e inflamação tecidual crônica aos 7 e 15 dias e aos 30 dias o grupo da endotoxina não mostrava necrose e no grupo do formocresol a necrose persistiu. A combinação formocresol e endotoxina mostrou necrose e inflamação crônica com resultados semelhantes ao do grupo formocresol para todos os períodos experimentais. Pode-se concluir que o formocresol parece não ser capaz de inativar os efeitos tóxicos da endotoxina.

Correlação entre a análise histológica e avaliação funcional do joelho de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior / Correlation between histological analysis and functional evaluation of the knees of patients undergoing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

OBJETIVOS: Este estudo investiga a relação entre a amplitude de movimento e a análise histológica da sinóvia do joelho após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada avaliação da análise histológica da dor e da amplitude de movimento do joelho de 26 pacientes. Utilizaram-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, teste de Friedman, e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para averiguar a existência de correlações sinificativas entre as variáveis, com o software estatístico SPSS for Windows 12.0, com nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se diferença estatística na comparação entre o pré e o pós-operatório na amplitude de extensão (p= 0,042), de flexão (p= 0,001), e na amplitude de hiperextensão (p= 0,001). Foram evidenciadas correlações significativas também com a tela subsinovial e a ADM de flexão dos joelhos operados (r= 0,53; p= 0,008) e a sensação de dor (r= 0,46; p= 0,024), e entre a ADM de extensão no pós-operatório e o colágeno tipo I (r= 0,52; p= 0,016). CONCLUSÃO: Quanto maior a quantidade de colágeno tipo I, mais espessa a tela subsinovial e maior a dor, menor a ADM dos joelhos operados.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationship between range of motion and the histological analysis of the synovium of the knee joint following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. METHOD: Histological, pain and range-of-motion (ROM) evaluations were performed on the knees of 26 patients. The Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman test and Spearman correlation coefficient were utilized for verifying the existence of significant correlations between the variables, using the SPSS for Windows 12.0 statistical software with a significance level of 5 percent. RESULTS: Comparing before and after the operation, statistical differences were found in relation to knee extension ROM (p= 0.042), flexion ROM (p= 0.001) and hyperextension (p= 0.001). There were also significant correlations between the subsynovial tissue and the flexion ROM of the operated knees (r= 0.53; p= 0.008), between the subsynovial tissue and the sensation of pain (r= 0.46; p= 0.024), and between the extension ROM after the operation and type I collagen (r= 0.52; p= 0.016). CONCLUSION: The greater the quantity of type I collagen observed, the thicker was the subsynovial tissue, the greater the reported pain, and the less was the ROM of the operated knees.

Avaliação da resposta tecidual ao implante de osso bovino misto medular em subcutâneo de ratos / Evaluation of tissue repair, in case of bovine bone implantation mixed with bone marrow graft, in subcutaneous region of rats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta tecidual ao implante do osso bovino misto (OBM) acelular em subcutâneo de ratos. Blocos de OBM (10x10x5mm) foram implantados no tecido subcutâneo de 25 ratos machos Wistar, os quais foram mortos após 3, 7, 14, 30 e 60 dias (n = 5/período) da cirurgia. O tecido reacional foi coletado, fixado em formol 10% tamponado, lavado, desidratado, diafanizado em xilol e incluído em parafina. Cortes com 6µm de espessura foram corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina. A análise microscópica subjetiva indicou que o OBM foi circundado por tecido de granulação (composto de células mononucleares semelhantes a fibroblastos e polimorfonucleares) aos 3 dias. Entre 7 e 30 dias observou-se a invasão gradual dos poros do material implantado pelo tecido de granulação apresentando um discreto infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear com poucas células gigantes multinucleadas (CGM). Concomitantemente à angiogênese observa-se aparecimento de adipócitos no interior do material confirmando porosidade interconectada dos poros. Após 60 dias os espaços medulares estavam completamente ocupados por tecido de granulação composto por células semelhantes a fibroblastos e raras células inflamatórias mononucleares e CGM. Não se observou indícios de degradação ou absorção do material até o período de 60 dias. Considerando a ausência de necrose ou outros sinais de destruição tecidual, a presença de proliferação celular e angiogênese para o interior do material e que não se observou absorção do material, concluiu-se que o OBM é biocompatível e não absorvível, tendo potencial aplicação na engenharia de tecidos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue response to acellular mixed bovine bone graft (MBG) implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. MBG in block (10x10x5mm) was implanted in 25 adult male Wistar rats, killed 3, 7, 14, 30 e 60 days after surgery (n=5/period). The granulation tissue was fixed in 10% buffered formalin, washed, dehydrated in ethanol, diafanized in xylene, and included in paraffin according to standard technique. Histological sections measuring 6µm in thickness were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Histological analysis 3 days after surgery showed a granulation tissue around the MGB block presenting mononuclear cells like fibroblasts and neutrophils. From 7 to 30 days, chronic inflammatory infiltrate consisting mainly of macrophages and few infl ammatory multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were observed invading the porous of MGB. Parallel to angiogenesis, adipocytes were present in the interior of material, corroborating the presence of interconnected porous. After 60 days, medullar spaces were fulfilled with granulation tissue presenting fibroblast-like cells and rare mononuclear inflammatory cells and MGC. No signs of material degradation or absorption were noted throughout the experimental periods. Considering the absence of necrosis or other signs of tissue destruction, cell growth and angiogenesis inside the material and the absence of material absorption, it was concluded that MGB was biocompatible and non absorbable being potentially adequate for tissue engineering.

Removal torque of bicortically stabilized RBM(resorbable blast media) pin implants in rabbit tibia / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The use of small diameter implants having less than 3 mm in diameter were restricted because of lack of bonding strength to bone. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to observe how much resorbable blast media pin implants increase the binding force to the bone compared to machined transitional pin implants by measuring removal torque, and whether they can be used as final implants for replacement of small diameter teeth. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifteen rabbits were used in this study. Two kinds of implants (resorbable blast media pin implants and machined transitional pin implants) were inserted in each tibia bicortically. After healing time of 2, 4 and 8 weeks, the removal torque values were recorded and the rabbits were sacrificed for histological analysis. Linear finite element method analyses were conducted to compare bicortical fixation with monocortical fixation. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this in vivo study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1) The removal torque value of RBM pin implants showed statistically significant increase compared to machined pin implants at 2, 4, and 8 weeks respectively (p<0.05). 2) The removal torque value of RBM pin implants at 2, 4, and 8 weeks was increased statistically significantly with time (p<0.05). 3) Bicortical fixation showed better stress distribution compared with monocortical fixation in a linear finite element method analysis. 4) RBM pin implants are not recommended as transitional implants because they showed a lot of bone fracture in histologic specimens.

Expression of osteonectin on distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit mandible

Distraction osteogenesis has been thought to be promising technique for replacing bone graft in maxilla and mandible. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of osteonectin on distraction osteogenesis. Sixteen rabbits were used for this experiment. Osteotomy was performed between premolar and mental foramen. On the experimental group, distraction device was connected to the respective bone segments. On the control group, bone segments were fixed using plate and screws after osteotomy. Distraction was carried out at the rate of 0.7mm per day to obtain a 4.9mm elongation on the experimental group. After 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days two rabbits of each group were sacrificed. The results obtained from this study were as follow : Experimental group was observed that the gaps between the distracted bone edges were occupied by new bone. Expression of Osteonectin were detected throughout the experiment in both groups and Expression of Osteonectin were markedly increased during distraction and consolidation period in experimental group than control group. From these results, it could be stated that distraction was shown to improve and accelerate bone formation and mechanical stress like distraction has considerable effects on osteonectin.

Expression of type I, type II collagen on distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit mandible

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the histological changes and the pattern of expression of type I, II collagen in the elongated area by distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit mandible. Sixteen rabbits weighing 2.5kg-3kg were used for this experiment. Experimental group was distracted at the rate of 0.7mm, twice/day for 7days, and control group was only osteotomized. After 5 days latency, osteotomic site is distracted for 7days. Consolidation period is 28days. The animal was sacrificed at the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th day after the operation. The distracted bone was examined by histological analysis and RT-PCR analysis. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Experimental group was observed that the gaps between the distracted bone edges were occupied by new bone. 2. Expression of Type I collagen were detected throughout the experiment in both groups and Expression of Type I collagen were markedly increased during distraction and consolidation period in experimental group than control group. 3. Expression of Type II collagen were detected throughout the experiment in both groups and expression of Type II collagen were maintained at high level during distraction and consolidation period in experimental group than control group. From these results, in contrast to type II collagen, type I collagen seemed to be more expressed by mechanical stimuli during distraction and consolidation period. The predominent mechanism of new bone formation in the distraction gap was intramembranous bone formation, but some of the regenerated bone was formed by endochondral ossification.