Histological Patterns and Management Options in Malignant Tumors of Scalp

Introduction: The scalp is the most frequent site of occurrence of malignant tumors because this area is generally neglected bythe patient and not closely monitored during physical examinations, scalp tumors can go unnoticed until they become malignant.Aim: The aim of our study was to analyze the histological patterns and management options in malignant tumors of the scalp.Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted to analyze the histological pattern and management options inmalignant tumors of the scalp. Medical reports of patients diagnosed with the clinical diagnosis of scalp lesions were studied.H&E stained slides of the scalp lesions were retrieved and reviewed. Clinical and histopathological diagnoses were studiedfor each case to evaluate clinically misdiagnosed cases. Data so obtained were tabulated and were analyzed statistically, andresults were discussed.Results: Out of 25 cases, male patients were 13 (52%) and female patients were 12 (48%), age distribution ranges from 20 to80 years with <30 years 2 patients (8%), 31–40 years 4 patients (16%), 41–50 years 3 patients (12%), 51–60 years 9 patients(36%), >61 years 7 patients (28%), based on histological pattern squamous cell carcinoma is most common of 10 cases (40%),basal cell carcinoma 8 cases (32%), dermatofibrosarcoma 2 cases (8%), fibroxanthoma 1 case (4%), melanoma 2 cases (8%),and metastatic tumors 2 cases (8%) where the primary site is the lung in both the cases. Sixteen cases (64%) were managedby split skin graft, 7 cases (28%) by rotational/transpositional flap, and 2 cases (8%) by free flap.Conclusion: Although malignant scalp tumors are not common, when facing a patient with scalp lesions or lumps, physiciansshould be alert in detecting any suggestive new growth hidden in this hairy area to make an early diagnosis and perhaps todetect primary cancer in case of metastatic scalp tumors.

Changing Trends in the Histological Types of Lung Carcinoma

Introduction: Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-relatedmortality and morbidity in males and females. Althoughsmoking is the major cause of lung cancer, only 10 % of heavysmokers develop lung cancer suggesting that other factorsmay also act independently or synergistically with smoking.Recent studies have suggested that there are changes inhistological type in recent years.Objectives: This study was to determine incidence of varioushistological types of lung carcinoma and analyse their changingtrends.Material and Methods: This is a prospective study. A total of184 cases of lung carcinoma were undertaken to analyse from2011 to 2014 in a tertiary care centre.Results: Overall adenocarcinoma was found to be mostcommon with 73 (39.67%) cases followed by squamous cellcarcinoma with 68 (36.96%) cases. However, in malessquamous cell carcinoma still remains predominant with 59(43%) cases followed by adenocarcinoma with 49 (35.7%)cases .Male to female ratio was 2.9:1. In females,adenocarcinoma was the most common type.Conclusion: Overall adenocarcinoma was the mostpredominant variant of lung carcinoma in our region closelyfollowed by squamous cell carcinoma. However, in malessquamous cell carcinoma was most common histological type.Incidence of lung tumor also shows increase in femalesthereby decreasing the male to female ratio to 2.9.

Estudio microscópico de dermatopatías en equinos de la sabana de Bogotá, Colombia / Microscopic Study of Skin Diseases in Horses from the Bogotá Savanna, Colombia / Estudo microscópico de dermatopatias em equinos da savana de Bogotá, na Colômbia

Los caballos ocupan el tercer lugar en presentación de enfermedad dermatológica luego de los perros y los gatos; sin embargo, es escasa la información que se dispone sobre los aspectos demográficos de las enfermedades dermatológicas en esta especie en Colombia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue hacer un estudio preliminar para conocer las enfermedades dermatológicas que afectan a los equinos en la sabana de Bogotá, mediante biopsia, raspado de piel y tricograma, con el fin de acercarse al diagnóstico y así establecer medidas terapéuticas y profilácticas que beneficien la salud animal y la productividad en explotaciones comerciales. Se recibieron 39 biopsias de piel, 39 raspados cutáneos y 37 muestras de cortezas pilosas de equinos con algún tipo de dermatopatía, las cuales fueron procesadas en el Laboratorio de Histopatología de la Universidad de La Salle. Las lesiones inflamatorias se clasificaron teniendo en cuenta los patrones histológicos de enfermedad inflamatoria de la piel y los tumores, según la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Las dermatitis alérgicas fueron las patologías más frecuentes (46%) y las neoplasias se observaron en el 13% de los casos; en el 10% de los raspados cutáneos se observaron esporas de hongos en posición ectotrix. En uno de los tricogramas se identificaron ácaros del género Psoroptes spp. Este es el primer reporte de diagnóstico microscópico de enfermedades dermatológicas en equinos en el país con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento demográfico de las dermatopatías en la sabana de Bogotá.

Horses hold third place in number of cases of skin disease after cats and dogs; however, there is little information about the demographic aspects of dermatological diseases in this species in Colombia. The purpose of this work was to carry out a preliminary study in order to determine the dermatological diseases that affect horses in the Bogotá Savanna, through biopsy, skin scraping and trichogram, in order to approach the diagnosis and thus to establish therapeutic and prophylactic measures that benefit the animal's health and productivity in commercial farms. Thirty-nine skin biopsies, thirty-nine cutaneous scraping and thirty-seven samples of hairy peel from horses with some kind of skin disease were received, all of which were processed by the Histopathology Laboratory from La Salle University. The inflammatory injuries were sorted taking into account the histological patterns of inflammatory skin disease and tumors, according to the classification by the World Health Organization (WHO). Allergic dermatitis was the most common pathology (46%) and neoplasia was observed in 13% of the cases; fungal spores in ectothrix position were found in 10% of the cutaneous scrapes. Mites of the type Psoroptes spp were identified in one of the trichograms. This is the first report of microscopic diagnosis of skin diseases of horses in the country with the goal of contributing with the demographic knowledge of skin diseases in the Bogotá Savanna.

Os cavalos ocupam o terceiro lugar em apresentação de doença dermatológica depois dos cachorros e dos gatos; contudo, é escassa a informação que se dispõe sobre os aspectos demográficos das doenças dermatológicas nesta espécie na Colômbia. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi fazer um estudo preliminar para conhecer as doenças dermatológicas que afetam os equinos na savana de Bogotá, mediante biopsia, raspagem de pele e tricograma, com a finalidade de aproximar-se ao diagnóstico e assim estabelecer medidas terapêuticas e profilácticas que beneficiem a saúde animal e a produtividade em explorações comerciais. Foram recebidas 39 biopsias de pele, 39 raspagens cutâneas e 37 amostras de crostas pilosas de equinos com algum tipo de dermatopatia, as quais foram processadas no Laboratório de Histopatologia da Universidade de La Salle. As lesões inflamatórias se classificaram levando em conta os padrões histológicos de doenças inflamatórias de pele e os tumores, segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial de a saúde (OMS). As dermatites alérgicas foram as patologias mais frequentes (46%) e as neoplasias se observaram em 13% dos casos; em 10% das raspagens cutâneas se observaram esporas de fungos em posição ectotrix. Em um dos tricogramas se identificaram ácaros do gênero Psoroptes spp. Este é o primeiro relatório de diagnóstico microscópico de doenças em equinos no país com a finalidade de contribuir ao conhecimento demográfico das dermatopatias na savana de Bogotá.

Padrão histológico de biópsias renais em rins nativos / Histological pattern of renal biopsies in native kidneys

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A biópsia renal constitui o padrão-ouro para diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da maioria das doenças renais, especialmente das glomerulopatias. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar as biópsias renais percutâneas realizadas na investigação de doenças renais. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuários de 174 pacientes submetidos à biópsia renal percutânea no período compreendido entre 1988 e 2010. Foram coletados os seguintes dados: idade, sexo, apresentação clínica, padrão histológico e complicações.Os dados foram armazenados no banco de dados do Microsoft Excel. As variáveis contínuas foram expressas em média e desvio-padrão e as frequências relativas foram calculadas. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 33,7 ± 16,7 anose 51,4% eram do sexo masculino. Glomerulonefrites (GN) foram diagnosticadas em 60,9% do total. Doença de lesão mínima (DLM)foi a GN primária mais comum em adultos (17,9%), seguida por GN proliferativa (17%), GN membranosa e GN segmentar e focal cada uma com (14,2 %). Nefrite lúpica foi a GN secundária mais comum (12,6% do total de biópsias). A principal apresentação clínica foi a proteinúria. Complicações foram observadas em 10,3% das biópsias realizadas, hematúria em 15 (8,6%) e hematoma perirrenal em três (1,7%) pacientes, sendo um complicado com abscesso perirrenal. CONCLUSÃO: O padrão histológico mais comum foi o de glomerulonefrites. Doença de lesão mínima foi a glomerular primária mais frequente. Nefrite lúpica foi a doença glomerular secundária mais frequente. Proteinúria foi a principal indicação para biópsia renal. A biópsia renal percutânea é uma técnica segura no presente estudo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The kidney biopsy constitutes the gold-standard procedure to diagnosis, prognosisand treatment of the most kidney diseases, specially the glomerulophaties.The objective of this study is to review renal biopsies performed for investigation of kidney disease. METHOD: This is a retrospective study of records of 174 patients submitted to percutaneous biopsies between 1988 and 2010. There was reviewed the following medical records: age, gender, clinical presentation, histological pattern and complications. The data were stored in the Microsoft Excel database. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviationand the relative frequencies were calculated. RESULTS: Mean age of these patients was 33.7 ± 16.7 years and 51.4% of them were male. Glomerulonephritis (GN) comprised 60.9% of the total. The most common primary GN in adults was minimal change disease (17.9%), followed by proliferative GN (17%), membranous GN and segmental and focal GN, each one with 14.2%. The most common secondary GN was lupus nephritis, with 12.6% of total biopsies. The main clinical presentation was proteinuria. Complications were observed in 10.3% of biopsies performed hematuria in 15 (8.6%) and perirrenal hematomain three (1.7%) patients, being one complicated with per perirrenal abscess. CONCLUSION: The most common histological pattern was GN. Minimal change disease was the most frequent primary glomerular disease. Lupus nephritis was the most frequent secondary glomerular disease. Proteinuria was the main indication for renalbiopsy. Percutaneous renal biopsy is a safe technique in study.

Histopathology of Gastric Cancer in Kashmir – A Five Year Retrospective Analysis

Our study was a five year analysis of gastric cancers performed in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Srinagar. This included an analysis of 152 cases of gastric cancers which accounted for 21.9% of gastrointestinal cancers. Pylorus was the commonest site involved, followed by the body and then cardia-fundus. Grossly the commonest type was an infiltrative lesion. Microscopically according to Lauren’s classification, intestinal type was the commonest (28%), followed by diffuse (27.3%) and mixed (8%). Chronic follicular gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia were common findings in the intestinal type of adenocarcinoma.

Serum Levels of VEGF in IgA Nephropathy / 대한신장학회잡지

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent enhancer of microvascular permeability and a selective endothelial cell growth factor. In human kidney, VEGF is expressed mainly in glomerular visceral epithelial cells. We investigated the relationship between serum levels of VEGF and factors reflecting the severity of disease including histological patterns in order to elucidate the relevance of VEGF in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. METHODS: Serum VEGF was studied using a sandwich ELISA from 21 patients with IgA nephropathy. Histological patterns are classified to 5 grades by WHO classification and frequencies of crescent and glomerular sclerosis, degree of interstitial fibrosis were recorded. Serum concentrations of creatinine, albumin, IgA, amounts of 24 hour urine protein excretion, and creatinine clearances are also evaluated. RESULTS: Serum VEGF levels were significantly correlated with histological grade(r=0.471, p < 0.05), frequency of cellular crescent(r=0.485, p < 0.05), degree of interstitial fibrosis(r=0.562, p < 0.01), and 24 hour urine protein excretion(r=0.439, p < 0.05), and inversely with serum albumin concentration(r=-0.594, p < 0.01). Studies in 17 patients without crescent formation revealed that only serum albumin concentration showed significant correlation with serum VEGF level. CONCLUSION: Serum VEGF concentration is mainly correlated with cellular crescent formation reflecting activity of the disease rather than chronic structural changes such as glomerular sclerosis or interstitial fibrosis. Elevated serum VEGF concentration seems to be due to the release of relatively large amounts of stored VEGF from damaged visceral epithelial cells. Serum VEGF concentration may be a useful marker to evaluate the degree of acute renal injury, especially cellular crescent formation.