Avaliação do modelo J2000/JAMS para modelagem hidrológica em bacias hidrográficas brasileiras / J2000/JAMS model evaluation for Brazilian watersheds hydrological simulation

RESUMO: A gestão de recursos hídricos no Brasil é prejudicada pela carência de informações hidrológicas, que pode ser suprida pelos modelos hidrológicos que simulam o comportamento das bacias hidrográficas. Entretanto, muitos modelos não geram bons resultados quando executados fora da área de estudo onde foram criados. Por isso, devido à sua adaptabilidade, o modelo J2000 inserido no framework Jena Adaptable Modelling System (JAMS) foi avaliado para simulação de duas bacias hidrográficas inseridas na zona de afloramento do Sistema Aquífero Guarani, a Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão da Onça (BRO) e a Microbacia do Córrego Cavalheiro (BCC), nos municípios de Brotas e Analândia, respectivamente, no estado de São Paulo. O framework JAMS apresentou-se como um sistema simplificado para uso, flexível diante das adaptações necessárias para compatibilização com as características climatológicas e hidrológicas das áreas de estudo. O modelo J2000 mostrou-se eficiente na predição da resposta hidrológica das bacias hidrográficas, apresentando um coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) de 0,76 e 0,81, para os períodos de calibração e validação da BRO; e 0,76 e 0,56, para os períodos de calibração e validação da BCC, respectivamente. O erro absoluto, calculado pelo valor da raiz do erro quadrático médio, foi considerado baixo por apresentar valores de 0,14 e 0,18 m³.s-1 para os períodos de calibração e validação da BRO; e 0,02 e 0,03 m³s-1 para os períodos de calibração e validação da BCC, respectivamente. Portanto, o J2000/JAMS mostrou-se como um candidato potencial para modelagem hidrológica de bacias hidrográficas do estado de São Paulo, podendo ser utilizado para estudos sobre as relações entre a localização do uso do solo na bacia hidrográfica e a geração de escoamento.

ABSTRACT: The water resources management in Brazil is affected by the lack of hydrological information, which can be filled by hydrological models that simulate the behavior of watersheds. However, it was noticed that many models do not generate good results when performed outside of the study area where they were created. Therefore, due to its adaptability, the J2000 model linked into the Jena Adaptable Modelling System (JAMS) framework was evaluated for simulating two basins at the outcrop zone of the Guarani Aquifer System, the Ribeirão da Onça watershed (BRO) and the Córrego Cavalheiro watershed (BCC), located at Brotas and Analândia cities, respectively, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The JAMS framework was presented as a flexible and easy to use system, admitting all the necessary adaptations for compliance with the climatological and hydrological characteristics of the study areas. The J2000 model proved to be effective in predicting the hydrological response of watersheds, with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.76 and 0.81, for periods of calibration and validation of the BRO; and 0.76 and 0.56, for periods of calibration and validation of the BCC, respectively. The absolute error, calculated with the root of mean square error value, was considered low by the present values ​​of 0.14 and 0.18 m³.s- 1, for periods of calibration and validation of the BRO; and 0.02 and 0.03 m³.s- 1, for periods of calibration and validation of the BCC, respectively. Therefore, the J2000/JAMS showed up as a potential candidate for hydrological modeling of watersheds in São Paulo, and may be used for studies on the relationship between the location of land use in the watershed and the generation flow.

The Textual Research of LEI Feng's Life Story / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To study doctor LEI Feng's life story from Zhejiang Province in late Qing Dynasty from the point of view of the social history. [Methods]With the research methods of history and philology, collect relevant historical materials, to study LEI Feng 's life story from the view of social history. [Results]LEI Feng was born in the nineteenth year of the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing Dynasty(1839), died in the fourteenth year of the Guangxu Emperor of the Qing Dynasty(1888), at the age of 49. LEI Feng had a daughter named GONG Yuyun(about 1870-1899), a son named LEI Dazheng(?-1899), two students named ChENG Xi and JIANG Cheng, LEI Feng's father named LEI Huanran(?-about 1862), LEI Huanran's medical teacher was CHENG Zhitian. [Conclusion]LEI's medical family in Quzhou city of Zhejiang Province inherited from father to son and teacher to student, they both had their own medical literatures, the academic origin of LEI's medical family was Xin'an medicine;though LEI Feng called himself an ordinary person, he was good at writing poem, calligraphy and painting even music, he played a special role in traditional Chinese medicine 's social history.

Optimization of Operating Conditions Affecting Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Mild Steel Exposed to Crude Oil Environments Using Response Surface Methodology.

In this study, the influence of four operating parameters (pH, salinity, nitrate concentration and immersion time) and their interactions on the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) rate of mild steel in simulated crude oil environments were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). 4-level historical data design: pH (A) at 4, 6, 8, 10, salinity (B) at 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/l, nitrate (C) at 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/l and immersion time (D) at 168, 336, 504 and 672 h, was employed to correlate the factors with the corrosion rate as response. A polynomial regression model was developed and validated prior to optimization studies. The result showed that pH has the most influential effect on the response and that the predicted data had a reasonable agreement with the experimental data with the values of R2 = 0.9660 and Adj-R2 = 0.9516. The optimum conditions of the crude oil environments were observed at: pH (9.37), salinity (94.73 g/l), nitrate concentration (37.97 g/l) and immersion time of mild steel (168 h) in order to achieve minimum corrosion rate of 0.155196 mpy. The study has revealed that the historical data RSM design is an efficient statistical technique for predicting the optimum operating conditions of crude oil environments required to minimize mild steel corrosion in oil pipelines by incorporating all factors under consideration.

Formation and Developments of TCM Basic Theory from "Left Biography" / 浙江中医药大学学报

The medical historical data in the "Left Biography" show the formation and developments of TCM basic theory in the Spring and Autumn Period.The article exposes traditional culture is the foundation to develop and carry TCM from the relative items concerned in "Left Biography" on Yingyang Five Elements,causa morbi and mechanism,healthy-keeping,disease-prevention,treatment principle and methods.