ABSTRACT
The only extant version of the first lecture course given by Claude Bernard on Experimental Physiology during the winter period of 1847-48 in Collège de France, substituting Magendie, is presented herein. The prominent Paris-graduated physician from Uruguay, Teodoro M. Vilardebó, attended the 46 lectures, wrote them down and transcribed them into a manuscript that he brought back to and kept in Montevideo in 1853. Mañé-Garzón uncovered it in 1987. These Bernards lectures review practically all physiology at the beginning of his career, while in later courses, he covered selected themes of experimental physiology and medicine and general scientific subjects at greater depth. Comparison of Bernards initial course with his later ones illustrates general physiologys progress in the more than 35 years of his successful scientific life. The manuscript sheds new light into Bernards scientific activity and personality.
Se presenta la única versión existente del primer curso sobre Fisiología Experimental dictado, en sustitución de Magendie, por Claude Bernard en el invierno 1847-1848 en el Collège de France. El destacado médico uruguayo graduado en París, Teodoro M. Vilardebó, asistió a las 46 lecciones, tomó apuntes y los transcribió a un manuscrito que trajo de vuelta en 1853 y conservó en Montevideo. Mañé-Garzón lo descubrió en 1987. Estas lecciones de Bernard revelan prácticamente toda la fisiología de comienzos de su carrera, mientras en cursos posteriores cubrió en mayor profundidad tópicos selectos de la fisiología y la medicina experimentales, así como temas científicos generales. La comparación del curso inicial de Bernard con otros posteriores ilustra el progreso de la fisiología general durante los más de 35 años de su exitosa vida científica. El manuscrito vierte nueva luz acerca de la actividad científica y la personalidad de Bernard.
Apresenta-se a única versão existente do primeiro curso sobre Fisiología Experimental ditado, em sustituição de Magendie, por Claude Bernard no inverno 1847-1848 no Collège de France. O destacado médico uruguaio graduado em París, Teodoro M. Vilardebó, assistiu às 46 lições, anotou e os transcreveu a um manuscrito que trouxe de volta en 1853 e conservou em Montevideo. Mañé-Garzón o descobriu em 1987. Estas lições de Bernard revelam práticamente toda a fisiologia do princípio da sua carreira, enquanto que em cursos posteriores cubriu em maior profundidade tópicos seletos da fisiologia e a medicina experimentais, assim como temas científicos gerais. A comparação do curso inicial de Bernard com outros posteriores ilustra o progresso da fisiologia geral durante mais de 35 anos de sua exitosa vida científica. O manuscrito verte nova luz sobre da atividade científica e a personalidade de Bernard.
ABSTRACT
Respiration has been well known as a basic phenomenon of life since the ancient times, but the explanation of which was varied. In most theories the respiration and the body heat of animal had been different phenomena until the early 19th century. After the Lavoisier's experiments in the late 18th century, combustion and respiration came to be considered as the same phenomenon. Through many discoveries and efforts of scientists in the field of chemistry, physics and biology, Justus Liebig, a German organic chemist, established the modern theory of the respiration of animal in the mid 19th century, where respiration was viewed as the origin of all energy of animal. The more detailed biochemical mechanisms were found in the 20th century.