Metodología para el tratamiento de los contenidos del hockey sobre césped categoría 11-12 años

La investigación va dirigida a resolver insuficiencias en el tratamiento de los contenidos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del hockey sobre Césped, en la categoría 11-12 años; en consecuencia, se planteó como objetivo elaborar una metodología para su proceder didáctico. De una población de 18 profesores se seleccionó, de manera intencionada, una muestra de 12; y de 168 hockeístas, a 72. Se emplearon métodos y técnicas como el análisis de documentos, la observación, la entrevista, el experimento pedagógico formativo y los talleres de opinión crítica. Se resolvió la esencia de la contradicción entre el tratamiento fragmentado de los contenidos del hockey categoría 11-12 años y la necesidad de una visión teórico y metodológica que favorezca la estructuración coherente entre el carácter desarrollador de los componentes de la preparación de los hockeístas y los del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de este deporte. Se argumentaron las potencialidades instructivas y educativas de los contenidos como vía para lograr el vínculo de la unidad entre lo cognitivo y lo afectivo en la metodología que contribuya al perfeccionamiento de su estructuración, mediante procedimientos didácticos sustentados en el aprendizaje desarrollador y las particularidades del deporte. La aplicación de la metodología, desde el experimento pedagógico formativo, permitió valorar su factibilidad y funcionalidad, y se evidenció su efectividad para lograr los fines trazados.

A pesquisa tem como objetivo solucionar insuficiências no tratamento de conteúdos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do Hóquei em Campo, na categoria de 11 a 12 anos; Consequentemente, estabeleceu-se o objetivo de desenvolver uma metodologia para seu procedimento didático. De uma população de 18 professores, foi selecionada intencionalmente uma amostra de 12; e de 168 jogadores de hóquei, para 72. Foram utilizados métodos e técnicas como análise documental, observação, entrevista, experimento pedagógico formativo e oficinas de opinião crítica. A essência da contradição entre o tratamento fragmentado dos conteúdos da categoria Hóquei 11-12 anos e a necessidade de uma visão teórico-metodológica que favoreça a estruturação coerente entre o carácter desenvolvimental das componentes da preparação dos jogadores de hóquei e da processo de ensino-aprendizagem deste esporte. O potencial instrutivo e educativo dos conteúdos foi defendido como forma de alcançar o elo de unidade entre o cognitivo e o afetivo na metodologia que contribui para a melhoria da sua estruturação, através de procedimentos didáticos apoiados na aprendizagem desenvolvimental e nas particularidades do desporto. A aplicação da metodologia, a partir da experiência pedagógica formativa, permitiu avaliar a sua viabilidade e funcionalidade, sendo evidente a sua eficácia no alcance dos objetivos estabelecidos.

The research is aimed at resolving insufficiencies in the treatment of content in the teaching-learning process of Field Hockey, in the 11-12-year-old category; consequently, the objective was set to develop a methodology for its didactic procedure. From a population of 18 teachers, a sample of 12 was intentionally selected; and from 168 hockey players, 72 were chosen. Methods and techniques such as document analysis, observation, interview, formative pedagogical experiment and critical opinion workshops were used. It was resolved the essence of the contradiction between the fragmented treatment of the contents of Hockey category 11-12 years and the need for a theoretical and methodological vision that favors coherent structuring between the developmental nature of the components of hockey players ` preparation and those of the teaching-learning process of this sport. The instructive and educational potential of the contents were argued as a way to achieve the link of unity between the cognitive and the affective in the methodology that contributes to the improvement of its structuring, through didactic procedures supported by developmental learning and the particularities of sport. The application of the methodology, from the formative pedagogical experiment, allowed its feasibility and functionality to be assessed, and its effectiveness in achieving the established goals was evident.

Effect of performance determinants on nhl final goal difference / Impacto de los determinantes de desempeño en la diferencia final de goles en la nhl / Efeito dos determinantes de desempenho na diferença final de gols da nhl

ABSTRACT Introduction: In ice hockey games, the team's performance is influenced by many contextual factors, and understanding playing styles allows to reveal how key performance indicators vary under different situations. Objective: This research aims to explore the playing styles of elite ice-hockey teams and to identify key performance aspects under different final goal difference situations. Methods: This article analyzed compared the match performance of 31 National Hockey League teams during 1271 matches considering their playing styles and final goal difference. Results: The principal component analysis obtained 8 performance components describing the technical-tactical styles of the teams. The subsequent analysis found that there was significant difference between three match outcomes in unfavorable state, major penalties, puck possession maintaining ability, shot defending ability, aggressive performance (p<0.001; = 0.007-0.273). Conclusions: Higher-ranked teams winning the unbalanced games showed better performance in shot defending ability and aggressive performance. Lower-ranked teams losing in unbalanced games kept less possession of the puck and were more likely to be shorthanded (p<0.05, ES=0.131-1.410). The study demonstrates how playing styles can be used to contextualize key determinants from ice hockey games. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción: En los juegos de hockey sobre hielo, el rendimiento del equipo está influenciado por varios factores contextuales, y comprender los estilos de juego permite revelar cómo varían los indicadores clave de rendimiento en diferentes situaciones. Objetivo: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explorar los estilos de juego de los equipos de hockey sobre hielo de élite e identificar aspectos clave del rendimiento en diferentes situaciones de diferencia de gol final. Métodos: El rendimiento del partido de 31 equipos de la Liga Nacional de Hockey durante 1271 partidos fue analizado y comparado, considerando el estilo de juego y la diferencia de gol final. Resultados: El análisis de componentes principales obtuvo 8 componentes de rendimiento que describen los estilos técnico-tácticos de los equipos. El análisis posterior encontró que hubo una diferencia significativa entre tres resultados de partido en estado desfavorable, penalizaciones principales, habilidad para mantener la posesión del disco, habilidad para defender el tiro, desempeño agresivo (p<0,001; = 0,007-0,273). Conclusión: Los equipos de clasificación más alta que ganaron los juegos desequilibrados mostraron un mejor rendimiento en la capacidad de defensa de disparos y en el rendimiento agresivo. Los equipos de clasificación más baja que perdieron en juegos desequilibrados mantuvieron menos posesión del disco y tenían más probabilidades de estar en desventaja numérica (p<0,05, ES=0,131-1,410). El estudio demuestra cómo los estilos de juego pueden utilizarse para contextualizar los determinantes clave de los juegos de hockey sobre hielo. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios Terapéuticos que Investigan los Resultados del Tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: Nos jogos de hóquei no gelo, o desempenho da equipe é influenciado por vários fatores contextuais, e entender os estilos de jogo permite revelar como os principais indicadores de desempenho variam em diferentes situações. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo explorar os estilos de jogo das equipes de hóquei no gelo de elite e identificar aspectos-chave de desempenho em diferentes estilos de jogo e a diferença do resultado final. Métodos: O desempenho de partida de 31 equipes da National Hockey League durante 1271 partidas foi analisado e comparado, considerando o estilo de jogo e a diferença de gol final. Resultados: A análise de componentes principais retornou 8 componentes de desempenho, descrevendo os estilos técnico-táticos das equipes. A análise subsequente revelou que houve diferença significativa entre três resultados de jogo em estado desfavorável, penalidades principais, habilidade de manter a posse do disco, habilidade de defender o lance e desempenho agressivo (p<0,001; = 0,007-0,273). Conclusão: As equipes de classificação mais alta que venceram os jogos em desequilíbrio numérico de jogadores apresentaram melhor desempenho na habilidade de defender o lance e no desempenho agressivo. As equipes de classificação mais baixa, que perderam em jogos desequilibrados, mantiveram menos posse do disco e tiveram maior probabilidade de ficar com um jogador a menos (p <0,05, ES = 0,131-1,410). O estudo demonstra como os estilos de jogo podem ser usados para contextualizar os principais determinantes dos jogos de hóquei no gelo. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos Terapêuticos Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

Análisis del rendimiento físico en jugadores de hockey sobre césped sub 14 / Analysis of physical performance in u14 field hockey players / Análise do desempenho físico em jogadores de hóquei em campo sub-14

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el rendimiento físico de jugadores sub 14, durante los partidos del Torneo Nacional de Asociaciones 2019, disputado en la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Se monitorearon cinco encuentros (tres de fase de grupo; uno, semi final y uno, final). La muestra fue de 50 casos monitorizados por unidades GPS (PlayerTek Plus), divididos por posición: Defensores Centrales (n = 2), Defensores Laterales (n = 5), Volantes (n = 4) y Delanteros (n = 6). Las variables analizadas fueron divididas en dos, por un lado, las variables de volumen y, por otro, las de intensidad. Las primeras fueron: Distancia Total (m) 4718 ± 0,95; Distancia en Sprint (entre 16 a 19 km/h) (m) 484,67 ± 268,28; Cantidad de Sprints (>19 km/h) (rep) 17,70 ± 9,67; Aceleraciones >2 m/s2 (rep) 32,28 ± 13,39 y Desaceleraciones >-2 m/s2 (rep) 44,47 ± 17,08. En cambio, las variables de intensidad fueron: Metros por minuto (m) 101,18 ± 13,52; Distancia en Sprint por Minuto (m) 10,35 ± 5,96; Cantidad de Sprint por Minuto (rep) 0,37 ± 0,22. En conclusión, se consideró que analizar objetivamente, el rendimiento físico de los jóvenes jugadores es de vital importancia ya que podríamos establecer planes estratégicos para mejorar su performance, como también, bajar la incidencia lesiva.

The objective of this study was to determine the physical performance of U14 players, during the matches of the 2019 National Association Tournament, played in the Province of Córdoba, Argentina. 5 matches were monitored (3 group phase, 1 semi-final and 1 final). The sample consisted of 50 cases monitored by GPS units (PlayerTek Plus), divided by position: Central Defenders (n = 2), Side Defenders (n = 5), Midfielders (n = 4) and Forwards (n = 6). The analyzed variables were divided into 2: the volume variables and the intensity variables. The first ones were: Total Distance (m) 4718 ± 0.95; Sprint distance (between 16 to 19 km/h) (m) 484.67 ± 268.28; Number of Sprints (> 19 km/h) (rep) 17.70 ± 9.67; Accelerations> 2 m/s2 (rep) 32.28 ± 13.39 and Decelerations> -2 m/s2 (rep) 44.47 ± 17.08. Instead, the intensity variables were Meters per minute (m) 101.18 ± 13.52; Distance in Sprint per minute (m) 10.35 ± 5.96; and Amount of Sprint per minute (rep) 0.37 ± 0.22. In conclusion, it was considered that objectively analyzing the physical performance of young players is of vital importance, since we could establish strategic plans to improve their performance, as well as lower the incidence of injury.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o desempenho físico de jogadores menores de 14 anos, durante as partidas do Torneio de Associações Nacionais 2019, disputadas na Província de Córdoba, Argentina. Foram monitorizados 5 jogos (3 fases de grupos, 1 semifinal e 1 final). A amostra foi composta por 50 casos monitorados por GPS (PlayerTek Plus), divididos por posição: Defensores Centrais (n=2), Defensores Laterais (n=5), Meio-campistas (n=4) e Atacantes (n=6). As variáveis analisadas foram divididas em 2, de um lado as variáveis de volume e, de outro, as variáveis de intensidade. As primeiras foram: Distância Total (m) 4718 ± 0,95; Distância em Sprint (entre 16 a 19 km/h) (m) 484,67 ± 268,28; Número de Sprints (>19 km/h) (rep) 17,70 ± 9,67; Aceleração >2 m/s2 (rep) 32,28 ± 13,39 e desacelerações >-2 m/s2 (rep) 44,47 ± 17,08. Em vez disso, as variáveis de intensidade foram: Metros por minuto (m) 101,18 ± 13,52; Distância em Sprint por Minuto (m) 10,35 ± 5,96; Quantidade de Sprint por Minuto (rep) 0,37 ± 0,22. Em conclusão, considerou-se que analisar objetivamente o desempenho físico de jovens jogadores é de vital importância, pois podemos estabelecer planos estratégicos para melhorar seu desempenho, bem como diminuir a incidência de lesões.

Evaluación del consumo proteico y su percepción en deportistas de waterpolo y hockey subacuático del Club Regatas de Santa Fe / Evaluation of protein consumption and its perception in water polo and underwater hockey athletes from Regatas Club, Santa Fe

Los deportes acuáticos como waterpolo y hockey subacuático (HS) presentan momentos alternantes de alta y baja intensidad, por lo que resulta imprescindible la adecuada alimentación y preparación física. Se ha demostrado la importancia de la nutrición sobre el bienestar físico; permitiendo el crecimiento, la reparación y adaptación, luego del ejercicio, influyendo sobre el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el consumo proteico y su percepción en deportistas de waterpolo y hockey subacuático del club Regatas de la ciudad de Santa Fe en 2019. Se utilizó registro alimentario (3 días discontinuos), coincidentes con días de entrenamiento. Se realizaron entrevistas para determinar la percepción del consumo proteico. El consumo proteico promedio en jugadores de waterpolo fue excesivo respecto a su requerimiento. La mitad de los deportistas de HS relevaron consumo promedio insuficiente de proteínas con respecto a su requerimiento diario. Los alimentos fuente de proteínas predominantes seleccionados en ambos grupos, fueron carnes, leche/yogur, queso, huevo y legumbres. Al contrastar el consumo proteico según el requerimiento diario no se encontró diferencias significativas entre las dos disciplinas. En cuanto a la percepción el consumo proteico, en ambos grupos subestimaron la ingesta de proteínas respecto al valor real de consumo. Los waterpolistas presentan un consumo excesivo de proteínas respecto a su requerimiento; mientras que en los practicantes de HS resultó ser variado. Respecto a la percepción sobre el consumo proteico, la ingesta es subestimada en ambas disciplinas. El Licenciado en Nutrición debe orientar hacia estrategias correctas adecuadas al contexto nutricional deportivo(AU).

Effects of a high-intensity interval training program on body composition and physical fitness in female field hockey players / Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad sobre la composición corporal y condición física en jugadoras de hockey césped

SUMMARY: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is zed by achieving similar effects to conventional physical and physiological training in a shorter time, allowing its dissemination in the sports field. The present study was aimed to analyze the effects of a HIIT program on body composition and general and specific physical fitness in Chilean female field hockey players. Experimental, repeated measures, simple blind, parallel groups, and a quantitative approach were used. The participants were randomized, and distributed into a control group (CG; n= 10) that maintained regular field hockey training and an experimental group (EG; n= 10) that also received complementary training with HIIT. Body composition (muscle mass and adipose mass), general physical fitness (jump performance with countermovement jump [CMJ] and maximum oxygen consumption [VO2max] were evaluated with the test Course-Navette), and specific physical fitness (pushing speed, dribbling speed, and shooting accuracy) were assessed with established protocols. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons were made with Student's t and Wilcoxon tests, considering p<0.05. The main results indicate that the EG presented a significant increase in muscle mass (p = 0.024; d = 0.62), CMJ (p = 0.005; d = 1.10), VO2max (p = 0.001; d = 1.58) and a significant reduction in adipose mass (p = 0.023; d = 0.36) and time in pushing speed (p = 0.028; d = 0.79). The CG did not present significant changes in any of the variables analyzed, and no significant differences were reported between the groups. In conclusion, eight weeks of HIIT significantly increases muscle mass, jump performance, and VO2max and significantly reduces adipose mass and time in pushing speed in Chilean female field hockey players.

RESUMEN: El entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad (EIAI) se caracteriza por conseguir en un menor tiempo efec- tos similares al entrenamiento convencional a nivel físico y fisiológico, lo que ha permitido su difusión en el ámbito deportivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los efectos de un programa de EIAI sobre la composición corporal, condición física general y específica en mujeres chilenas que practican hockey césped. Estudio experimental, de medidas repetidas, simple ciego, grupos paralelos y enfoque cuantitativo. Las participantes fueron aleatorizadas y distribuidas en grupo control (GC; n=10) que mantuvo los entrenamientos regulares de hockey césped y grupo experimental (GE; n=10) que además recibió de complemento EIAI. Se evaluó la composición corporal (masa muscular y masa adiposa), condición física general (capacidad de salto con el salto contra movimiento [CMJ] y consumo máximo de oxígeno [VO2máx] con la prueba Course de Navette) y condición física específica (velocidad de empuje, velocidad de dribling y precisión de tiro) con protocolos establecidos. Se realizaron comparaciones pre y post intervención con las pruebas t de Student y Wilcoxon, considerando un p<0,05. Los principales resultados indican que el GE presentó un aumento significativo de la masa muscular (p=0,024; d=0,62), CMJ (p=0,005; d=1,10), VO2máx (p=0,001; d=1,58) y, una reducción significativa, de la masa adiposa (p=0,023; d=0,36) y del tiempo en la velocidad de empuje (p=0,028; d=0,79). El GC no presentó cambios significativos en ninguna de las variables analizadas, mientras que no se reportaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. En conclusión, ocho semanas de EIAI aumentan significativamente la masa muscular, capacidad de salto y VO2máx, además de reducir significativamente la masa adiposa y el tiempo en la velocidad de empuje en mujeres chilenas que practican hockey césped.

Prevalence and Pattern of Musculoskeletal Injuries Among Malaysian Hockey League Players

@#Introduction: Hockey is a team sport that involves running, sprinting, and making sudden changes in directions of movement to control a ball against the opposing team. Therefore, due to its nature of fast movement, hockey players may be at risk of various musculoskeletal injuries. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal injuries sustained among Malaysian Hockey League players. Materials and Method: Data were collected from 84 field hockey players that participated in the Malaysian Hockey League competition from June 2016 until December 2016. All injuries were recorded by the participating medical team using a structured questionnaire. A descriptive statistical analysis and Chi-Square test were used to explore the prevalence of the injury. Result: More than half of the players were reported to have lower limb injuries (51.6%). Sprain and strain were the most prevalent injuries (63%) and mostly affected the ankle (29%). Male players sustained more injuries (50.8%) compared to female players (49.2%). Conclusion: This study suggests that a guideline is needed for injury prevention strategies that will benefit the hockey players in preventing injuries.

Efecto de la práctica mental y física en el desempeño motor y actividad eléctrica muscular en estudiantes sanos / Effect of mental and physical practice in the motor performance and muscle electrical activity in healthy students

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la efectividad de la práctica mental (PM), práctica física (PF) y su combinación (PC) en el desempeño de- la destreza de dribbling de hockey de salón y la actividad eléctrica del músculo (AEM) braquiorradial del antebrazo dominante. Un total de 27 estudiantes universitarios de primer año de la carrera en Ciencias del Movimiento Humano, sin experiencia previa en la destreza, fueron asignados aleatoriamente a uno de tres grupos (PF, PM y PC). El desempeño de la destreza fue evaluado por medio del tiempo total, utilizando fotoceldas SmartspeedPro y la AEM se midió con un electromiograma Noraxon M400. La investigación se desarrolló en dos sesiones. En la primera sesión, se realizó el pretest, la práctica experimental según el grupo correspondiente y el post test del desempeño y AEM. En la segunda sesión, una semana después, se evaluó el desempeño en una prueba de retención. Al aplicar un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de dos vías mixto [grupo (3) x medición (3)] se encontró que el desempeño de los tres grupos mejoró significativamente en la prueba de adquisición y retención. El ANOVA de dos vías mixto [grupo (3) x medición (2)] indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas en la AEM. La PF, PM y PC favorecieron el aprendizaje de la destreza; sin embargo, no se encontraron cambios en la actividad eléctrica del músculo braquiorradial del antebrazo dominante.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of mental practice (MP), physical practice (PP), and their combination (CP) in the performance of the dribbling skill in field hockey, and the brachioradialis muscle electrical activity (MEA) of the dominant forearm. A total of 27 freshmen enrolled in the Human Movement Science program with no experience in the skill was randomly assigned to one of the three groups (MP, PP, and CP). Skill performance was assessed by total time using Smartspeed Pro photocells, while MEA was tested with an electromyogram using Noraxon M400. Research was conducted in two sessions. In the first session, the pretest, experimental practice by group, post test, and MEA were conducted. In the second session, held a week later, a retention test was conducted. After a two-way mixed ANOVA [group (3) x measurement (3)], the acquisition and retention test performance improved significantly in the three groups. The two-way mixed ANOVA [group (3) x measurement (2)] showed no significant differences in MEA. PP, MP, and CP enhanced skill learning; however, no significant changes were found in the brachioradialis muscle electrical activity of the dominant forearm.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a efetividade da prática mental (PM), prática física (PF) e sua combinação (PC) no desempenho da destreza de dribbling de hóquei de salão e a atividade elétrica do músculo (AEM) braquiorradial do antebraço dominante. Um total de 27 estudantes universitários do primeiro ano do curso de Ciências do Movimento Humano, sem experiência prévia na destreza, foram atribuídos aleatoriamente a um de três grupos (PF, PM e PC). O desempenho da destreza foi avaliado por meio do tempo total, utilizando fotocélulas SmartspeedPro e a AEM foi medida com um eletromiógrafo Noraxon M400. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas sessões. Na primeira sessão, foram feitos o pré-teste, a prática experimental de acordo com o grupo correspondente e o pós-teste do desempenho e da AEM. Na segunda sessão, uma semana despois, foi avaliado o desempenho em um teste de retenção. Ao ser aplicada uma análise de variância (ANOVA) mista de duas vias [grupo (3) x medição (3)], observou-se que o desempenho dos três grupos melhorou significativamente no teste de aquisição e retenção. A ANOVA mista de duas vias [grupo (3) x medição (2)] mostrou que não houve diferencias significativas na AEM. A PF, PM e PC favoreceram a aprendizagem da destreza; não obstante, não foram encontradas alterações na atividade elétrica do músculo braquiorradial do antebraço dominante.

Orofacial injuries and use of protective wear among field hockey players of Coorg District, Karnataka, India – A KAP Study

Traumatic orofacial injuries are frequent among hockey players, often causing aesthetic, functional, psychological, and economic problems. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and distribution of orofacial injuries and to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices toward the use of protective wear as perceived among hockey players of Coorg district. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 281 field hockey players of Coorg district, Karnataka, India. Data were collected using a specially designed self-administered, pretested questionnaire containing a set of 19 statements. Chi-square test was performed to assess statistical significance among the variables studied. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 32.7 ± 4.3 years, and majority of them were semi-professional hockey players (46.6%) with an experience of 5–10 years (41.3%) of playing hockey and having at least a graduate qualification (65.5%). A total of 79% of the players reported to have been injured at least once in the past 1 year, of which orofacial injuries accounted for 33.8% of the injuries. Majority of the players had a fair Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) score toward the use of protective wear (63.7%). Although 37.7% of the players had good knowledge, it translated to a favorable attitude among 24.1% of the players and favorable practice among 11.7% players. Professional hockey players had a positive association with KAP scores (P < 0.00), whereas experience was found to be negatively associated with KAP scores (P < 0.03). Conclusion: The majority of players had moderate knowledge about the importance of protective wear in preventing orofacial injuries, but their attitude and practices toward the same were relatively poor.

Evaluation of Knees in Asymptomatic Amateur Ice Hockey Players Using 3.0-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Case-Control Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>Research on the changes to knee structures in asymptomatic amateur ice hockey players (AAIHPs) has been limited. We aimed to assess the performance of the knees in AAIHPs using 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p><p><b>Methods</b>A total of 71 asymptomatic knees (32 AAIHPs and 39 age- and sex-matched controls) were imaged using a 3.0-T MRI scanner at the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University in April 2017. Two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists were blinded to assess all MRI findings, including bursae around the knee, bone marrow edema (BME), meniscal signal changes, and articular cartilage and ligament damage. Any disagreements were resolved by a third professor of musculoskeletal radiology. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test and continuous variables using the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test.</p><p><b>Results</b>The most common finding was fluid-filled bursae surrounding the knee. In the AAIHP group, which totaled 32 knees and 416 bursae, 155 (37%) fluid-filled bursae were present. In the control group, there were a total of 39 knees and 507 bursae, and 91 (18%) fluid-filled bursae were present. There was a significant difference in the number of fluid-filled bursae between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, in AAIHPs, the prevalence of meniscal signal changes (16 knees, 50%) was higher than in the control group (2 knees, 5%; P < 0.001). Importantly, 15 of the 19 were grade II signals. Other changes were only found in AAIHPs. Articular cartilage lesions were detected in 47% of their knees, predominantly at the patellofemoral joint, and BME was found in 34% of their knees.</p><p><b>Conclusion</b>The MRI findings of knees in AAIHPs mainly manifested as self-protection reaction, and proper ice hockey exercise could be advocated.</p>

Investigation of Nutritional KAP and Its Effect on Serum Ferritin Level of Elite Female Small Ball Athletes / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To investigate the status quo of nutrition knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP) among elite female small ball athletes of Guangdong province and its influencing factors.Their serum ferritin was also observed to explore its correlation with their KAP,so as to provide evidences for formulating and implementing scientific and reasonable nutrition education schemes.Methods Fifty-four female small ball athletes,including 20 handball,20 hockey and 14 softball players,were selected to complete a self-designed diet questionnaire based on KAP education mode and their serum ferritin indicators were analyzed at the same time.Results (1)The average scores(all out of 100)of nutrition knowledge (K),attitude (A) and practice (P) were 43.64 ± 11.66 (with a failure rate of 90.7％),78.37 ± 10.21 (with the rate of excellence of 59.3％)and 63.10 ± 10.17(with a passing rate of 37.0％),and the average KAP score was 185.10 ± 23.01,with a passing rate of 44.4％.(2)The one-way ANOVA found that there were significant differences in the average A score and the total KAP score (P＜0.05) among the athletes of different small ball teams.The correlation analysis results showed that the average A score was of significant positive correlation to the average P score.Moreover,the average KAP total score was of significant correlation with sports events (P＜0.05) and the education level (P＜0.05),but not with the age,training period and exercise level(P＞0.05).The multiple stepwise regression analysis results showed that training period(P＜0.05) and sports events(P＜0.05) was the influencing factor of nutrition knowledge and attitude respectively,and that education level (P＜0.01) was the influencing factor of both nutrition practice and KAP.(3)Significant differences were found in the serum ferritin among athletes of different sports events(P＜0.05)the serum ferritin was of significant positive correlation with the nutrition knowledge(P＜0.05).Conclusion (1)The lack of sports nutrition knowledge and the unbalance of nutrition behavior are common in elite female small ball athletes,but they had a positive attitude.It is necessary to carry out a series of effective nutrition education programs to improve their sports nutrition knowledge,cultivate their good nutrition attitudes and finally formulate rational and effective nutritional intervention measures to promote the formation of healthy nutrition behavior of athletes.(2) The sport event is the key influencing factor of the nutrition attitude and dietary behaviors,which suggests that more more attention should be paid to athletes' dietary management and focus should be put on their diary behavior on no-training days and on their energy ratios control of each meal,especially breakfast and extra meals,and rational intake of snacks.(3)The incidence of iron deficiency is consistent with KAP questionnaire survey results,which indicates that it may be an effective measure to prevent iron deficiency anemia through strengthening athletes' dietary nutrition education.

Processo de treinamento técnico-tático de seleções brasileiras de hóquei de grama / The technical-tactical training process of brazilian fi eld hockey teams

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os exercícios técnico-táticos empregados no processo de treinamento das seleções brasileiras masculina e feminina de Hóquei de Grama. Foram observadas 15 sessões de treinamento, realizadas em Florianópolis-SC, durante o período de preparação aos Jogos Pan-americanos 2007. A grelha de observação concentro-se na análise da Complexidade Estrutural das Atividades, das Tarefas e do Campo Ecológico. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a frequência e a duração dependiam da estrutura, das características específi cas e dos objetivos determinados para cada exercício. Além disso, o treinador utilizou com maior frequência (48,9%) e gastou mais tempo (37,6%) no desenvolvimento de tarefas que fi xavam ou diversifi cavam a técnica de movimento, principalmente em exercícios que combinavam dois ou mais fundamentos. Os exercícios de jogo propriamente dito também apresentaram elevado tempo gasto (28,2%). A maior incidência (frequência) do critério de êxito estabelecido pelo treinador foi quanto a realização correta do movimento (42,1%) e o resultado do movimento (37,5%), embora o maior tempo gasto tenha se apresentado em exercícios de aplicação geral do conteúdo do esporte em diferentes situações (44,3%). As evidências indicam a preocupação constante do treinador com o aperfeiçoamento dos componentes técnicos e táticos, referendada pela grande variedade no conteúdo dos exercícios. Além disso, a maior duração de exercícios que exigiam a adaptação dos jogadores ao contexto de aplicação proporcionou o aumento do repertório de respostas a serem dadas em situações de jogo variadas e imprevistas.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the technical-tactical exercises used in the training process of Brazilians male and female Field Hockey teams. A total of 15 training sessions was observed in Florianópolis-SC, during the preparation for the 2007 Pan-American Games. The observational grid focused on the analysis of the Structural Complexity of the Activities, the Tasks and the Ecological Field. The results demonstrated that the frequency and the duration depended on the structure, the specifi c characteristics and the objectives determined for each exercise. Moreover, the trainer used more frequently (48.9%) and spent more time (37.6%) on tasks that either fi xed or diversifi ed the technique of the movement, especially in the combination of two or more technical exercises. The game exercises presented a large time slot (28.2%). The high incidence (frequency) of the success criteria established by the trainer were the correct accomplishment of the movement (42.1%) and the result of the movement (37.5%), however the time was mainly spent on exercises of general purpose of the sport content in different situations (44.3%). The evidences indicate that the trainer is always concerned with perfect technical and tactical components, which is shown by the large variety of exercise contents. In addition, the longest duration of exercises that demanded players adaptation to the application context provided the increase in the answers repertoire needed in varied and unexpected game situations.

Effect of Endurance Training on the Plasma Homocysteine and B Vitamin Levels in Male Adolescent Field Hockey Players

Elevated plasma homocysteine is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Exercise is generally believed to reduce the plasma homocysteine levels and therefore, being beneficial for cardiovascular disease(CVD). However, there is a possibility that athletes undergoing strenuous training and competition which increase oxidative stress may suffer from increased plasma homocysteine levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of endurance training on the plasma concentrations of B vitamins and homocysteine in 23 male adolescent field hockey players. Data collection and blood sampling was performed during the training period and non-training period. Following the training period, significant changes in energy and vitamin B6 intakes were observed in these subjects. Plasma vitamin B2, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and homocysteine levels were significantly higher during the training period than non-training period, whereas no difference was observed in plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels. Positive correlation was observed between plasma folate and folic acid intakes. When energy, B vitamin intakes were adjusted there was a significant negative correlation between plasma homocysteine levels and plasma riboflavin, folate and vitamin B12 levels. In conclusion, it is suggested that athletes with oxidative stress by strenuous exercise may need B vitamins since riboflavin, folic acid and vitamin B12 were shown to be negatively correlated with plasma homocysteine in athletes during the training period.

Comparison of Isokinetic Strength of Knee and Pulmonary Function between Collegians and Hockey Players in College

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the strength of the knee and pulmonary function comparing collegians and hockey players in college. METHOD: KINdegreeCOM isokinetic dynamometer and medigraph were used to evaluate strength of the right lower extremity and pulmonary function to 30 male students comprising 15 hockey players and 15 collegians with no significant difference in age, weight, and height between the two groups. All subjects used their right lower limb as dominant limb. RESULTS: 1) The significant differences between collegians and hockey players were found in the peak torque at 60o/sec,180o/sec. 2) The siginficant differences between collegians and hockey players were found in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second and expiratory reserve volume on the pulmonary function. 3) The significant correlation between isokinetic strength and pulmonary function were found in peak torque. CONCLUSION: It is turned out that hockey players in college have much better isokinetic strength and pulmonary function than collegians, so it is suggested this result have to be considered in selecting hockey players and exercise prescription.