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With the rapid population aging in China, healthy elderly care has become a consensus of the whole society. As an important part of healthcare system, community health service plays a vital role in health maintenance and promotion for the elderly, and it is an extremely important foundation for realizing healthy endowment. In this article we summarize the status quo of home-based care for the aged, in which the community health service plays an important role, and also make suggestions for further improvement.
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Introducción: La calidad de los servicios de salud se mide con indicadores que permiten encontrar oportunidades de mejora, datos clínicos y no clínicos de relevancia, información epidemiológica y calidad percibida del servicio brindado. Los cuidados paliativos pueden ofrecerse en distintas modalidades, siendo los cuidados domiciliarios una ruta novedosa que permite el cuidado del paciente lejos del intervencionismo hospitalario; los indicadores que evalúan la calidad de esta modalidad varían respecto a los servicios intramurales. Objetivo: describir los indicadores de calidad en salud utilizados para evaluar los servicios de cuidados paliativos domiciliarios según la literatura consultada. Método: revisión sistemática de la literatura científica disponible sobre los indicadores de calidad en salud para los cuidados paliativos domiciliarios. Para valorar la calidad metodológica se usó la lista CASPe. Resultados:se encontraron 47 indicadores que evalúan la calidad de los servicios de atención domiciliaria paliativa, siendo los indicadores de resultados los que tuvieron mayor presencia. Dentro de los indicadores se midieron diversos aspectos de los cuidados paliativos como manejo de síntomas, visitas domiciliarias por personal especializado, lugar de muerte elegido, eventos relacionados con la seguridad del paciente y disponibilidad de medicamentos. Conclusiones: La medición del lugar de fallecimiento y la presencia de síntomas aun con un tratamiento farmacológico establecido fueron dos de los indicadores más encontrados. Se observó una medición al personal médico y enfermero superior al resto de profesionales que conforman el equipo multidisciplinario de cuidados paliativos, se encontraron algunos indicadores específicos para pacientes con patologías oncológicas
Introduction: Quality of health services is measured by indicators that make it possible to find improvement opportunities, relevant clinical and non-clinical data, epidemiological information, and perceived quality of the provided service. Palliative care can be offered in different forms; home-based care is a novel path that enables patients to be cared for far from hospital interventionism; the quality indicators that assess this form of care vary from those that assess intramural services. Objective: To describe quality indicators for health care used to assess home-based palliative care services, according to the literature consulted. Method: Systematic review of the available scientific literature on quality indicators for home-based palliative care. The CASPe list was used to assess methodological quality. Results: 47 indicators for quality assessment of home-based palliative care services were found; outcome indicators had the greatest presence. Among the indicators, different aspects of palliative care were measured, such as symptom management, home visits by specialized personnel, chosen place of death, events related to patient safety, and medication availability. Conclusions: Measurements for the place of death and presence of symptoms, even with a determined pharmacological treatment, were the two most frequently found indicators. A measurement of medical and nursing personnel higher than the rest of the professionals that make up the palliative multidisciplinary team was observed, some specific indicators were found for patients with oncological pathologies
Introdução: A qualidade dos serviços de saúde é medida com indicadores que permitem encontrar oportunidades de melhoria, dados clínicos e não clínicos de relevância, informação epidemiológica e qualidade percebida do serviço prestado. Os cuidados paliativos podem ser oferecidos em diferentes modalidades, sendo o atendimento domiciliar uma rota inovadora que permite o atendimento ao paciente longe do intervencionismo hospitalar; os indicadores que avaliam a qualidade dessa modalidade variam no que diz respeito aos serviços intramuros. Objetivo: descrever os indicadores de qualidade de saúde utilizados para avaliar os serviços de cuidados paliativos domiciliares segundo a literatura consultada. Método: revisão sistemática da literatura científica disponível sobre indicadores de qualidade em saúde em cuidados paliativos domiciliares. Para avaliar a qualidade metodológica foi utilizada a guia CASPe. Resultados: foram encontrados 47 indicadores que avaliam a qualidade dos serviços de atenção paliativa domiciliar, sendo os indicadores de resultado os que tiveram maior presença. Dentro dos indicadores mediram-se vários aspectos dos cuidados paliativos, como manejo dos sintomas, visitas domiciliares pelo pessoal especializado, local de preferência para o óbito, eventos relacionados com a segurança do paciente e disponibilidade de medicamentos. Conclusões: A medição do local do óbito e a presença de sintomas, mesmo com o tratamento farmacológico estabelecido, foram dois dos indicadores mais encontrados. Observou-se uma medição à equipe médica e de enfermagem superior ao restante dos profissionais que compõem a equipe multiprofissional de cuidados paliativos. Acharam-se alguns indicadores específicos para pacientes com patologias oncológicas
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Palliative Care , Attention , Indicators (Statistics) , Systematic Review , House Calls , Indicators and ReagentsABSTRACT
@#Many people with neurological impairment following stroke prefer home-based care instead of long-term hospitalization. This study aims to identify the physical and psychological outcomes of home-based care after a stroke. The studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, PsyARTICLES, MedLINE, CINAHL, and EBSCO. Twenty-seven articles analyzed and reviewed using the content analysis method. Most physical interventions resulted in increased upper body motor function. The most common equipment were treadmill and computer games. The studies we reviewed highlighted the muscle limb pain and falling as the adverse events that occur during home-based care, but most studies did not systematically document those adverse events. Home-based interventions are particularly effective to improve motor function and reduce anxiety and depression.
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Objective@#To investigate the gut microbiota diversity between the elderly supported by institution-based care and home-based care.@*Methods@#Fresh stool samples were collected from 18 aged persons supported by institution-based care (G1 group), 20 aged persons with home-based care (G2 group) and 20 middle-aged and young adults (G3 group). The V3-V4 hypervariable region of 16S rDNA was amplified and sequenced by next generation sequencing technology. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were analyzed by QIIME analysis platform for species annotation, diversity analysis, and inter-group difference analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio software.@*Results@#The top 6 microbiological taxa in the three groups were Firmicute, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. The abundance of the Firmicute in the G1 and G2 groups showed significant differences [(61.47±5.58)% vs (76.55±3.64)%, P<0.05]. The G1 and G3 groups had a statistically significant difference in the abundance of the Proteobacteria [(9.59±12.68)% vs (2.15±2.47)%, P<0.05]. The abundance of both Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria was higher in the G1 group than in the G2 group without significant difference between the two groups. No significant differences in diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson and Chao1) were found between G1 and G2 groups (P>0.05). Results of the NMDS analysis showed that the intra-group differences were greater than inter-group differences in G1 and G2 groups.@*Conclusions@#No significant difference in the diversity of gut microbiota was detected between the elderly supported by institution-based care and home-based care, but there were differences in the composition of the predominant gut microbiota.
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Objective To investigate the gut microbiota diversity between the elderly supported by institution-based care and home-based care. Methods Fresh stool samples were collected from 18 aged per-sons supported by institution-based care (G1 group), 20 aged persons with home-based care (G2 group) and 20 middle-aged and young adults (G3 group). The V3-V4 hypervariable region of 16S rDNA was ampli-fied and sequenced by next generation sequencing technology. Operational taxonomic units ( OTUs) were an-alyzed by QIIME analysis platform for species annotation, diversity analysis, and inter-group difference anal-ysis. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio software. Results The top 6 microbiological taxa in the three groups were Firmicute, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verru-comicrobia. The abundance of the Firmicute in the G1 and G2 groups showed significant differences [(61. 47±5. 58)％ vs (76. 55±3. 64)％, P<0. 05]. The G1 and G3 groups had a statistically significant difference in the abundance of the Proteobacteria [(9. 59±12. 68)％ vs (2. 15±2. 47)％, P<0. 05]. The abundance of both Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria was higher in the G1 group than in the G2 group without significant difference between the two groups. No significant differences in diversity indices ( Shannon, Simpson and Chao1) were found between G1 and G2 groups (P>0. 05). Results of the NMDS analysis showed that the intra-group differences were greater than inter-group differences in G1 and G2 groups. Con-clusions No significant difference in the diversity of gut microbiota was detected between the elderly sup-ported by institution-based care and home-based care, but there were differences in the composition of the predominant gut microbiota.
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Objective To explore the disease recognition and life demands in the elderly patients with chronic heart failure in order to help construction mode for the chronic patients in the community. Methods A qualitative, pilot study was conducted using semi structured interviews of 15 elderly chronic heart failure patients. Data were analyzed and verified using qualitative research techniques. Results Four themes were extracted including the difference about the diseases recognition;cognitive bias of the cardiac rehabilitation;want to improve the quality of life and want to have continue nursing. Conclusion Elderly chronic heart failure patients in the community have specially thought, strong relationships should build between hospital and community, strengthen the continue nursing, perfect the 7C intervene treatment system in order to improve the quality of life.
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Objective To construct a home-care service package for the urban disabled elderly that satisfy their demands and improve the efficiency of service. Methods From August to October, 2014, a total of 285 disabled (mild, medium and severe) elderly from a cluster sampling were investigated with the self-designed questionnaire about home-care demands among them. An initiatory service package was drawn to meet the demands reported by 40% of them or above. The package was consulted by a group of 15 experts using Delphi method. Results The final service package included 11, 19, 20 items of care for the mild, medium and severe disabled elderly, respectively. Conclu-sion The disabled elderly home-care package in Zhengzhou has been created based on the demands among disabled elderly.
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With the population ageing,increasing health needs and demands,changing family structure and the transformation of general hospital service model,home care as an important part of primary care,has been brought more and more attention.Home healthcare would relieve the pressure caused by increasing needs of elderly care and transformation of hospital functions,so it should have greater development in the future.This article reviews the present situation and the future development direction of home healthcare in China.
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<p>The aims of this study were to clarify difficulties experienced by families facing the cessation of home-based care for terminal cancer patients, and to review the associated necessary nursing practices. We conducted semi-structured interviews with ten families. A qualitative research design was selected for this study, and the data was interpreted using content analysis techniques. The results were integrated into seven major categories: “unable to assess present symptoms for lack of understanding terminal cancer symptoms,” “feeling emotional pain during the patient’s aggravated condition,” “difficulties in coping with various patients’ physical symptoms: problems regarding inexperienced care,” “exhausted by living 24 hours a day with patient: lack of support, because of constraints from important people in the caregiver’s life,” and “difficulties faced by primary family caregivers in preparing a treatment environment.” Family caregivers were not able to prepare a treatment environment, because of a lack of understanding the symptoms of terminal cancer and an unwillingness to admit experiencing mental and physical burdens. The findings of this study suggested that the role of a nurse is to understand the family’s condition and values, provide required information in advance, and to adjust and prepare the treatment environment.</p>
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Methadone, which has unique mechanism of long-acting mu receptor agonism paired with N-Methyl-D-Aspartate（NMDA）antagonism, is thought to have potential to control pain no longer responsive to other opioids. Fatal adverse effects of methadone are respiratory suppression and QT interval prolongation, which leads to ventricular tachycardia. Here we report a case of a patient who benefited from starting on methadone in hospital and increasing methadone safely in a home-based care setting. A 79-year-old Japanese woman, who developed local recurrence after resection for primary retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma, presented with frequent burning pain in right groin area. After receiving palliative radiation therapy, she took oxycodone and adjuvant analgesics but without relief, and began experiencing somnolence. She underwent opioid switching from oxycodone to methadone with her breakthrough pain remarkably improved. When her breakthrough pain recurred after discharge, escalating dosages of methadone was performed successfully with no serious adverse effects even in a home-based care setting, by forming multidisciplinary collaboration for the management of prescribing methadone among healthcare providers near her home.
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<b>Purpose</b>: The research is aimed at the evaluation of management of pain in elderly cancer patients receiving home-based care. <b>Methods</b>: A questionnaire of 29 questions was developed and 323 home-care physicians were invited to answer the questionnaire with an online system from January 19 to 25 2011. According to answers from the general physicians, we compared the differences of answers about managements of cancer pain between two groups (>75 years old cancer patients with or without cognitive disorder) by Pearson's chi-square test. <b>Results</b>: In a the question “Are patients able to appropriately express their cancer pain?”, the ratio of physicians' answers was different;, positive answers in the patients' group with cognitive disorder was significantly lower than those without cognitive disorder (<i>p</i>=0.0043). In other questions “Do physicians feel difficulty of assessment of analgesic effect of opioids?” and “Do physicians feel difficulty of dose-selection and adjustment of opioids?”, positive answers in patients' group with cognitive disorder were more dominant than those without cognitive disorder (<i>p</i><0.0001 each). Further, in the question “Do physicians feel cancer pain management is well-done?”, positive answers were significantly lower in patients with cognitive disorder than those without cognitive disorder (<i>p</i><0.0001). <b>Conclusion</b>: With the analyses of the answers from the physicians, we found that physicians felt difficulty of both the assessment of pain and analgesic effect of opioids in patients with cognitive disorder. It should be required for the physicians to improve pain management, especially to the patients with cognitive disorder.
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The primary aim of this study was to collect the views of physicians and nurses in the regions where community-based palliative care intervention trial, the OPTIM-study, was performed. A content analysis of free comments of the questionnaire survey was conducted. Questionnaires were mailed to 1,763 physicians and 3,156 nurses after the intervention, and 706 and 2,236 responses were obtained, respectively. A content analysis identified 327 free comments from physicians and 737 from nurses. As favorable effects, the categories [Multidisciplinary teams and community networks were established] [Home-based care is widespread] [Medical knowledge and skills are acquired just as those involved in palliative care] emerged. The main effects of the community palliative care program included the establishment of multidisciplinary teams and community networks, development of home-based care, and increasing knowledge, skills, and awareness about palliative care.
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This study aimed to explore participant experiences and perspectives of a multidisciplinary conference held after a cancer patient's death in the home setting under planning by the regional palliative care team. The multidisciplinary conferences studied were held in the community following the deaths of three cancer patients who were cared for at home or in nursing homes and supported by a regional palliative care team. We surveyed a total of 56 participants across the three conferences using a questionnaire comprising demographical questions and free description. We asked for impressions of the conference and perspectives regarding palliative care. The survey drew 48 effective responses (response rate, 87.5%). Content analysis of the participants' descriptions extracted the following issues with the multidisciplinary conferences, categorized under either as availability or problems: “mutual understanding through dialogue between multidisciplinary members”, “awareness leading to future practice”, “learning about palliative care”, and “barrier to dialogue between multidisciplinary members”. Highlighted problems surrounding the practice of palliative care with multi-institutional and multidisciplinary members were “conditions for practice in palliative care and care for dying patients” and “multi-institutional and multidisciplinary coordination”. The results indicated that multidisciplinary conferences held with the regional palliative care specialists following a cancer patient's death might be useful to facilitate multidisciplinary coordination and lead to better practice in palliative care in the community.
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The effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment delivered by a home-based care program to patients coinfected with HIV was compared with that of a service provided by outpatient departments. A retrospective study was made of a cohort of coinfected patients discharged from hospital between January 1998 and December 2002 who had been followed-up for one year within one of these programs. Two-hundred-and-forty-three patients who met the inclusion criteria were grouped according to their treatment program (group 1 received home-based care; group 2 attended outpatient departments) and then paired one-to-one across the groups by gender, age and level of education. Only 48 patients from each group could be paired. Apart from the duration of HIV infection, there were no statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between patients in the two groups with respect to social-demographic status and clinical or laboratory characteristics. In group 1, 75.0 percent of patients attained successful tuberculosis treatment compared with 72.9 percent of those in group 2 (P = 0.816). Treatment was abandoned by 22.9 percent of patients in group 1 and by 54.2 percent of those in group 2 (P = 0.008). The death rate within one year after discharge was 20.8 percent for group 1 compared with 6.3 percent for group 2 (P = 0.334). Although both programs achieved a similar success rate in the treatment of tuberculosis, patients receiving outpatient care were three to eight-times more likely to abandon the program. The importance of assigning patients at-risk of abandoning treatment to a home-based care program after discharge from hospital is emphasized.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Brazil , Home Care Services , Patient Discharge , Program Evaluation , Retrospective Studies , Socioeconomic Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Neonatal mortality in developing countries is one of the most important problems that need immediate attention in order to achieve Millennium Development Goals. About 4 million newborns die in the world every year, 90% of them in the developing world. Most of these deaths are preventable by simple interventions in the community. However, in most of the target countries, the implementation of essential newborn care has been very poor. The home based or community care packages include maternal care, essential newborn care, improving the behavior change communication of the community, resuscitation of newborn babies at the time of home delivery, and management of sick newborns with antibiotics at home. Studies have reported one-third to two-third reduction of mortality among newborns after home based care interventions. However, when translated into scaling up of home based newborn care in the worst affected districts of the country, the results are not very rewarding. Identification of limiting factors and effective up scaling of the home-based packages will prove to be of enormous benefit in reducing neonatal mortality.
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Home Nursing , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant Care , Infant Mortality , Infant, NewbornABSTRACT
Introducción El ingreso en el hogar es una alternativa asistencial de la atención primaria cuyos objetivos principales son mejorar la atención del paciente y lograr una utilización más eficiente de los recursos. En Cuba han sido pocos los estudios sobre esta modalidad que aborden diferentes entornos geográficos. Objetivos Estimar y caracterizar el costo directo del ingreso en el hogar para diferentes áreas geográficas en Cuba. Métodos Se desarrolló un estudio parcial, descriptivo, de costos entre 2001 y 2002 en cuatro áreas geográficas del país. Se consideraron aquellos costos asumidos por el Sistema Nacional de Salud y parte de los asumidos por las familias. Las partidas empleadas fueron: recursos humanos, material gastable, medios diagnósticos y tratamiento farmacológico. Se estimó el costo por paciente y por causa de ingreso. EL total de pacientes ingresados fue de 837. Resultados El costo por paciente osciló entre los casi 10,00 y 20,00 pesos. El área rural mostró el mayor costo en este aspecto. Las partidas de mayor aporte fueron el salario y el tratamiento farmacológico. La diferencia entre el costo por paciente del área rural y el resto estuvo determinada por el tratamiento. El ingreso en el hogar representó un gasto de familia promedio, por compra de medicamentos, que osciló entre los 7,00 y los 18,00 pesos por paciente. Conclusiones El ingreso en el hogar generó costos medios similares en las áreas urbanas y rurales. Las enfermedades respiratorias fueron las de mayores costos asociados y el aporte de las diferentes partidas fue similar independientemente del área geográfica y del motivo que causó el ingreso. A medida que la gravedad del paciente aumentó, se observó diferencias en los costos entre las áreas, y los incrementos se produjeron a expensas fundamentalmente de la partida "tratamiento".
Introduction Home-based care is a primary health care option mainly aimed at improving the patient care and at using available economic resources more effectively. There have been few studies on this care modality that included different geographical settings in Cuba. Objectives To estimate and to characterize the direct cost of home care in the various geographical areas of the island. Methods A partial cost study was conducted from 2001 to 2002 in four Cuban geographical areas. Those costs afforded by the national healthcare system and part of those paid by the families were analyzed. The considered items were human resources, waste materials, diagnostic means and drug therapy. Cost per patient and per cause of home care was estimated. The total number of patients cared at home was 837. Results The cost per patient ranged from nearly 10,00 to 20,00 pesos. The rural setting showed the highest cost in this regard. Items that contributed the most were salary and drug therapy. The difference between cost per patient in a rural area and in the other areas was determined by the kind of treatment. Home-based care accounted for an average family cost, in terms of purchase of drugs, from 7,00 to 18,00 pesos per patient. Conclusions Home care generated comparable average costs in both rural and urban areas. Respiratory diseases were the most costly and the contribution by the various items was similar regardless of the geographical area and of the cause of home care. As the condition of the patients became more critical, differences in terms of costs between urban and rural areas were observed, and cost increases mainly occurred at the expense of the item "treatment."
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Investigação de abordagem qualitativa que se enquadra como um estudo exploratório de caso individual. Cuja questão norteadora configurou-se em indagar como o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) disponibiliza o cuidado domiciliar intensivo. Os objetivos do estudo foram: analisar como é disponibilizado este suporte de saúde: qual o tipo de assistência prestada e como é a manutenção e garantia dos equipamentos; visibilizar como o sujeito deste estudo obteve este serviço: como o mesmo chegou até ele e quanto tempo demora. Os resultados revelam que os caminhos para se obter um suporte à vida são cercados de obstáculos e que este trajeto percorrido em busca de uma assistência domiciliar pela dinâmica do SUS envolve burocracia, profissionais e equipamentos que em muitas situações dificultam o acesso da população.
A qualitative investigation characterized as an exploratory study of individual case. The guiding point was inquiring into how the Public Health System (SUS) provides intensive home-based care. The study was aimed at analyzing how this health support is made available - that is, what kind of assistance is given and what is the equipment maintenance and warranty like - and at examining how the subject of this study obtained this service, that is, how the service reached him/her and how long it usually takes to do so. The results show that the paths to get life support are full of obstacles and that this path in search of home-based care through the SUS dynamics involves bureaucracy, professionals, and equipment that often make it difficult for the population to have access to public health services.
Investigación de abordaje cualitativa que se encuadra como un estudio exploratorio de caso individual. Cuya cuestión norteadora se configuró en indagar cómo el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) pone a disposición el cuidado domiciliar intensivo. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: analizar como se pone a disposición este soporte de salud: cuál es el tipo de asistencia prestada y cómo es el mantenimiento y la garantía de los equipos; ver cómo el sujeto de este estudio obtuvo este servicio: cómo el mismo llegó hasta él y cuánto tiempo tarda. Los resultados revelan que los caminos para obtenerse un soporte a la vida están cercados de obstáculos y que este trayecto recorrido en búsqueda de una asistencia domiciliar por la dinámica del SUS involucra burocracia, profesionales y equipos que en muchas situaciones dificultan el acceso de la población.