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Thevetia peruviana seed kernels are used for suicide attempts in many countries centuries back. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of toxicity exposure of seed kernels by acute and subacute studies on male wistar rats taking antioxidant enzyme levels in the vital organs like liver, kidney, heart and brain tissues myocardial marker enzyme levels in serum. Results revealed that antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GPX, GSH) levels was normal in the lower groups (25, 50 mg/kg), but drastic hike was observed in CKMB and LDH cardiac biomarker enzyme levels in 100 mg/ kg groups. In the liver tissues of group IV animals a significant dose dependent increase was observed in the activities of SOD (3.15 ± 0.58), GPx (46.55 ± 4.79) and GSH activity (18.20 ± 0.56). In kidney homogenates SOD and GSH level showed a statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) elevation, but the increase in GPx level shown by group IV animals (41.50 ± 7.04) was significant (p < 0.05) The activities of SOD in brain homogenates were increased significantly in group III (2.17 ± 0.24) and group IV (2.51 ± 0.27) animals. The GPx enzyme level also increased dose dependently (p < 0.01), but the level of GSH was found an insignificant hike. The heart, supposed to be the most adversely affected organ on cardiac glycoside administration, showed undisturbed values of enzyme levels. A noticeable elevation was observed in the serum CKMB and LDH enzyme levels in a dose dependent manner, but the extract did affect only the higher dosed animals (100 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05), In contrary to that, tissue homogenates of subacute animals under study showed a markedly significant hike in both CKMB and LDH levels. In conclusion, the level of toxicity and safety margin is very narrow, and the seeds really take lives of organisms, whose intake is accidentally or deliberately.
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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have observed the expression of formyl peptide receptor 2 in newly differentiated neurons from neural stem cells and confirmed that formyl peptide receptor 2 can promote the migration of neural stem/progenitor cells and induce them to differentiate into neurons. Formyl peptide receptor 2 ligands are present in damaged spinal cord tissues, but the binding of different ligands with FPR2 may lead to different and even opposite biological effects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neurite outgrowth after the binding of the ligands produced following spinal cord injury with formyl peptide receptor 2. METHODS: The fetal rat cerebral cortical neurons were extracted by enzymatic digestion. Spinal cord injury models were established in Sprague-Dawley rats, and the injured spinal cord homogenate was extracted. (1) Experiment 1: To observe the effect of the activation of formyl peptide receptor 2 on neurite outgrowth, the cells were divided into control group, formyl peptide receptor 2 blocker group (addition of WRW4), spinal cord homogenate group, spinal cord homogenate+WRW4 group. (2) Experiment 2: To observe the effect of blockade of AKT and ERK signaling pathways on neurite outgrowth after activation of formyl peptide receptor 2, the cells were divided into control group, AKT and ERK signaling pathway blocker group (addition of Ly294002+PD98059), spinal cord homogenate group, spinal cord homogenate+ Ly294002+PD98059 group. After 24 hours of culture, adherent neurons were treated with above-mentioned regimens for 7 days. Immunofluorescence staining with confocal microscope detection was used to observe the effect of spinal cord homogenate on neurite outgrowth via the activation of formyl peptide receptor 2. The cells were treated by the above-mentioned regimens for 30 minutes and phosphorylated protein levels were detected by western blot. The cells were treated with the above-mentioned regimens for 24 hours, and western blot assay was used to detect F-actin levels and observe the phosphorylation of key proteins in MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways with the presence of formyl peptide receptor 2 specific blocker WRW4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: WRW4 could eliminate the effects of injured spinal cord homogenates on neurite outgrowth, including neurite length, the number of primary neurites, and the number of branch points. Spinal cord homogenate increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt in neurons, whereas this effect could be blocked by WRW4. Ly294002 and PD98059 could also eliminate the effects of homogenates on the neurite outgrowth. Spinal cord homogenate significantly increased the expression of F-actin in neurons, but this effect was blocked by WRW4. These results suggest that spinal cord homogenates can expedite neurite outgrowth by activating formyl peptide receptor 2, which may be related to the increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt.
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Objective To compare delivery accuracy and precision of nutrients as well as physicochemical property between self-made homogenate diet an d commercial dairy based enteral nutrition product and investigate the clinical significances.Methods GB methods were used to examine and analyze the nutrients in self-made homogenate diet and commercial dairy based protein product.Results Self-made homogenate diet exhibited high viscosity (20,000±2121.32) cps because of high water content.The actual values for macronutrients and energy were all lower than 10％ of designed values.The actual values for lipid soluble vitamins A and E were only 49.32％ and 56.47％ of designed values,while the actual values for water soluble vitamins B1,B6 and C were all very low that were close to or lower than detection levels.All minerals,except for potassium were lower than the designed values,wherein iron was only 25.16％ of designed value.For commercial enteral nutrition product,the actual contents of energy,macro-and micro-nutrients including vitamins and minerals were all higher than the designed values and the difference between the contents of minerals and its designed values were controlled within deviation range (5％ ～ 10％).Conclusion For vitamins and minerals in self-made homogenate diet,non-linear correlation was identified between the testing value and designed value.Commercial enteral nutrition product can provide more accurate nutrient level to reach the designed value,and has better flexibility on individual nutrient fortification.
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Objective:To analyze and identify the brain and blood absorption components of rats after intragastric administration of Buyang Huanwu Tang(BYHWT). Method:The brain tissue,plasma of normal rats and the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS.The prototype components in BYHWT were identified according to retention time,accurate relative molecular weight,primary and secondary mass spectrometry data. Result:After the administration of BYHWT,five compounds were found to enter the normal brain tissue through the blood-brain barrier and identified as calycosin-7-glucoside,albiflorin,formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-acetyl,safflower yellow A and astragaloside A;two compounds penetrated the blood-brain barrier and entered modeling brain tissue,and they were identified as calycosin-7-glucoside and formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-acetyl;seven compounds entered normal plasma and were identified as calycosin-7-glucoside,albiflorin,hydroxysafflor yellow A,et al;three compounds entered model plasma and identified as calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-acetyl,6″-O-acetyl-(6αR,11αR)-9,10-dimetho-xypterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glucoside and formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-acetyl. Conclusion:BYHWT has different pharmacological material basis in normal and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the metabolic differences of the effective fractions of total glycosides of Jinkui Shenqi Pills in liver homogenate and blood by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MSn). METHODS: The in vitro metabolism of the glycosides was studied using rat liver homogenate and the in vivo metabolism was investigated in rats. The metabolites were detected by HPLC-ESI/MS/MS. According to the molecular ion peak in negative ion mode, the molecular weight information of the compound was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 13 chemical components were detected in the rat liver homogenate after incubation for 20 min. Eight prototype components were detected in both liver homogenate and plasma while pentagalloylglucose was only found in the liver homogenate. A total of nine metabolites were detected in plasma, and only four metabolites were found in the liver, which were shared by those in plasma. CONCLUSION: The four common metabolites are produced through liver metabolism of the total glycosides. The RESULTS of this study have important implications for revealing the metabolic mechanisms of the total glycoside constituents in vitro and in vivo.
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Objective To prepare palmatine-loaded flexible nano-liposomes (PFL) films with Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) as membrane material, and evaluate its pharmacy related performance in order to lay the foundation for further application. Methods The PFL was prepared by injection method and the films of PFL based on Bletilla striata polysaccharide (PFL-BPF) was prepared by homogenate coating method. The PFL-BPF was characterized and evaluated by electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and in vitro transmucosal membrane experiment. Results The PFL and BSP had good compatibility and easy to film with BSP as membrane material. The appearance of PFL-BPF obtained was smooth, non-bubble, flexible, and suitable stiffness; PFL-BPF had good biological adhesion. The time of scouring the film agent from mucous membrane with normal saline was (130 ± 7) min. At 0.5 h, the dose of PFL-BPF promoting palmatine (PA) infiltration to mucosa was 32.41 μg/g. It was 3.17 times higher than those of PA solution based on BSP (PL-BPF) and 1.9 times for PA common liposomes based on BSP (BLP + PA-BPF) (t-test, P < 0.05); At 2.5 h, it was 2.67 times and 1.89 times higher than those of PL-BPF and BLP + PA-BPF, respectively. It showed that PFL-BPF could significantly promote the water-soluble drug PA through mucosa membrane and release it slowly. The results of DSC showed that the possible mechanism for promoting the absorption of PA through mucosa membrane was that the flexible liposomes disturbed the mucosal epithelial cells and carried the drug into the mucosal tissue. Conclusion The PFL-BPF had the advantages of good film-forming property, lasting adhesive attraction, strong scour resistance, simple and feasible preparation process, and could promote drug permeation into mucosa obviously. Therefore, the flexible nano-liposomes film is a good drug carrier for the transmucosal drug delivery applications and has a wide application prospect.
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Objective To analyze the usefulness of homogenate diet when applying for the bowel preparation in electronic colonoscopy. Methods one hundred and eighty patients were selected in Nanjing drum tower hospital from October 2015 to May 2016, including 90 cases in the treatment group and 90 cases in the control group. Using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale, the intestinal tract cleanness and the adverse reaction between two groups were compared. Results The treatment group was better in the intestinal cleanliness compared with the control group, there was statistical difference (transversostomy:χ2=8.545, P=0.014;left colon:χ2=8.430, P=0.015). Adverse reactions in the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group (χ2=4.305, P=0.004). Conclusions Homogenate diet can guarantee nutrition supply before the preoperative, improve bowel preparation efficiency and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.
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AIM: To analyze the effect of human amniotic homogenate extract on corneal neovascularization after corneal alkali burn in the process of pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the effect of corneal neovascularization.METHODS: Totally 32 patients with corneal alkali burn were selected from June 2015 to June 2016 in Foshan,and were randomly divided into Group A and Group B,with a total of 37 eyes.Group A of 17 cases,with a total of 19 eyes,were treated with 40mg/L human amniotic homogenate extract;Group B (n=15),and 18 eyes,treated with 3g/L prednisolone eye drops.In the treatment of 1,4,7,14,21 and 28d at different time points,we observed the growth of corneal neovascularization,and detected the expression of PEDF and VEGF during angiogenesis.RESULTS: Group A of patients in the use of human amniotic homogenate extract after the treatment,the expression level of PEDF was significantly higher than that in Group B(P=0.001),after 28d treatment,the expression level of PEDF reached 0.721±0.314.While patients in Group B the expression level of PEDF was only 0.538±0.253.Two groups had significant difference between the expression level of PEDF (P<0.05).The expression level of VEGF in Group A was lower than in Group B at different time points in the test.After the treatment of 28d patients in the Group A,the expression level of VEGF was 0.152±0.020,in Group B the expression level of VEGF was0.302±0.031.Two groups of patients with VEGF expression level between the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The patients number in Group A with corneal neovascularization was significantly lower than that in Group B,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Human amniotic homogenate extract can increase the expression of PEDF in corneal neovascularization after corneal alkali burn,inhibit the expression of VEGF and the proliferation of corneal neovascularization.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of fresh food homogenate instead of traditional liquid and semiliquid diet on the condition of nutrition and aspiration in the early stage of pulling out the na-sogastric tube in patients with moderate dysphagia.Methods:Forty patients with tube feeding were randomly divided into observation group and control group.Each group had 20 cases.After extubation,the observation group ate fresh food homogenate,and the control group were feeding liquid and semi liquid diet.The actual calories intake,protein,carbohydrate,lipid and dietary fiber were recorded on the first day and the fifteenth day of intervention.The values of serum albumin,prealbumin,hemoglobin and total lymphocyte count were measured.The rate of aspiration and constipation was observed continuously during the study.Results:After 2 weeks of intervention,the daily energy and nutrient intake,nutritional biochemical indexes of observation group were higher than those of control group (P ＜ 0.05),and the incidence of aspiration and constipation was decreased in observation group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Compared with the conventional liquid and semi liquid diet,fresh food homogenate can increase the intake of daily calorie and nutrition in patients with moderate dysphagia in the early stage after the feeding tube was pulled out,improve nutritional status,reduce the aspiration and constipation,and be well tolerated.
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Background: Crinum zeylanicum is widely used in the ethno-therapeutic management of folk management of epilepsy, pain, neuropsychiatric, and dementing disorders in Nigeria. The current study was carried out to evaluate the possible mechanism of the memory enhancing the effect of C. zeylanicum extract and alkaloidal rich fraction in Wistar rats. Methods: The effect of Crinum zeylanicum bulb extract (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight orally), alkaloidal rich fraction (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight p.o.), normal saline (10 ml/kg orally), or Eserine (0.3 mg/kg body weight i.p.) on spatial memory in rats was evaluated using the Y-maze. The blood samples obtained from rats in all treatment groups were evaluated for cholinesterase activities using modified Michelle electrometric method. Results: The extract and the alkaloid significantly (p<0.05) and dose-dependently increased spontaneous alternation behavior of rats in Y-maze. The extract produced 20.00%, 35.55%, and 52.00% inhibition of cholinesterase activity in the blood at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The alkaloid produced 56.67%, 62.67%, and 68.67% inhibition of cholinesterase activity in blood at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight (p.o.). Eserine a standard cholinesterase inhibitor at 0.3 mg/kg body weight produced a significant increase in spontaneous alternation behavior and produced 73.33% inhibition of blood cholinesterase activity. Data obtained from the study showed that the enhanced spontaneous alternation behavior observed in rats treated with the extract, and the alkaloid may be due to facilitation of cholinergic transmission resulting from inhibition of cholinesterase activity. Conclusion: The extract, as well as its partially purified alkaloid, possesses potential that may be employed for therapeutic management of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Objective: To study the critical influence factors in the preparation of orally disintegrating tablets of fresh antler with all ingredients (ODT-FA) by lyophilized method and to optimize the preparation technology. Methods: The lyophilized molding technology was used to prepare the ODT-FA and the optimal formulation and preparation were obtained by means of single factor test with promoting cell proliferation activity, moisture content, disintegration time, and appearance as evaluation criterion. Results: The optimal preparation conditions of ODT-FA were as follows: The frozen storage temperature of fresh antler was -40°C, acetate buffer was used as diluent to mix with the fresh antler powder according to ratio of 1:2, then to homogenize for 10 min under liquid nitrogen protection with 10% trehalose as lyoprotectant, and the homogenate was lyophilized in vacuum after poured into the mold to prepare the ODT-FA. The tablets could disintegrate within 30 s completely and its moisture content was less than 5%. In addition, there was no difference in promoting cell proliferation compared with fresh antler. Conclusion: The ODT-FA prepared by optimal technology has highly biological activity and is easy to take. The optimal preparation process is stable and suitable for industrial production.
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Objective To explore the treatment effect of potato homogenate on the treatment of drug extravasation during intravenous injection.Methods 320 cases of drug extravasation patients during the intravenous infusion were randomly divided into the potato homogenategroup,named group A; patato slice group named group B and magnesium sulfate group as group C.The group A,B and C were separately treated with the external application of potato homogenate,thin slice of fresh potato and 33％ magnesium sulfate.The therapeutic effects of the 3 groups were compared.Results The therapeutic effect of group A was superior to that of group B and C,and the healing time in group A was much shorter than that in group B and C,and group B was batter than group C,there was significant difference between the above comparison groups.Conclusions The therapeutic effect of external application of fresh potato in the treatment of extravasation injury caused by the drugs is remarkable.Potato homogenate can improve the treatment effect and shorten healing time when compared with potato slice.
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Baicalein (5, 6, 7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one), a naturally occurring flavone present in some of the medicinal plants is known for its potential therapeutic effects, such as cardioprotective, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, detailed role and mechanisms behind its protective properties against different generators for oxidative stress have not been examined. In the present study, we investigated the possible protective ability of baicalein against the membrane damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the mechanisms involved using pulse radiolysis technique. Baicalein offered efficient protection even at a concentration of 10 M towards membrane damage caused by lipid peroxidation induced by the -radiation, peroxyl radicals, ascorbate-Fe2+ and peroxynitrite in rat liver mitochondria and heart homogenate. To elucidate its reaction mechanisms with biologically relevant radicals, transient absorption spectroscopy employing pulse radiolysis technique was used. Baicalein showed fairly high rate constants (3.7 × 109, 1.3 × 109 and 8.0 × 108 dm3 mol-1 s-1 for hydroxyl, azidyl and alkylchloroperoxyl radicals, respectively), suggesting that baicalein can act as an effective scavenger of these radicals. In each case, the phenoxyl radical of baicalein was generated. Thus, it was evident that the phenolic moiety of baicalein was responsible for the free radical scavenging process. Baicalein also reacts with linoleic acid peroxyl radical (LOO·), indicating its ability to act as a chain breaking antioxidant. Peroxynitrite-mediated radicals were shown to be reactive towards baicalein and the bimolecular rate constants were 2.5 × 107 and 3 × 108 dm3 mol-1 s-1 for ·NO2 and CO3·- radicals, respectively. In conclusion, our results revealed the potential of baicalein in protecting mitochondrial membrane against oxidative damage induced by the four different agents. We propose that the protective effect is mediated via scavenging of primary and secondary radicals generated during oxidative stress.
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Animals , Cell Membrane/drug effects , Female , Flavanones/chemistry , Flavanones/pharmacology , Free Radicals , Heart/drug effects , Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolismABSTRACT
Backgroud: Liver is continuously exposed to a variety of toxic agents like drugs and chemicals that may interfere with hepatic function and may cause hepatic damage. Oyster mushroom is excellently edible, nutritious and has got free radical scavenging activity, thereby may be considered as hepatoprotective agent. Objective: To observe the effect of Oyster mushroom on paracetamol induced changes in serum bilirubin and liver tissue protein in rats. Method: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2010. A total number of 34 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 210 grams were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups, control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B- mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group). Control group was again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control) and group A2 (paracetamol treated control group). All groups of animals received basal diet for 30 consecutive days. Group A1 consisted of 10 rats, received propylene glycol (2 ml/kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group A2 consisted of 14 rats, received single dose of paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group B consisted of 10 rats, received mushroom extract (200 mg/ kg bw, orally) for 30 consecutive days and paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 31st day. Then blood and liver sample were collected. Estimation of serum total bilirubin level and assessment of protein concentration in liver tissue homogenate were done by using standard laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Result: The mean serum total bilirubin was significantly (p< 0.001) higher in paracetamol treated group in comparison to that of baseline control group. Again, the mean serum total bilirubin was significantly (p<0.001) lower in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to that of paracetamol treated group (control). The protein concentration in liver tissue homogenate was significantly (p<0.01) lower in paracetamol treated group in comparison to that of baseline control group. Again, in the liver tissue homogenate protein concentration was significantly (p<0.001) higher in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to that of paracetamol treated group (control). Conclusion: The present study revealed that Oyster mushroom can protect liver tissue against paracetamol induced liver damage.
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Objective To establish a method of a new type of liver fibrosis model in rats induced by repeated injection of rabbits' liver homogenate. Methods Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (8 rats), a human albumin induced liver fibrosis model group (15 rats) and a rabbits'liver homogenate induced liver fibrosis group (15 rats). The induction of liver fibrosis began with an immune sensitizing period (4 weeks) and was followed by an immune attacking period (8 weeks). After 8 weeks'attacking, all rats were sacrificed under anesthesia. Liver enzymes in serum and hydroxyproline in liver tissue were measured by standard methods and pathological scores were assessed by pathologists. Results The rats' liver weight, ratio of liver weight to body weight in the model group of liver homogenate were significantly increased compared with the normal control group. Serum globulin, tissue hydroxyproline were significantly increased, whereas serum albumin was significantly decreased in the homogenate group. There was only 20.0 percent of liver fibrosis score (2/10) exceeding a degree of 3 in the albumin group whereas 73.3 percent of that (11/15) were exceeding a degree of 3 in the homogenate group and the difference was significant (x2 = 4. 87,P = 0. 027). Conclusion In the study, we established a method of a new type of experimental liver fibrosis model in rats. The method has a significantly high success rate and this model can be used to study the mechanism of liver fibrosis and the efficacy of antifibrotic medicine.
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Background: Liver damage can be occurred due to prolonged use of higher doses of some drugs, exposure to some chemicals or infectious agents. But liver protective drugs are not available in modern medicine. Some hepatoprotective herbal medicines are often used in the treatment of liver damage. Objective: This experimental study was carried out to observe the hepatoprotective effect of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) against paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Method: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2010. A total number of 34 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 210 grams were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups, control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B- mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group). Control group again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control) and group A2 (paracetamol treated control group). All groups of animals received basal diet for 30 consecutive days. Group A1 consisted of 10 rats, received propylene glycol (2 ml/kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group A2 consisted of 14 rats, received single dose of paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group B consisted of 10 rats, received mushroom extract (200 mg/ kg bw, orally) for 30 consecutive days and paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 31st day. Then blood and liver samples were collected. Initial body weight, final body weight and liver weight were measured. Then measurement of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and assessment of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in liver tissue homogenate were done by using standard laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Result: The mean serum AST, ALT levels and in the liver tissue MDA concentration were significantly (p<0.001) higher in paracetamol treated group in comparison to those of baseline control group. Again, the mean serum AST (p<0.05), ALT (p<0.05) levels and in the liver tissue homogenate MDA concentration (p<0.001) were significantly lower in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to those of only paracetamol treated group (control). Conclusion: This study reveals that Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) which is excellently edible and nutritious, may have some hepatoprotective role.
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Este estudo foi estruturado em cinco capítulos. No capítulo I temos um breve referencial teórico sobre a importância da carne de frango, os mecanismos da oxidação lipídica e a utilização de antioxidantes naturais. O capítulo II traz os ensaios da avaliação da atividade antioxidante in vitro do mel e das especiarias orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) e sálvia (Salvia officinalis L.) durante a vida de prateleira. Os resultados de fenólicos totais do orégano indicaram um aumento de 1154,09 a 1611,28 mgEAG/mL (O a 12 meses) e na sálvia os valores variaram entre 1309,8 a 2032,4 mgEAG/mL no decorrer do tempo (O a 12 meses). Os resultados da porcentagem da inibição da oxidação lipídica (% IOL), pelo sistemas β-caroteno/ácido linoléico mostrou que a sálvia inibiu a oxidação em 74,6, 81,3 e 81,3%, nos tempos (0,6 e 12 meses) e o orégano apresentou valores de inibição de (43,2, 63,3 e 50,7%). Quando se avaliou o índice de atividade antioxidante (IAA) utilizando o aparelho Rancimat, a sálvia apresentou um índice de atividade antioxidante (3,35) superior aos demais, que apresentaram 1,69, 1,25 e 1,08 para o BHT, orégano e mel, respectivamente. Os resultados do ensaio da capacidade de absorbância do radical oxigênio (ORAC) revelou que o orégano apresentou valores de 544,6, 430,7 e 1019,6 ET µmol/g, nos tempos O, 6 e 12 meses, respectivamente...
This study has been structured into five chapters. Chapter I provides a brief historical theoretical reference point regarding the importance of chicken meat, the mechanisms of lipid oxidation and the use of natural antioxidants. Chapter II presents trials evaluating the in vitro antioxidant activity, of honey and the spices oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) over their shelf life. The results for oregano indicated an increase in total phenols from 1154.09 to 1611.28 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (0 to 12 months). For sage, the values changed from 1309.8 to 2032.4 mg GAE/100 g over the period (0 to 12 months) and for honey, the values measured were 1007.1, 1830.4 and 2129.9 mg GAE/100 g at the times of 0,6 and 12 months, respectively. The results relating to the percentage inhibition of lipid oxidation(% ILO) by the ß-carotene/linoleic acid system showed that sage inhibited oxidation by 74.6, 81.3 and 81.3% at the times of 0,6 and 12 months, while oregano presented inhibition values of 43.2, 63.3 and 50.7%. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity index (AAI) using the Rancimat apparatus showed that the AAI for sage (3.35) was greater than the indices for the other agents, which were 1.69, 1.25 and 1.08 for BHT, oregano and honey, respectively. The results from testing the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) showed that oregano presented values of 544.6, 430.7 and 1019.6 TE µmol/g at the times of 0,6 and 12 months, respectively. Sage presented ORAC values of 610.45, 467.44 and 822.21 at the times of 0,6 and 12 months and honey presented 47.3, 22.4 and 26.1 ET µmol/g, at the times of 0,6 and 12 months. Comparing these results with those described in the literature, it can be concluded that these herbs and honey have high potential as antioxidants. Chapter III shows the influence of the bioactive compounds in sage and oregano for protection against lipid oxidation, in a microsomal substrate of chicken meat. The mean concentrations of TBARS (µmol of MDA/mg of protein) observed in the breast meat samples were, for the control, 7.45; for BHT, 1.91; and for oregano+sage, 3.45. In the thigh meat samples, the following results were observed: control (9.83); BHT (4.27); oregano+sage (3.15). The treatments (BHT and oregano+sage) reached their peak inhibition after three hours (82.42% and 82.25%, respectively). However, analysis of the inhibition of lipid oxidation in the microsomal fraction of the thigh meat showed that the BHT treatment reached its peak inhibition (66.50%) after one hour of induction and the oregano+sage treatment reached its peak inhibition after three hours (82.25%). The results relating to inhibition of lipid oxidation during the induction period showed that, in relation to the control, the treatments implemented had a positive influence regarding protection against lipid oxidation in a microsomal substrate of chicken breast meat. Chapter IV evaluates the effect of spices and honey with regard to protecting against lipid oxidation in a system consisting of a homogenate model of chilled chicken meat. The results from water action on the breast and thigh meat homogenates (either, raw or cooked) showed that the treatment (oregano+sage+10%honey) reduced the quantity of free water over the period of refrigeration. With regard to the pH values in the breast meat homogenates, it was seen that they rose over the period of refrigeration, in all the treatments evaluated. In the thigh meat, the pH values were higher than those observed in the breast meat. In the homogenates of raw breast meat, a marked loss of moisture was observed in all of the treatments and, particularly, at all durations of refrigeration. In the samples of cooked breast meat, no significant differences in moisture were seen between the control and the treatment with oreganó+sage+5%honey. In the homogenates of raw thigh meat, the moisture values ranged from 60.82 to 66.96 g/100 g. The myoglobin content in the homogenates of raw breast meat ranged from 1.95% to 2.01% at time zero. After 96 hours of refrigeration, the percentage myoglobin ranged from 1.85 to 1.96, with lower concentrations in the samples treated with spices and honey...
Subject(s)
Animals , Antioxidants/classification , Spices/analysis , In Vitro Techniques , Lipid Peroxidation , Honey/analysis , Origanum/metabolism , Biologic Oxidation/prevention & control , Meat Products , Salvia/metabolism , Food Analysis/methods , Food Samples , PoultryABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the etfect of microenvironment simulated by colon carcinoma homogenate supernatant on the differentiation and development of human dendritic ceils (DCs), and to investigate the function of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) during this process . Methods Fresh colon carcinoma and peri-cancer tissues were collected to prepare homogenate supernatant. The pe-ripberal blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured with 1640 medium including rhGM-CSF and rhIL-4. Then the colon carcinoma homogenate supernatant, peri--carcinoma homogenate supernatant and VEGF-A were added to the cultures at day 2. Antigen of colon carcinoma cell line SW620 was added at day 4 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added at day 6. DCs were collected at day 8 for further study. The con-tent of VEGF-A was tested by ELISA. The morphology and the immunopbenotype of DCs were checked by microscope and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of CDIa was tested by RT-PCR, and the prolif-eration and killing rate of T cell was measured by CCK-8. Results The content of VEGF-A in the homoge-nate supernatant of colon carcinoma was significantly higher than that of the peri-carcinoma (P ＜ 0. 05). Compared with normal DCs, the cell morphology of colon carcinoma homogenate aupernatant group was in-hibited, and the cell number was decreased. Besides, the positive expression rate of DC surface markers de-creased (P ＜ 0.01). The capacity of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and killing capacity of T cells de-creased(P ＜0.01). However, there was almost no difference between VEGF-A group and normal DCs on the cell morphology and cell number, and VEGF-A had no obvious inhibition on the expression of DCs sur-face markers (P ＞ 0.05). But VEGF-A group had significantly inhibitory effect on the MLR and T cells kill-ing. Conclusion The tumor microenvironment simulated by the colon carcinoma homogenate supernatant obviously has inhibitory effect on the differentiation and function of DCs, and VEGF-A has the inhibitory effect on DC function, but the inhibitory effect is not through the inhibition of the expression of DC costimu-lators.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish RP-HPLC method for the fast determination of floxuridinein in serum and homogenate of some of the organs of mice. METHODS: The determination was performed on C18 chromatographic column with its mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer(pH= 7.4) - methanol(95∶5) and with its detection wavelength at 268nm. RESULTS: Linear detection concentration ranges of floxuridinein were all at 15～240?g/ml. The minimum detection concentration was 3?g/mL(S/N≥3). The average extraction recovery was above 95%. The average recovery ranged from 91%to 112%. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 10%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, rapid, reliable and economical, and it can be used for the determination of serum floxuridinein concentration and the study of its body distribution in animals.
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Objective To investigate the antimicrobial properties of human amniotic homogenate supernatant (HAHS) in order to found a theoretical base for the use of human amniotic membrane in ophthalmological field. MethodsFresh human amniotic membranes were used to make HAHS and acellular amniotic membranes. Then, we observed their antimicrobial effects and antimicrobial spectrums, compared the antimicrobial capacity with 10 commonly used antibiotics in eyes, and investigated the effects of time, temperature and pH value on the antimicrobial capacity. Finally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to explore the possible targeting site of the antibiosis. ResultsHuman amnion membrane contained antimicrobial components locating in its epithelial cells. HAHS had a broad antimicrobial spectrum and was steady in nature. Its antimicrobial capacity was stronger than those of sulfasulfonamide, chloromycetin and cefuroxime sodium. TEM indicated that the antimicrobial effect were exerted through plasma membrane of microorganism. ConclusionHAHS can be an effective and convenient treatment for ocular surface infectious diseases. Traditional amnion transplantation should employ fresh human amniotic membranes containing complete epithelial lamina to reconstruct the ocular surface.