Mechanisms of mid-thoracic spine fracture/dislocation due to falls during horse racing: A report of two cases / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

We reported two cases of jockeys who sustained fracture/dislocation of the mid-thoracic spine due to traumatic falls during horse racing. We examined the injury mechanism based upon the patients' diagnostic images and video footage of races, in which the accidents occurred. Admission imaging of patient 1 (a 42 years old male) revealed T5 burst fracture with bony retropulsion of 7 mm causing complete paralysis below T5/6. There existed 22° focal kyphosis at T5/6, anterolisthesis of T5 relative to T6, T5/6 disc herniation, cord edema and epidural hemorrhage from T4 through T6, and cord injury from C3 through C6. Admission imaging of patient 2 (a 23 years old male) revealed T4/5 fracture/dislocation causing incomplete paralysis below spinal level. There existed compression fractures at T5, T6, and T7; 4 mm anterior subluxation of T4 on T5; diffuse cord swelling from T3 through T5; comminuted fracture of the C1 right lateral mass; right frontal traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage; and extensive diffuse axonal injury. The injuries were caused by high energy flexion-compression of the mid-thoracic spine with a flexed posture upon impact. Our results suggest that substantially greater cord compression occurred transiently during trauma as compared to that documented from admission imaging. Video footage of the accidents indicated that the spine buckled and failed due to abrupt pocketing and deceleration of the head, neck and shoulders upon impact with the ground combined with continued forward and downward momentum of the torso and lower extremities. While a similar mechanism is well known to cause fracture/dislocation of the cervical spine, it is less common and less understood for mid-thoracic spine injuries. Our study provides insight into the etiology of fracture/dislocation patterns of the mid-thoracic spine due to falls during horse racing.

Corridas de cavalos em Campinas: das ruas e dos quilombos ao hipódromo (1870-1898) / Horse racing in Campinas: from streets and quilombos to the hippodrome (1870-1898) / Carreras de caballos en Campinas: de las calles y los quilombos al hipódromo (1870-1898)

Este artigo analisa o surgimento e o desenvolvimento inicial das corridas de cavalos em Cam-pinas, entre 1870 e 1898. Para analisar essa prática que expressa novas relações com a nature-za, aproximamo-nos do debate acerca da historicidade dessas novas relações que se configu-ram em atitudes humanas diante do mundo natural. Metodologicamente, o artigo é caracteri-zado como pesquisa histórica, pautada pelos procedimentos da história cultural, e o conjunto de fontes foi constituído por dois jornais locais e imagens. Presentes em várias cidades brasi-leiras neste período, as corridas de cavalos ganham notoriedade em Campinas a partir da construção do primeiro hipódromo da cidade e atestam a passagem de uma prática de diverti-mento que se sistematiza e se aproxima da lógica do esporte moderno.

This paper analyzes the emergence and initial development of horse racing in Campinas, be-tween 1870 and 1898. In order to analyze this practice that expresses new relations with na-ture, we needed to approach the debate about the historicity of these new relations that con-figure human attitudes towards the natural world. The paper is characterized as a historical research based on the procedures of cultural history, using a set of sources constituted by two local newspapers andimages. Horse racing was present in many Brazilian cities in this period. They gained notoriety in Campinas with the construction of the city's racecourse and con-firmed the transformation of an amusement practice that is systematized towards the logics of modern sports.

Analizamos aquí el surgimiento y desarrollo inicial de las carreras de caballo en Campinas, entre 1870 y 1898. Para analizar esta práctica que expresa nuevas relaciones con la naturaleza, nos aproximamos del debate sobre la historicidad de estas nuevas relaciones que se configu-ran en actitudes humanas frente al mundo natural. El artículo se caracteriza como una investi-gación histórica basada en los procedimientos de la historia cultural, y las fuentes fueron constituidas por dos diarios locales e imágenes. Presente en varias ciudades brasileras del pe-ríodo, las carreras de caballo ganan notoriedad en Campinas a partir de la construcción de su primer hipódromo y atestan el pasaje de una práctica de divertimento que se sistematiza y se aproxima de la lógica del deporte moderno.

Relationship between Horse Racing Addiction and Health Status Indicators

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between the horse racing addiction and the health status indicators. METHODS: Surveys were conducted with visitors of the Korea Racing Association in Gyeonggi-do, from September 1 to September 24, 2017. We used the questionnaire, which contains questions to assess the horse racing addiction, mood depression, health-related quality of life, smoking amount, alcohol dependency, etc. Survey data were analyzed through t-test, chi-square test, logistic regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis by SPSS program (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The pathological gambling group was 47.5% (n=38) of the visitors, and they showed a different racecourse use behavior compared to the normal group. In addition, we found that the pathological gambling group had a significantly different health-related quality of life score and a depression score from the normal group, and that the addiction score and the depression score had a linear correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Among the racecourse visitors, the ratio of the pathological gambler was considerably high, and the pathological gambling group showed different health-related quality of life score and a depression score compared to the normal group; especially, the depression score has a significant correlation with horse racing addiction. Therefore, the horse racing association and the health authorities should recognize the seriousness of the horse racing addiction, make an effort to select high risk users, and prepare a program to prevent pathological gambling.

Os primeiros vestígios da esportivização das práticas equestres em Porto Alegre / The first vestiges of the sportivization of the equestrian practices in Porto Alegre

O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender como as práticas equestres incorporaram elementos de esportivização, em Porto Alegre, entre meados do século XIX e o início do século XX. Para tanto, as práticas equestres foram tratadas como práticas culturais que produzem representações; assim, para a realização desta pesquisa histórica, foram analisadas informações coletadas em jornais e revistas porto-alegrenses que circulavam no período, como o Almanaque Esportivo do Rio Grande do Sul, a Revista Sportiva, a Revista do Globo, o Correio do Povo e a Gazeta de Porto Alegre. As práticas equestres são práticas culturais que estão relacionadas historicamente com a configuração do cenário sociocultural de Porto Alegre. O cavalo, para a identidade do sul-rio-grandense, representa um de seus símbolos, uma vez que sempre se associaram, ao longo da história do Rio Grande do Sul. A parceria entre homem e animal está presente, também, nos momentos de lazer e diversão. As fontes revelaram que, no contexto predominantemente rural, em Porto Alegre, na segunda metade do século XIX, emergiram as primeiras práticas equestres com elementos de esportivização. Neste período, já ocorriam, na cidade, práticas esportivas com a participação do cavalo, como, por exemplo, as “carreiras em cancha reta”, o turfe, e as touradas. Dentre estas, destacam-se o turfe como exemplo de práticas equestres que desenvolveram propriedades características de esporte moderno. Outras práticas equestres, relacionadas com a raça equina crioula, procuravam reproduzir o trabalho campeiro dos pampas sul-rio-grandenses, o qual ocorria já desde o século XVI. Algumas destas práticas são: o Freio de Ouro, o Tiro de Laço e o Crioulaço, as quais também despontavam elementos de esportivização.

This study aims to understand how equestrian practices have incorporated sportivization elements, in Porto Alegre, between the mid-nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. For that, equestrian practices were treated as cultural practices producing representations; thus, to accomplish this historical research, information collected from newspapers and magazines that circulated in Porto Alegre in the period were analyzed, such as the Sports Almanac of Rio Grande do Sul, Sportiva Magazine, Globo Magazine, Correio do Povo and Gazeta de Porto Alegre. Equestrian practices are cultural practices that are historically related with the the sociocultural setting configuration of Porto Alegre. The horse, for the identity of Rio Grande do Sul, is one of its symbols, since they have been always associated, throughout its history. The partnership between man and animal is also present in moments of relaxation and enjoyment. Sources revealed that within the predominantly rural context, in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the first equestrian practices with sportivization elements emerged. In this period, in the city, sports practices involving the horse were already occuring, for example, “straight line horse races”, turf, and bullfighting. Among these, we highlight turf as an example of an equestrian practice that has developed features properties of a modern sport. Other equestrian practices, related to the equine breed Crioulo, sought to reproduce the field work of Rio Grande do Sul’s pampas, which have occurred since the sixteenth century. Some of these practices are: the Golden Bridle, the shot of Lasso with Horse and the shot of Lasso with Crioulo Horse, which also sprouted sportivization elements.

Examining Antecedents and Consequences of Gambling Passion: The Case of Gambling on Horse Races

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the antecedents and consequences of gambling passion using structural equation modeling to examine relationships among gambling motivation, passion, emotion, and behavioral intentions in the horse racing industry. METHODS: An onsite survey was conducted with 447 patrons at a horseracing park in South Korea. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Gambling Passion Scale was valid and reliable, resulting in two sub-scales: obsessive passion (OP) and harmonious passion (HP). RESULTS: Study results indicated that extrinsic motivation influenced OP whereas intrinsic motivation significantly affected HP. Furthermore, OP was correlated with negative emotion, whereas HP was related to positive emotion. Gamblers' satisfaction was found to be influenced positively by positive emotion and negatively by negative emotion. Finally, satisfaction appeared to affect gamblers' behavioral intentions. CONCLUSION: Study results echoed the notion of distinct and separate gambling motivations and passions among horse racing gamblers. Furthermore, results identified specific areas to which horse racing operators or policy makers should pay special attention in developing effective marketing strategies to promote responsible gambling.

The Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics of the Pathological Gamblers in Horse Racing / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the socio-demographic, psychological and behavioral characteristics of the pathological gamblers in horse racing. METHODS: Among 61 horse-racing gamblers, 20 pathological gamblers were diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria, and compared with 18 healthy horse racing spectators. RESULTS: 1) The education level of the pathological gamblers was lower and the duraton of gambling history longer than the healthy horse racing spectators. 2) The number and the amount of the bet of pathological gamblers in one day were higher than those of the healthy horse racing spectator. Especially, the highest amount of money gained of the pathological gambler were significantly larger than that of the healthy horse racing spectators. 3) The pathological gamblers bet with the purpose of restoring loss sum, gaining money, and avoiding dysphoric and negative mood. To be opposed, the healthy horse racing spectator play for rest, pleasure and excitement seeking. 4) The healthy horse racing spectators enjoy pleasure and euphoric mood through horse racing more than the pathological gamblers. However, the pathological gamblers experience repentance after game, and irritable and unstable mood while they were betting. 5) The pathological gamblers could control impulse less than the healthy horse racing spectator because of being habituated to the game. CONCLUSIONS: Horse racing is one of the most popular and legitimate leisure and gambling activities in Korea. In such a legitimate gambling activity, serious pathological gamblers are found frequently and their psychological and societal problems are increasing. Therefore, the prevention and the therapeutic intervention for the pathological gambling would be urgent.