Validation of an original Behavioral Changes Scale on the Use of Digital Technologies During Social Distancing

Abstract Introduction The social distancing (SD) adopted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the internet from a convenience into a necessity. The behavioral changes caused by isolation range from adaptation of consumption, work, and teaching routines to altered leisure options to occupy idle time at home. Such transformations can be positive, expanding use of digital technologies (DT), but they can also have serious future physical and emotional consequences if there conscious use of technological devices is lacking. Objectives The study aimed to validate the Behavioral Changes Scale on the Use of Digital Technologies During Social Distancing (BCSDTSD), an instrument for assessing behavioral changes related to use of DT during SD. Method Validation of the BCSDTSD in five phases: 1. construction of an initial scale with 10 questions; 2. evaluation of the questions by a panel of experts; 3. application to 1,012 volunteers via the internet; 4. statistical analysis of the results; and 5. preparation of the validated final version of the BCSDTSD. Data were analyzed using the dplyr, psy , and paran packages and the REdaS statistical program. Three statistical criteria were used in the factor analysis (FA). Results FA confirmed that all 10 questions in the questionnaire should be maintained, confirming its robust construction, and Cronbach's alpha demonstrated its internal consistency with a value of 0.725, which is satisfactory for first-application questionnaires. Conclusion The BCSDTSD instrument was validated for assessment of behavioral changes related to the use of DT during SD.

Fundamentos Neurobiológicos Del Sueño / Neurobiological Basis Of Sleep

Resumen El sueño es una de las conductas más importantes para la cognición del ser humano. Tiene entre 4 a 6 ciclos que se caracterizan por presentar diferente actividad electromagnética que hace que se presente una determinada actividad cerebral en cada una de ellas. Cuando el patrón del sueño se afecta, se presentan alteraciones en la vida diaria del sujeto que lo padece, generando un impacto negativo en las actividades que realiza en el medio personal, familiar y social. En este artículo se reporta una revisión teórica del sueño, su actividad eléctrica durante cada una de sus fases, los trastornos del sueño y el impacto de los trastornos del sueño en la vida del individuo. Se concluye resaltando el rol de mantener un equilibrio en el patrón de sueño como un beneficio para la vida diaria del sujeto.

Abstract Sleep is one of the most important behaviors for the cognition of the human being. It has between 4 to 6 cycles that are characterized by presenting different electromagnetic activity that causes a certain brain activity to occur in each of them. When the sleep pattern is affected, there are alterations in the daily life of the subject who suffers it, generating a negative impact on the activities carried out in the personal, family and social environment. In this article we report a theoretical review of the dream, its electrical activity during each of its phases, sleep disorders and the impact of sleep disorders on the individual's life. It is concluded by emphasizing the role of maintaining a balance in the sleep pattern as a benefit for the daily life of the subject.

Validation of a scale to assess Facebook dependence

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Facebook is a social network that has become part of the everyday life of contemporary humanity and is notably the most accessed digital tool, worldwide; through it, one can simultaneously relate to millions of people, as a source of information, communication or entertainment. OBJECTIVE: To produce and validate a scale to evaluate Facebook dependence (FDS). METHOD: Validation was performed in 5 phases: 1- initial scale construction with 20 questions, 2- expert evaluation, 3- application in 200 volunteers, 4- statistical analysis and results, and 5- elaboration of the final 18-question validated version of FDS. RESULTS: We obtained a descriptive statistical analysis, a clear-cut separation of dependents vs. non-dependents and a successful factorial analysis. These results provided a validated version of FDS. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to construct the validated final version of FDS with 18 questions appropriate to the clinical contexts and to be used in conducting research on Facebook dependence. This scale will contribute to future research related to this specific digital dependence, hopefully reducing harmful effects and improving quality of life.

The home as insecurity place: violence against women in real life / A casa como lugar de insegurança: violência contra a mulher na vida real

This study aimed to reach an understanding into how violence against women occurs, where it happens and who is the principle aggressor and their relationship with gender construction. We done a survey of written sources (patient medical records) from 2015, for those who were victims of domestic violence and were attended to at the Clinical Hospital ­ HCU. This information was cross-referenced in relation to nursing experience of undergraduates in nursing that developed home visits with a social assistant from a Basic Family Health Unit, in the city of Uberlândia-MG, over a timeline in 2016. After the analysis and taking into consideration the experience of women inserted within the scenario of violence, we noted that the victims of violence had already suffered some type of violence in the past and this repeats itself throughout their life and history, with the change of companion, and leaving the home due to family problems. There was a noted tendency toward the aggressor being someone known to or from the family, companion, boyfriend, friend, mother and father. The data also points to the aggressor as being predominantly from the masculine sex. Violence against women rubs shoulder to shoulder with categories of gender violence, class and their relationship of power. Such relationships are mediated by a prominent patriarchal order within Brazilian society, which gives to the man the right to dominate and control his wife, even to the point of violence.

Este estudo objetivou compreender como ocorre a violência contra a mulher, onde e quem é o principal agressor, e sua relação com as construções de gênero. Foi realizado um levantamento de fontes escritas (prontuários de pacientes) do ano 2015, referente às vitimas de violência domestica e atendidas Hospital das Clínicas ­ HCU. Esses dados foram cruzados com relatos de experiência de graduandos em enfermagem que desenvolveram visitas domiciliares com assistente social de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família, na cidade de Uberlândia-MG, em um espaço temporal do ano 2016. Após analise e levando-se em consideração a vivência com as mulheres inseridas no cenário de violência, foi possível notar que as vítimas de violência já sofreram algum tipo de violência no passado e que essas se repetem ao longo da vida e sua história, com a mudança de companheiro, com saída de casa devido à problemas familiares. Observou-se que o agressor é alguém conhecido ou mesmo da família, companheiro, namorado, amigo, mãe e pai. Os dados demonstraram uma predominância de sexo do agressor masculina. A violência contra a mulher traz em seu seio, estreita relação com as categorias de gênero, classe e suas relações de poder. Tais relações estão mediadas por uma ordem patriarcal proeminente na sociedade brasileira, a qual atribui aos homens o direito a dominar e controlar suas mulheres, levando aos limites da violência.

Searching for ancient balanced polymorphisms shared between Neanderthals and Modern Humans

Abstract Hominin evolution is characterized by adaptive solutions often rooted in behavioral and cognitive changes. If balancing selection had an important and long-lasting impact on the evolution of these traits, it can be hypothesized that genes associated with them should carry an excess of shared polymorphisms (trans- SNPs) across recent Homo species. In this study, we investigate the role of balancing selection in human evolution using available exomes from modern (Homo sapiens) and archaic humans (H. neanderthalensis and Denisovan) for an excess of trans-SNP in two gene sets: one associated with the immune system (IMMS) and another one with behavioral system (BEHS). We identified a significant excess of trans-SNPs in IMMS (N=547), of which six of these located within genes previously associated with schizophrenia. No excess of trans-SNPs was found in BEHS, but five genes in this system harbor potential signals for balancing selection and are associated with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Our approach evidenced recent Homo trans-SNPs that have been previously implicated in psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, suggesting that a genetic repertoire common to the immune and behavioral systems could have been maintained by balancing selection starting before the split between archaic and modern humans.

Dos notables médicos chinos en Cuba en el siglo XIX / Two outstanding Chinese doctors in Cuba in the 19th century

Introducción: La llegada a Cuba en el siglo XIX de los culíes contratados para realizar los trabajos agrícolas, conllevó la llegada de médicos chinos, practicantes de la medicina herbolaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar la vida y obra de dos médicos inmigrantes chinos del siglo XIX desde sus historias, quienes alcanzaron notoriedad en su época por sus comportamientos profesional y humano en la práctica de la Medicina, lejanos uno del otro en la Isla. Material y Métodos: Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones periódicas indexadas en las bases de datos SciELO y Google Académico; libros, artículos periodísticos y publicaciones periódicas de la época que se encuentran como fondos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba José Martí. Se consultaron como fuentes básicas Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García y Portel Vilá. Desarrollo: Se obtuvo que los médicos herbolarios Siam y Juan Chambombiá permitieron lograr salvar a enfermos desahuciados en esa época, y ganar por ello notoriedad; mostraron cualidades humanas de desinterés y ayuda a los humildes. Las disputas referidas a la paternidad de la frase A ese no lo salva ni el médico chino, que ha quedado en el hablar popular cubano, finalmente fue conferida a Juan Chambombiá. Conclusiones: Siam y Chambombiá se caracterizaron por ser hombres cultos, dedicados a la profesión médica con desinterés y humanismo. Ambos sufrieron persecución e incomprensiones; prejuicios y celos, consecuencia del éxito en el tratamiento a pacientes incurables. Sus huellas han quedado en Cuba por sus comportamientos profesionales y humanos(AU)

Introduction: The arrival of coolies to Cuba in the 19th century, hired to carry out plantation labor, involved the arrival of Chinese doctors who were practicing members of the herbalist medicine. Objective:To characterize the life and work of two Chinese immigrant doctors of the XIX century who became well-known in their epoch because of their human and professional behaviors in the medical practice, even living away from each other in the island. Material and Methods:A bibliographic review of the periodical publications index-linked in SciELO database, and Google Scholar is presented. Books, journalistic articles, and periodical publications of the epoch that are part of the stock of José Martí National Library were reviewed. Basic sources such as Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García, and Portel Vilá were also consulted. Development:It was known that the herbalist doctors Siam and Juan Chambombiá could cure sick people who were given up all hope of saving in that epoch, thus becoming well-known doctors; they both showed human qualities of lack of interest, and help to the humbles. The arguments referred to the authorship of the phrase: Not even the Chinese doctor can save him, which has remained in the Cuban collection of proverbs, was finally conferred to Juan Chambombiá. Conclusions:Siam and Chambombiá were characterized by being cultured men, dedicated to the medical profession with unselfishness and humanism. Both of them suffered for persecutions, and lack of understanding; prejudices, and jealousy as a consequence of their success in the treatment to incurable patients. Their traces have remained in Cuba because of their professional and human behaviors(AU)

Aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano en la productividad de la empresa en el Ecuador: una aproximación desde la medicina del trabajo / Psychological aspects of human behavior in the productivity of the company in Ecuador: an approach from occupational medicine

Propósito: ante las exigencias de productividad en las empresas, la interacción grupal e individual del ser humano está arrojando resultados que se ven inmersos en la medicina del trabajo; por lo tanto el objetivo se tiene el, validar una metodología que determine los aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano a través de la aplicación de evaluaciones psicosociales reconocidas para determinar su incidencia en la productividad de la empresa ecuatoriana. Material y métodos: la investigación parte de estudios psicosociales (Fpsico e ITSAS 21), analiza los procesos, resultados financieros de la empresa y plantea medidas de prevención. Se empleó la observación, entrevista, encuesta y reactivos psicológicos. Resultados: los factores de riesgo evaluados por FPSICO estuvieron tiempo de trabajo, autonomía, carga de trabajo, demandas psicológicas, variedad/ contenido del trabajo, supervisión/ participación, interés por el trabajador/ compensación, desempeño de rol, relaciones y apoyo social. El método ISTAS 21 consideró los factores de exigencias psicológicas, control sobre el trabajo, inseguridad sobre el futuro, apoyo social y calidad de liderazgo, doble presencia y estima. Conclusión: la metodología validada en la investigación determinó que los aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano influyen en la productividad de la empresa; pudiendo ser identificados a través de estudios psisociales y desde luego su éxito depende directamente, de la aplicación de las recomendaciones de prevención primarias (organización del trabajo), secundarias (individuos) y terciarias (recuperación y rehabilitación de personas) según el aspecto encontrado. (AU)

Purpose: faced with the demands of productivity in companies, the group and individual interaction of the human being is yielding results that are immersed in occupational medicine; Therefore the objective is to validate a methodology that determines the psychological aspects of human behavior through the application of recognized psychosocial assessments to determine their impact on the productivity of the Ecuadorian company. Material and methods: the research starts from psychosocial studies (Fpsico and ITSAS 21), analyzes the processes, financial results of the company and proposes prevention measures. Observation, interview, survey and psychological reagents were used. Results: risk factors evaluated by FPSICO were time of work, autonomy, workload, psychological demands, variety / content of work, supervision / participation, worker interest / compensation, role performance, relationships and social support. The ISTAS 21 method considered factors of psychological demands, control over work, insecurity about the future, social support and quality of leadership, double presence and esteem. Conclusion: the methodology validated in the investigation determined that the psychological aspects of human behavior influence the productivity of the company; Being able to be identified through psisocial studies and, of course, its success depends directly on the application of the primary prevention recommendations (work organization), secondary (individuals) and tertiary (recovery and rehabilitation of people) recommendations according to the aspect found. (AU)

Factor structure of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) / Estrutura Fatorial do Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) / Estructura factorial del Life Orientation Test Revisado (LOT-R)

Abstract Optimism and pessimism are conceptualized as generalized expectations about events happening in people's lives, and are regarded as stable dispositions. The construct of optimism can be understood as being one-dimensional and bipolar, in other words, it's an only attribute with two extremes ranging from optimism or pessimism. The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) is the instrument used for assessing dispositional optimism and has been the subject of several studies that verify its one-dimensionality. However, the results of those studies do not necessarily support the theoretical model. The aim of this paper was to analyze the factor structure of the LOT-R in a sample of adolescent students from basic primary and secondary education. Participants were 183 students of both genders, aged between 13 and 19 years old. The application of the LOT-R was carried collectively in the classroom. The instrument's confirmatory factor analysis was performed by testing a one-factor model and another one of two-factors. The two-factor model was the most appropriate, showing that, for this particular sample, the LOT-R consists of two components. The need for studies to test the structure of the instrument is evident inasmuch as the literature indicates that cultural differences are key elements to understanding optimism.

Resumo O otimismo e o pessimismo foram conceituados como expectativas generalizadas sobre os acontecimentos na vida dos indivíduos, e são considerados disposições estáveis. O construto otimismo pode ser entendido como unidimensional e bipolar, ou seja, é uma única característica com dois extremos, que pode variar entre o otimismo e o pessimismo. O Life Orientation Test Revisado (LOT-R) é o instrumento utilizado para a avaliação do otimismo disposicional que tem sido objeto de vários estudos, entre os quais se encontram as que verificam sua unidimensionalidade; no entanto, os resultados não necessariamente endossam o modelo teórico. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi realizar a análise da estrutura fatorial do LOT-R numa amostra de 183 estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre 13 e 19 anos. A aplicação do LOT-R aconteceu de forma coletiva em sala de aula. A análise fatorial confirmatória do instrumento foi realizada mediante dois modelos, um unifatorial e outro bifatorial. O modelo bifatorial foi o mais adequado, o que revela que nessa amostra específica, o LOT-R consta de dois componentes. A necessidade de realizar estudos para verificar a estrutura do instrumento fica evidente, pois a literatura aponta que diferenças culturais são pontos fundamentais para entender o otimismo.

Resumen El optimismo y el pesimismo se han conceptualizado como las expectativas generalizadas sobre los acontecimientos en la vida de los individuos, y son considerados disposiciones estables. El constructo optimismo puede entenderse como unidimensional y bipolar, es decir, es un único atributo con dos extremos que pueden variar entre el optimismo y el pesimismo. El Life Orientation Test Revisado (LOT-R) es el instrumento utilizado para la evaluación del optimismo disposicional que ha sido objeto de numerosas investigaciones, entre las cuales se encuentran las que comprueban su unidimensionalidad; sin embargo, los resultados no necesariamente han respaldado el modelo teórico. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar el análisis de la estructura factorial del LOT-R en una muestra de 183 estudiantes de educación básica primaria y secundaria de ambos sexos y con edades entre los 13 y 19 años. La aplicación del LOT-R se hizo colectivamente en el aula de clases. El análisis factorial confirmatorio del instrumento se realizó mediante dos modelos, uno unifactorial y otro bifactorial. El segundo modelo fue el más adecuado, lo que demuestra que en esta muestra específica el LOT-R consta de dos componentes. La necesidad de realizar estudios para comprobar la estructura del instrumento resulta evidente debido a que la literatura señala que las diferencias culturales son elementos clave para entender el optimismo.

Las características personales y los valores sociales de una poblacion urbana relacionados con la participación social / Personal characteristics and social values of urban population related to social participation

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar las características personales (ontosistema) y los valores sociales (macrosistema) que se relacionan con la participación social. Se encuesto a 113 habitantes de una ciudad en el noroeste de México. Se emplearon ecuaciones estructurales para identificar el modelo integrado por el factor características personales (ontosistema) con las variables autoconcepto positivo, autoconcepto negativo y autoestima positiva; el factor valores sociales (macrosistema) con las variables prosocialidad, responsabilidad y justicia-igualdad y el factor participación social con las variables organización social, acciones comunitarias y toma de decisiones. El modelo propuesto corresponde con el teórico, por lo que el factor características personales (ontosistema) y el factor valores (macrosistema) explican el diez por ciento de la varianza para el factor participación social. Se concluyó que tanto el factor características personales (ontosistema) como el factor valores (macrosistema) influyen directamente a la participación social.

The aim of this work was to identify personal characteristics (onto-system) and values (macro-system) which are related with social participation. A sample of 113 inhabitants of a Northeast city of Mexico was studied using a survey. Structural equations were used for identifying a social participation model integrated by personal characteristics factor (onto-system) with positive self-concept, negative self-concept and positive self-esteem. The values factor (macro-system) with sociality, responsibility and justice-equality values and social participation factor was integrated with the variables called social organization, communities actions and making decisions. The model found matches with theoretical model. Accordingly personal characteristics factor (onto-system) and values factor (macro-system) explain ten percent of social participation factor's variance. This study showed personal characteristics factor (onto-system) and values factor (macro-system) influence the social participation factor.

Habilitación de los modos activos del lenguaje a partir del modo reactivo observar / Enabling active modes of language from the reactive observing mode / Habilitação dos modos ativos da linguagem a partir do modo reativo observar

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de habilitación lingüística en los modos activos del lenguaje señalar, hablar y escribir a partir del modo reactivo observar. Participaron 15 estudiantes experimentalmente ingenuos, doce hombres y tres mujeres, de 14 años de edad, alumnos de tercer grado de una escuela secundaria pública de la ciudad de Xalapa. Se utilizó un arreglo experimental de igualación de la muestra de segundo orden con figuras geométricas y un diseño experimental de tres grupos con prueba inicial, fase de familiarización, fase de exposición y prueba de habilitación. Los resultados sugieren que la exposición al modo observar habilitó las respuestas de igualación en los tres modos activos del lenguaje con distintos niveles de ejecución. El máximo nivel se obtuvo en hablar, el segundo en escribir y el mínimo en señalar. El porcentaje de respuestas de discriminación fue un poco más alto en semejanza en color, seguido por diferencia en color y forma, y un poco más bajo en semejanza en forma. Los resultados se discuten con base en el concepto de habilitación lingüística.

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of enabling linguistic active modes of language by pointing out, writing and speaking from the reactive mode observing. Participants were 15 experimentally naive students, twelve men and three women, aged 14, who attended third grade in a public Junior High School in the city of Xalapa. A second-order matching to sample task with geometric figures was used. The design chosen was experimental with three groups and consisted of an initial test, familiarization phase, exposure phase and final test. The results suggest that the exposure to the observing mode enabled the matching responses in the three active modes of language with different performance levels. The largest level was speaking, then was writing and the lower was pointing out. The percentage of response discrimination was slightly higher in color similarity, followed by the difference in color and form and slightly lower percentage in shape similarity. The results are discussed based on the concept of enabling linguistic modes.

O propósito do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de habilitação linguística nos modos ativos da linguagem assinalar, falar e escrever a partir do modo reativo observar. Participaram 15 estudantes experimentalmente ingênuos, doze homens e três mulheres, de 14 anos de idade, alunos de uma escola secundária pública da cidade de Xalapa. Utilizou-se um arranjo experimental de igualação da mostra de segunda ordem com figuras geométricas e um desenho experimental de três grupos com teste inicial, fase de familiarização, fase de exposição e teste de habilitação. Os resultados sugerem que a exposição ao modo observar habilitou as respostas de igualação nos três modos ativos da linguagem com diferentes níveis de execução. O nível máximo foi obtido em falar, o segundo em escrever e o mínimo em assinalar. A porcentagem de respostas de discriminação foi um pouco mais alta em semelhança em cor, seguido por diferença em cor e forma, e um pouco mais em semelhança em forma. Os resultados se discutem com base no conceito de habilitação linguística.

Effects of the motivation focus on manual grasping

We have shown before that grasping movements from a given starting position to a given object differ substantially when performed as a typical laboratory task (L) and when they are embedded in an everyday-like context (E). The present study investigates whether this context-dependence is related to the subjects' motivation focus. We manipulated subjects' motivation focus and observed significant effects of Context on performance, as in previous work, but also significant effects of Motivation and Context x Motivation on performance. The interaction term could not be interpreted as generally higher or lower motivation sensitivity in L than in E, and therefore it doesn't support the hypothesis that context-dependence of grasping can be reduced to motivation-dependence. We conclude that some brain areas contribute differently to L and to E, thus producing context-dependence, and that those areas are differently sensitive to motivation...

Acerca de la racionalidad y la irracionalidad de nuestras decisiones / About rationality and irrationality of our decisions

Tal como sugiere su nombre, este texto postula que el comportamiento humano es fundamentalmente irracional, esto es, está gobernado por aspectos emocionales difíciles de explicar de acuerdo a explicaciones lógicas. Esta "irracionalidad" esta, no obstante lejos de ser aleatoria y estrictamente personal, sino que corresponde a un patrón regular con ciertas leyes y principios. Más aún, tal irracionalidad comprende distintos ámbitos del comportamiento, desde los procesos detrás de la compra de bienes muebles o inmuebles a los que definen las acciones éticas de las personas.

As its title suggests, this book postulates that human behavior is fundamentally irrational, that is, driven by emotional factors that are difficult to understand for logical mind. This irrationality is, nonetheless, neither random or subjective, but to some extent predictable and rather universal. Furthermore, such irrational reasoning can be found at different levels , from the way in which people acquire small or large-scale goods (a TV set or a house respectively), to the way in which individuals make ethical decisions.

El supuesto de la continuidad conductual entre especies y la comprensión de la conducta Humana / The assumption of behavioral continuity between Species and the understanding of Human behavior

El supuesto de continuidad en la tradición operante, es decir, considerar la conducta de todas las especies en términos de los mismos procesos, ha inducido una confusión de categorías que impide el estudio y la comprensión de la conducta propiamente humana. Se revisan los argumentos continuistas, especialmente basados en la simplicidad científica y la continuidad filogenética. Sin respaldar la postura anticontinuista, se desarrollan tres contraargumentos mostrando cómo es defendible la posibilidad de diferentes procesos conductuales entre especies, incluyendo la humana, sin desconocer que el origen de las diferentes especies y de la conducta de los organismos responde a los mismos principios. Al final, se esboza una propuesta frente al debate que abre la posibilidad de identificar diferentes procesos conductuales, en lo que sería un análisis de organizaciones conductuales, que permitiría un acercamiento más provechoso al estudio de la conducta propiamente humana desde una perspectiva conductual.

The continuity assumption in the operant tradition, that is, to consider the behavior of all species in terms of the same processes, has induced a confusion of categories that prevents the study and understanding of proper human behavior. Continuity arguments are reviewed, especially those based on scientific simplicity and phylogenetic continuity. Three counterarguments are developed, showing how the possibility of different behavioral processes among species, including the human one, is defensible, without denying that the origins of different species and of the behavior of organisms respond to the same principles. In the end, a proposal is outlined about the possibility of identifying different behavioral processes, as an analysis of behavioral organization, which would allow a more fruitful study of properly human behavior from a behavioral perspective.

Una hermenéutica más de cara al debate sobre la valoración moral del aborto / Uma hermenêutica mais direta ao debate sobre a avaliação moral do aborto / One more hermeneutic in the debate on the moral assessment of abortion

Desde una nueva lectura hermenéutica, se comprende desde la bioética que el tema sobre la inquietud moralmente valorativa frente a la terminación de un embarazo, no se encuentra enmarcada solamente en una perspectiva académica y ad intra de la misma. Se propone la inclusión y el análisis de otros factores y tipos de agentes implicados en el debate sobre la hominización y sus respectivas consecuencias valorativas en cuanto a lo ético y moral que, asumiendo la comprensión de la génesis del pensamiento, la tendencia de evolución del mismo y su innegable extensión, se proyecten a comprender muchos de los hechos, tanto empíricos como racionales con los que cuenta el ser humano para acercarse a una toma de decisiones al respecto...

From a new hermeneutic reading from bioethics is understood that the issue of moral concern valuation from termination of a pregnancy, is framed not only in an academic perspective in the same ad intra. We propose the inclusion and analysis of other factors and types of stakeholders in the debate on the humanization and their valuation implications as to what ethics and morals, which assume understanding of the genesis of thinking, the same trend of changes and their undeniable expansion, are projected to comprise many of the empirical and rational facts are there in humans to approach a decision about it...

Com uma nova leitura hermenêutica, a partir da bioética se compreende que o tema da inquietação quanto à avaliação moral da interrupção de uma gravidez não se encontra enquadrado apenas sob uma perspectiva acadêmica e ad intra da mesma. Propõe-se a inclusão e a análise de outros fatores e tipos de agentes implicados no debate sobre a hominização e suas respectivas consequências avaliativas quanto ao caráter ético e moral que, assumindo-se a compreensão da gênese do pensamento, da tendência de evolução do mesmo e sua inegável extensão, sejam projetados para se compreender muitos dos fatos, tanto empíricos quanto racionais, que o ser humano dispõe para chegar a uma tomada de decisões a respeito...

Padrões comportamentais de visitantes na área do Parque do Museu Mariano Procópio, Juiz de Fora, MG / Behavior of visitors in the Park of the Mariano Procópio Museum, Juiz de Fora, MG

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o comportamento dos visitantes frente aos animais mantidos na área do Parque do Museu Mariano Procópio, Juiz de Fora, MG. O trabalho foi realizado nos meses de maio e junho de 2005. As observações foram feitas através da amostragem scan (n=1085) em três pontos, e os comportamentos classificados em cinco categorias: admirar, observar, alimentação, desinteresse e interação. Classificaram-se os visitantes em: indivíduo criança; indivíduo não criança; grupo composto por criança, grupo sem criança e grupo misto. O comportamento mais frequente foi a observação (n=301, 28 por cento), seguido de admiração (n=259; 24 por cento), desinteresse (n=248, 23 por cento), interação (n=163, 14 por cento) e alimentação (n=114, 11 por cento). Crianças se interessam mais por observar e interagir com os animais do que indivíduos não crianças. Através do entendimento do comportamento de visitantes de áreas verdes é possível a elaboração de estratégias educativas.

We recorded the behavior of visitors in relation to the captive animals in the park of the Mariano Procópio Museum, Juiz de Fora, MG. The work was executed during the months of May and June, 2005. Individuals were scanned (n=1085), in three points, and the behaviors classified in five categories: to admire, to observe, to feed, blandness and interaction. The visitors were classified as: child, not child, group of children, group without children and mixed group. The most frequent behavior was observation (n=301, 28 percent), followed by admiration (n=259; 24 percent), blandness (n=248, 23 percent), interaction (n=163, 14 percent) and feeding (n=114, 11 percent). Children observe and interact more with animals than do other groups. Through the understanding of the behavior of visitors in environmental areas it is possible to make the elaboration of the educational strategy.

Tipo de reforçador como variável moduladora dos efeitos da história em humanos / The type of reinforcer as a modulating variable of history in humans effects

Para investigar como o tipo de reforçador afeta o comportamento em FI após diferentes histórias de reforço, universitários foram expostos a FR ou DRL, que liberavam pontos por pressionar um botão. Alguns participantes trocavam pontos por fotocópias (Condição 1), por dinheiro (Condição 2) ou apenas recebiam os pontos (Condição 3). Subseqüentemente, todos foram expostos a FI. O FR produziu taxas de respostas altas e constantes independentemente do tipo de reforçador utilizado. O FI produziu taxas altas para os participantes das Condições 1 e 2 e baixas para os participantes da Condição 3. O DRL produziu baixas taxas que aumentaram durante o FI subseqüente. Os resultados sugerem que tanto contingências históricas quanto presentes controlaram o comportamento dos participantes e que o tipo de reforçador pode favorecer o responder em taxa alta e constante sob FI após exposição a uma contingência de FR.

To investigate how the type of reinforcer affects the behavior in FI after different reinforcement histories, university students were exposed to FR or to DRL, that liberated points for pressing a button. Some participants changed points for photocopies (Condition 1), for money (Condition 2), or they just received the points (Condition 3). Subsequently, all students were exposed to FI. FR produced high and constant response rates independently of the type of reinforcer. FI produced high rates for the participants of the Conditions 1 and 2, and low for the participants of the Condition 3. DRL provoked low rates that increased during subsequent FI. The results suggest that so much historical contingencies as present contingencies controlled the participants' behavior and that the type of reinforcer can favor responding in high and constant rate under FI after a FR contingency.

Relato preliminar de reflexões sobre prevenção de impasses no enfrentamento de doenças transmissíveis de origem socioambiental / Preliminary report of reflections on prevention of impasses facing diseases of social-environmental causes

O enfrentamento de doenças transmissíveis de origem socioambiental esbarra frequentemente em dificuldades de etendimento entre comunidades, poder público e cientistas, ainda que haja recursos técnicos abundantes e adequados. Esse trabalho descreve uma experiência de reflexaão sobre dificuldades encontradas pelos integrantes de um grupo interdisciplinar e multissetorial para esse enfrentamento e sugre uma metodologia baseasda em diálogo para prevenção de impasses entre setores, disciplinas e sujeitos. A metoldologia consiste em um processo, ainda em curso, baseado na consolidação de um grupo multissetorial e interdisciplinar, afeito ao diálogo. A reflexão sobre o tema gerou um anteprojeto sobre o comportamento humano ante à transmissão de doenças de veiculação hídrica em municípios do Rio de Janeiro. Outro produto foi um texto em que são sugeridos caminhos para o diálogo

Facing diseases of social-environmental causes is frequently troubled by misunderstanding among communities, public power, and scientists, inspite of the availability of abundant and appropriate technical resources. This work is based on the experience of reflections about difficulties encountered by an interdisciplinary and multisectoral group and proposes dialogue as a method to prevent impasses between sectors, disciplines and subjects. The methodology consists of a process, still in progress, based on the consolidation of a multisectoral and interdisciplinary group accustomed to dialogue. Discussions of this theme generated the proposal of a project about human behavior regarding water-borne diseases in municipal districts of Rio de Janeiro. Another product was a text suggesting methods for achieving dialogue.