Trails, footprints, hoofprints SHEREEN RATNAGAR

This paper takes issue with the notion behind some genetic sampling of populations that there are autochthonous groups(designated tribal) in India, and that to give a group, its ‘anthropological name’ [sic] is valid. The archaeological and textualevidence of the earliest known Indo-Europeans and Indo-Iranians is given in bare outline. Possible trails of the Indo-Aryansof Iron-age South Asia are detected in archaeological records, immigration through mountains in the northwest with horsesand two-humped camels, and also incursions of small groups of horse-riders, from Vidarbha all the way south to the Tamilcountry

Distribution characteristics of blood culture pathogens / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate distribution characteristics of blood culture pathogens,and provid a basis for clinical prevention and control in bloodstream infections.Methods The data of the patients with positive blood culture and the nonduplicate strains were retrospectively analyzed with WHONET 5.6 software in the First People's Hospital of Shangqiu from January 2011 to December 2014.Results The total number of positive strains of blood culture was 1 306 from 25 397 blood cultures,and the positive rates were 5.1％,of which gram positive cocci and gram negative organisms accounted for 64.8％ (846/1 306) and 31.2％ (408/1 306),respectively.Candida accounted for 4.0％ (52/1 306).Gram positive bacteria were mainly Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) of 564 (43.2％) strains,Staphylococcus aureus of 96 (7.4％) strains,Enterococcus faecium of 48 (3.7％) strains and Streptococcus pneumoniae of 31 (2.4％) strains.The isolated rate of Enterococcus faecium was more than Enterococcus faecalis 20 strains (1.5％).The isolated rate of Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter Bauman and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 12.5％ (163 strains),6.2％(81 strains),2.0％(26 strains) and 1.8％(23 strains),respectively.Conclusion The isolated rate of Enterococcus faecium more than Enterococcus faecalis in blood culture,the main pathogens are gram positive cocci in children group.Isolates of gram positive bacteria in the proportion of infants,children and adults with blood culture were 85.2％,87.0％,46.5％.There were 264 strains bacteria isolated in infants and young children's intensive care unit,accounting for 67.3％ of all bacteria isolated from infants and young children.There were 122 strains bacteria isolated in pediatric intensive care unit,accounting for 56.7％ of all bacteria isolated from childen.There were 255 strains bacteria isolated in adult intensive care unit,accounting for 36.5％ of all bacteria isolated from adult.Severe basic diseases were the vulnerable groups of bloodstream infections.

De figurantes a atores: o coletivo na luta das famílias dos autistas / From extras to actors: the collective in the struggle of families of autistic individuals / De extras para actores: el colectivo en la lucha de las familias de las personas autistas / De figurants à acteurs: le collectif dans la lutte des familles des personnes atteintes d'autisme

Este artigo trata da formação de identidades coletivas centrando-se nas famílias de pessoas com autismo. A chegada do autismo determina a mudança radical da vida cotidiana, das relações sociais e das expectativas dessas famílias, contudo, torna-se um fator que as impulsiona à organização e à luta pela igualdade de condições de vida e concretização de seus direitos. O estigma, a memória compartilhada e as lutas se apresentam como a base de sua identidade social. Valendo-se dos conteúdos teóricos de Tajfel, Goffman e Martín-Baró, o artigo procura evidenciar que a mobilização e a exposição de suas reivindicações fazem as famílias emergirem na cena pública como atores sociais.

This paper deals with the formation of collective identities focusing on the families of people with autism. The arrival of autism is determinative of a radical change in everyday life, social relations and expectations of the families, yet it becomes a factor that drives them to the organization and struggle for equal living conditions and fulfillment of their rights. Stigma, shared memories and struggles are presented as the foundation of their social identity. Based on the theoretical tenors of Tajfel, Goffman and Martin-Baró the article seeks to highlight that the families emerge as social actors when mobilizing and addressing their claims to the public.

Este artículo se refiere a la formación de identidades colectivas, centrándose en el grupo de familias de personas con autismo. La llegada del autismo determina el cambio radical de la vida cotidiana, las relaciones sociales y las expectativas de las familias, sin embargo, se convierte en un factor que las impulsa hacia la organización, la lucha por la igualdad de condiciones de vida y la realización de sus derechos. El estigma, la memoria compartida y las luchas se destacan como fundamentos de la identidad social. Utilizando los contenidos teóricos de Tajfel, Goffman y Martín-Baró, el artículo intenta demostrar que al movilizarse y hacer públicas sus reclamaciones, las familias emergen como actores sociales.

Cet article traite de la formation des identités collectives des familles de personnes atteintes d'autisme. L'arrivée de l'autisme détermine le changement radical de la vie quotidienne, des relations sociales et les attentes des familles, cependant, il devient un facteur qui pousse l'organisation et la lutte pour l'égalité des conditions de vie et pour la réalisation de leurs droits. La stigmatisation, la mémoire partagée et les luttes sont les éléments soulignés comme la base de l'identité sociale. En considérant les écrits de Tajfel, Goffman et Martín- Baró, cet article démontre que la mobilisation et l'exposition de leurs demandes font émerger des familles comme acteurs sociaux sur la scène publique.