Investigación traslacional en microbioma (InTraMic): un área de interés común y creciente en el IMTIB, Hospital Italiano e Instituto Universitario / Translational research in microbiome (InTraMic): an area of common and growing interest at IMTIB, Hospital Italiano and Instituto Universitario

Se estima que aproximadamente 100 trillones de microorganismos (incluidos bacterias, virus y hongos) residen en el intestino humano adulto y que el total del material genético del microbioma es 100 veces superior al del genoma humano. Esta comunidad, conocida como microbioma se adquiere al momento del nacimiento a través de la flora comensal de la piel, vagina y heces de la madre y se mantiene relativamente estable a partir de los dos años desempeñando un papel crítico tanto en el estado de salud como en la enfermedad. El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías, como los secuenciadores de próxima generación (NGS), permiten actualmente realizar un estudio mucho más preciso de ella que en décadas pasadas cuando se limitaba a su cultivo. Si bien esto ha llevado a un crecimiento exponencial en las publicaciones, los datos sobre las poblaciones Latinoamérica son casi inexistentes. La investigación traslacional en microbioma (InTraMic) es una de las líneas que se desarrollan en el Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB). Esta se inició en 2018 con la línea de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) en una colaboración con el Colorectal Cancer Research Group del Leeds Institute of Medical Research en el proyecto Large bowel microbiome disease network: Creation of a proof of principle exemplar in colorectal cancer across three continents. A fines de 2019 se cumplió el objetivo de comprobar la factibilidad de la recolección, envío y análisis de muestras de MBF en 5 continentes, incluyendo muestras provenientes de la Argentina, Chile, India y Vietnam. Luego de haber participado de capacitaciones en Inglaterra, se ha cumplido con el objetivo de la etapa piloto, logrando efectivizar la recolección, envío y análisis metagenómico a partir de la secuenciación de la región V4 del ARNr 16S. En 2019, la línea de enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico se sumó a la InTraMic iniciando una caracterización piloto en el marco de una colaboración con el laboratorio Novartis. Los resultados de ese estudio, así como el de cáncer colorrectal, están siendo enviados a publicación. En 2020, con la incorporación de la línea de trasplante alogénico de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas, fue presentado un proyecto para un subsidio del CONICET que ha superado la primera etapa de evaluación. En el presente artículo se brinda una actualización sobre la caracterización taxonómica de microbioma y se describen las líneas de investigación en curso. (AU)

It is estimated that approximately 100 trillion microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, and fungi) reside in the adult human intestine, and that the total genetic material of the microbiome is 100 times greater than that of the human genome. This community, known as the microbiome, is acquired at birth through the commensal flora of the mother's skin, vagina, and feces and remains relatively stable after two years, playing a critical role in both the state of health and in disease. The development of new technologies, such as next-generation sequencers (NGS), currently allow for a much more precise study of it than in past decades when it was limited to cultivation. Although this has led to exponential growth in publications, data on Latin American populations is almost non-existent. Translational research in microbiome (InTraMic) is one of the lines developed at the Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB). This started in 2018 with the Colorectal Cancer Line (CRC) in a collaboration with the Colorectal Cancer Research Group of the Leeds Institute of Medical Research in the project "Large bowel microbiome disease network: Creation of a proof of principle exemplar in colorectal cancer across three continents". At the end of 2019, the objective of verifying the feasibility of collecting, sending and analyzing MBF samples on 5 continents, including samples from Argentina, Chile, India and Vietnam, was met. After having participated in training in England, the objective of the pilot stage has been met, achieving the collection, delivery and metagenomic analysis from the sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA. In 2019, the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease line joined InTraMic, initiating a pilot characterization in the framework of a collaboration with the Novartis laboratory. The results of that study, as well as that of colorectal cancer, are being published. In 2020, with the incorporation of the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation line, a project was presented for a grant from the CONICET that has passed the first stage of evaluation. This article provides an update on the taxonomic characterization of the microbiome and describes the lines of ongoing research. (AU)

Understanding the association between the human gut, oral and skin microbiome and the Ayurvedic concept of prakriti

Ayurveda is one of the ancient systems of medicine which is widely practised as a personalized scientific approach towardsthe general wellness. Ayurvedic prakriti is broadly defined as the phenotypes which are determined on the basis of physical,psychological and physiological traits irrespective of their social, ethnic, dietary and geographical stature. Prakriti is theconstitution of a person, which comprises vata, pitta, and kapha and is a key determinant of how one individual is differentfrom the other. Human microbiome is considered the ‘latest discovered’ human organ and microbiome research reiteratesthe fundamental principles of Ayurveda for creating a healthy gut environment by maintaining the individual-specificmicrobiome. Hence, it is important to understand the association of human microbiome with the Ayurvedic prakriti of anindividual. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of human microbiome from the gut, oral and skin samples of healthyindividuals (n=18) by 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics using standard QIIME pipeline. In the three different prakritisamples differential abundance of Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Parabacteroides, Slackia, and Succinivibrio was observed inthe gut microbiome. Analysis also revealed prakriti-specific presence of Mogibacterium, Propionibacterium, Pyramidobacter, Rhodococcus in the kapha prakriti individuals Planomicrobium, Hyphomicrobium, Novosphingobium in the pittaprakriti individuals and Carnobacterium, Robiginitalea, Cetobacterium, Psychrobacter in the vata prakriti individuals.Similarly, the oral and skin microbiome also revealed presence of prakriti-specific differential abundance of diversebacterial genera. Prakriti-specific presence of bacterial taxa was recorded and only 42% microbiome in the oral samples and52% microbiome in the skin samples were shared. Bacteria known for preventing gut inflammation by digesting theresistant starch were abundant in the pitta prakriti individuals, who are more prone to develop gut-inflammation-relateddisorders. In summary, human gut, oral and skin microbiome showed presence

Therapeutic Relevance of Human Microbiota and Lung Cancer / 中国肺癌杂志

The human microbiome is closely related to human health status. Disruption of the symbiotic balance of the human microbiome is commonly found in systematic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and chronic gastric diseases. The human microbiome confers benefits or disease susceptibility to the human body through multiple pathways, associated with approximately 20% of malignancies. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer (LC) in men in China are the highest among all malignancies, which is a serious threat to human health. Emerging evidence has suggested that the human microbiota may be closely related to lung cancer at multiple levels, e.g., by affecting metabolic, inflammatory, or immune pathways. At the same time, the human microbiota affects the efficacy of lung cancer on chemoradiotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and other treatments. Immunotherapy is a promising method for the treatment of malignancies such as lung cancer, but the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients is heterogeneous. Preclinical studies based on lung cancer cell lines suggest that the intestinal microbiota can modulate responses to anti--PD-1 therapy through interactions with the host immune system. But for lung cancer patients, whether the intestinal flora can still regulate immunotherapy remains controversial. In this mini-review, we summarize current research findings describing therapeutic relevance of human microbiota and lung cancer. A better knowledge of the interplay between the human microbiome and lung cancer may promote the development of innovative strategies for prevention and personalized treatment in lung cancer.

Microbioma humano / Human microbiome

RESUMEN El estudio del microbioma humano ha crecido de manera exponencial en la última década, y su importancia en el proceso de salud enfermedad del ser humano se hace cada vez más evidente. Se le ha implicado en múltiples enfermedades autoinmunes, autoinflamatorias, en cáncer, obesidad, síndrome metabólico y riesgo cardiovascular. La transgresión del microbioma en ocasiones puede ocurrir por el abuso de ciertos fármacos como antibióticos e inhibidores de bomba de protones, entre otros. Reestablecer el equilibrio entre la microbiota y el ser humano debe de ser prioritario para mantener la salud del individuo.

ABSTRACT The study of the human microbiome has grown exponentially in the last decade and its importance in the human health-disease process is becoming more and more evident. It has been implicated in multiple autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, cancer, obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. The transgression of the normal composition of the microbiome can sometimes occur due to the abuse of drugs such as antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, among others. Re-establishing the balance between the microbiota and the human being must be a priority to maintain the health of the individual.

Prevention of infectious diseases through microecology modulation techniques / 华西口腔医学杂志

The microbe is small in volume, but large in quantity and species. The symbiotic microbe, which is far more than human cells, code millions times of genes than human being. Somatic cells and these symbiotic microbe distributing in human body skin, respiratory tract, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and other parts form a complex ecosystem whose dynamic balance is highly related to body health. With the successful implementation of Human Microbiome Project, more attentions have been paid to the next generation microbiome technologies. New tools and methods for ecological regulation of human microbiome are emerging. The way we improve the world of human microbiology will be more convenient. This paper will make a review on the modulation techniques of human microbiome.

Human Resistome Study with Metagenomic Sequencing Data / 한양의대학술지

With the introduction of synthetic antibiotics, many lives including humans and animals have been saved against bacterial infection. An increasing level of antibiotics use, however, raises serious problems of multi-drug resistance and transferring of resistance genes across different environments and countries. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technology and efficient bioinformatics methods allow us to perform a large-scale screening and analysis of resistomes in the human and environmental microbiomes. Recent studies on human microbiomes have revealed a diverse distribution of resistance genes and their transferring activities in the communities. This review discusses recent progresses in metagenomic approaches to identify resistance genes in the human microbiome, including genomic sequence search and functional metagenomics methods. Using Rifampicin ADP-ribosyltransferase as an example, an integrative approach that analyzes the sequences and three-dimensional structures of the proteins derived from resistance genes is also introduced.

Antibiotic resistance and microecological balance / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

The increasing levels of antibiotic resistance was due to the effects of antibiotics.Clinical application of antibiotics could induce the antibiotic resistance in the human microflora,which can become the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes,subsequently contribute to more emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in future.This highlights the importance of a controlled use of antibiotics.

The Microbiome and Mental Health: Looking Back, Moving Forward with Lessons from Allergic Diseases

Relationships between gastrointestinal viscera and human emotions have been documented by virtually all medical traditions known to date. The focus on this relationship has waxed and waned through the centuries, with noted surges in interest driven by cultural forces. Here we explore some of this history and the emerging trends in experimental and clinical research. In particular, we pay specific attention to how the hygiene hypothesis and emerging research on traditional dietary patterns has helped re-ignite interest in the use of microbes to support mental health. At present, the application of microbes and their structural parts as a means to positively influence mental health is an area filled with promise. However, there are many limitations within this new paradigm shift in neuropsychiatry. Impediments that could block translation of encouraging experimental studies include environmental forces that work toward dysbiosis, perhaps none more important than westernized dietary patterns. On the other hand, it is likely that specific dietary choices may amplify the value of future microbial-based therapeutics. Pre-clinical and clinical research involving microbiota and allergic disorders has predated recent work in psychiatry, an early start that provides valuable lessons. The microbiome is intimately connected to diet, nutrition, and other lifestyle variables; microbial-based psychopharmacology will need to consider this contextual application, otherwise the ceiling of clinical expectations will likely need to be lowered.

Current Status and Future Promise of the Human Microbiome / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

The human-associated microbiota is diverse, varies between individuals and body sites, and is important in human health. Microbes in human body play an essential role in immunity, health, and disease. The human microbiome has been studies using the advances of next-generation sequencing and its metagenomic applications. This has allowed investigation of the microbial composition in the human body, and identification of the functional genes expressed by this microbial community. The gut microbes have been found to be the most diverse and constitute the densest cell number in the human microbiota; thus, it has been studied more than other sites. Early results have indicated that the imbalances in gut microbiota are related to numerous disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, diabetes, and atopy. Clinical therapy involving modulating of the microbiota, such as fecal transplantation, has been applied, and its effects investigated in some diseases. Human microbiome studies form part of human genome projects, and understanding gleaned from studies increase the possibility of various applications including personalized medicine.

The Human Microbiome Project: Beginning and Future Status / 대한임상미생물학회지

In 1884 Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler published Koch's Postulates defining our historical understanding of the relationship between an organism and infection: one organism: one disease. In the last decade with research on the microbial community living on and in humans, a new concept of microbial diseases has emerged; that is, alterations of the microbial community can lead to disease including an extension beyond traditional "infectious" diseases to include metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. As we continue to gain knowledge about the functions of the normal microbiome and the effects of alterations of the microbial population on disease pathogenesis, a new era of diagnostics and therapeutics will evolve.