Embarazo molar cervical: diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico con legrado uterino y ligadura de arterias cervicales / Cervical molar pregnancy: diagnosis and surgical treatment with uterine curettage and cervical arteries ligation

Resumen Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 28 años con atraso menstrual de 14 días, diagnosticada en el servicio de urgencia obstétrica del Hospital Félix Bulnes con un embarazo ectópico cervical mediante ultrasonido, en contexto de metrorragia grave. El tratamiento consistió en legrado uterino segmentario más ligadura de arterias cervicales. El estudio histopatológico reveló una mola hidatiforme parcial en el producto del curetaje. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente sin requerir más intervenciones. Este caso da cuenta del exitoso manejo de un embarazo cervical con tratamiento quirúrgico, dando una oportunidad de preservar la fertilidad de la paciente.

Abstract We are reporting the case of a 28-year-old woman with 14-day menstrual delay diagnosed, in the obstetric emergency department of Félix Bulnes Hospital, with a cervical pregnancy through ultrasound, in the context of severe metrorrhagia. The treatment consisted in uterine curettage and ligation of cervical arteries. A histopathological study revealed a partial hydatidiform mole in the curettage product. The patient evolved favorably without other interventions. This case its an example of the successful management of a cervical pregnancy with surgical treatment, giving a chance of preserving the fertility of the patient.

Tirotoxicosis por enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional: revisión a partir de 3 casos / Thyrotoxicosis due to gestational trophoblastic disease: clinical cases

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional (ETG) es una complicación del embarazo poco común. Corresponde a un espectro de lesiones proliferativas del tejido trofoblástico: Mola Hidatiforme (MH) en sus formas parcial y completa, Coriocarcinoma, Tumor Trofoblástico y Tumor Trofoblástico Epiteloide. Los distintos tipos de ETG presentan en común la hipersecreción de gonadotrofina coriónica humana (hCG). La hCG es una hormona glicoproteica con una estructura muy similar a la TSH, por lo cual puede estimular la función tiroidea en condiciones fisiológicas y en algunas condiciones patológicas. La ETG puede cursar con hipertiroidismo, el cual puede variar en intensidad, desde una presentación asintomática con alteración leve de hormonas tiroideas a un cuadro de hipertiroidismo manifiesto. Se presentan 3 casos clínicos de pacientes con ETG, específicamente MH que evolucionaron con tirotoxicosis transitoria. Los casos presentaron un cuadro leve de hipertiroidismo con pocos síntomas asociados. La taquicardia fue el único síntoma en la mayoría de los casos. En todas las pacientes las hormonas tiroideas se normalizaron después del tratamiento de la ETG. Conclusión: Se debe tener presente la posibilidad de hipertiroidismo en toda paciente con ETG. Un alto nivel de sospecha permitirá identificar a aquellas pacientes que cursen con hipertiroidismo, permitiendo así un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a rare complication of pregnancy. GTD includes a group of proliferative lesions of trophoblastic tissue: partial and complete hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. The different types of GTD have in common the hypersecretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). HCG is a glycoprotein hormone with a similar structure to TSH. In physiological and pathological conditions hCG can stimulate thyroid function. GTD can present with hyperthyroidism, which can vary in intensity, from an asymptomatic presentation with mild alteration of thyroid hormones to a manifest hyperthyroidism. We present 3 clinical cases of patients with GTD thyrotoxicosis. All cases presented mild hyperthyroidism. Tachycardia was the only symptom in most cases. In all patients thyroid hormones return to normal after treatment of GTD. Conclusion: In patients with GTD the possibility of hyperthyroidism should be kept in mind. A high level of suspicion will allow to identifying patients with hyperthyroidism.

Mola hidatiforme como manifestación ginecobstétrica en el curso de las enfermedades reumáticas / Hydatiform mole as a gynecological manifestation in the course of rheumatic diseases

Las enfermedades reumáticas pertenecen a un grupo que provocan manifestaciones clínicas en varios sistemas de órganos de la anatomía humana. Las complicaciones ginecobstétricas no son las que con mayor frecuencia se presentan. La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional agrupa un conjunto de lesiones benignas como la mola hidatiforme y la neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional. Este trabajo se propone presentar un caso con los elementos clínicos e imagenológicos que permiten llegar al diagnóstico de una mola hidatiforme. Se trata de una paciente de 48 años de edad, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico, que acude con manifestaciones clínicas que permitieron llegar al diagnóstico de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional con mola hidatiforme completa. Las enfermedades reumáticas, en especial el lupus eritematoso sistémico, provocan complicaciones ginecobstétricas. La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional con mola hidatiforme completa, a pesar de ser una rara entidad, afecta considerablemente el bienestar biopsicosocial de las pacientes y disminuye su percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud(AU)

Rheumatic diseases fit in a group that cause clinical manifestations in various organ systems of the human anatomy. Gyneco-obstetric complications are those that occur less frequently. Gestational trophoblastic disease groups together benign lesions such as hydatidiform mole and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. This paper intends to present a case with the clinical and imaging elements that allow the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. We present a 48-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, who presents with clinical manifestations that led to the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease with complete hydatidiform mole. Rheumatic diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus, cause gyneco-obstetric complications. Although being a rare entity, the gestational trophoblastic disease with complete hydatidiform mole greatly affects the biopsychosocial wellbeing of patients and decreases their perception of health-related quality of life(AU)

Mola hidatiforme en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico

El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad sistémica, inflamatoria y crónica que se afecta fundamentalmente a mujeres jóvenes, aunque también puede realizarse el diagnóstico alrededor de los 50 años de edad. Desde el punto clínico se reporta una amplia gama de manifestaciones que afectan cualquier órgano o sistema de órganos del cuerpo humano. La afectación reproductiva y ginecológica no es de las de mayor frecuencia de presentación, pero pueden presentarse de distintas formas clínicas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 48 años, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico de 8 años de evolución, a la cual se le realiza el diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects women of childbearing age. There are multiple implications of this entity on pregnancy, and pregnancy can be an activator of disease activity. It has advanced by leaps and bounds in the clinical management of patients suffering from this condition, as well as in the monitoring, management and control of pregnancy; but despite this there are still complications very difficult to detect in the prenatal stage that affect the perception of quality of life related to the health of both the patient and their relatives. We present the case of a newborn with a cystic hygroma of a 33 year old patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Factores de riesgo, diagnóstico histológico y concentraciones de beta-hCG en pacientes con mola hidatiforme / Risk factors, histological diagnosis and beta-hCG concentrations in patients with hydatidiform mole

Resumen Introducción: La mola hidatiforme es la forma más común de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. La cuantificación de beta-hCG sérica tiene importante valor en su diagnóstico y pronóstico, no obstante en Colombia no se cuenta con referencias de sus niveles según el tipo de mola o factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Estudiar el comportamiento de los valores de beta-hCG según el tipo de mola y los factores de riesgo. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 74 casos con diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme en el departamento de patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander entre los años 2005 y 2014. Se registró a partir de los datos proporcionados por la historia clínica: hábito de fumar, hemoclasificación, indicación de régimen EMA-CO, antecedentes sociodemográficos y ginecoobstétricos y la concentración de beta-hCG previa al tratamiento evacuador. Resultados: 63 casos presentaron mediciones válidas de beta-hCG. En el análisis se utilizaron pruebas no paramétricas con un nivel de significancia del 10%. La mediana de beta-hCG para mola completa y parcial fue 270 852 UI/L y 40 379 UI/L respectivamente. Hubo una diferencia significativa para los valores de beta-hCG entre grupos de mola (p<0,0001). Para el diagnóstico de mola completa un punto de corte de 170 000 U/L presentó una sensibilidad del 91,5% y una especificidad del 75%. La indicación de EMA-CO presentó una asociación significativa con los valores de beta-hCG (p=0,066); no alcanzaron significancia las asociaciones con el tabaquismo (p=0,118) y la multiparidad (p=0,111). Conclusión: La cuantificación de beta-hCG ayuda a clasificar el tipo de mola aunque su rendimiento diagnóstico es modesto. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(1):39-46.

Abstract Introduction: Hydatidiform mole is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease. The quantification of serum beta-hCG has important value in its diagnosis and prognosis, however in Colombia there are no references of its values according to the type of mole or risk factors. Objective: To study the behavior of beta-hCG values according to the type of mole and the risk factors. Materials and Methods: 74 cases with diagnosis of hydatidiform mole were studied in the pathology department of the Industrial University of Santander between 2005 and 2014. It was recorded from the data provided by the clinical history: smoking habit, blood sample, indication of the EMA-CO regimen, sociodemographic and gyneco-obstetric antecedents and the beta-hCG concentration prior to the evacuation treatment. Results: 63 cases presented valid measurements of beta-hCG. In the analysis nonparametric tests with a level of significance of 10% were used. The median beta-hCG for complete and partial mole was 270 852 IU / L and 40 379 IU / L respectively. There was a significant difference for beta-hCG values between mola groups (p <0.0001). For the diagnosis of complete mole, a cut-off point of 170,000 U / L showed a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 75%. The EMA-CO indication showed a significant association with beta-hCG values (p = 0.066); associations with smoking (p = 0.118) and multiparity (p = 0.111) were not significant. Conclusion: The quantification of beta-hCG helps to classify the type of mole although its diagnostic performance is modest. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(1):39-46.

Doença trofoblástica gestacional: diagnóstico e tratamento / Gestational trophoblastic disease: diagnosis and treatment

Objetivos: A doença trofoblástica gestacional (DTG) é um conjunto de doenças heterogêneas do trofoblasto com potencial de se transformar em doença maligna e, por isso, é um importante diagnóstico diferencial nos casos de sangramento na primeira metade da gestação. Essa revisão tem como objetivo fazer uma abordagem atual sobre o tema e esclarecer sobre os principais aspectos da DTG com vistas à aplicabilidade clínica. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura utilizando a base de dados do PubMed dos últimos 20 anos. Resultados: A mola hidatiforme (MH) decorre de uma aberração na fertilização e pode ser do tipo completa, quando apenas existe material genético paterno, ou incompleta, quando origina um embrião triploide com material genético materno, paterno e fetal. Essa diferenciação é importante na medida em que orienta o tratamento. A investigação inicial inclui exame físico e história clínica. Ultrassonografia (USG) transvaginal e gonadotrofina coriônica humana (ß-hCG) devem ser solicitados para todos os casos. Na suspeita de metástases à distância, exames de imagem devem ser solicitados. O tratamento de DTG é feito com vácuo-aspiração e análise histológica. No caso de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional (NTG), a complementação do tratamento requer mono ou poliquimioterapia e o seguimento é realizado com dosagens quantitativas seriadas de ß-hCG. Conclusões: Essa revisão reúne os principais aspectos da DTG, seus achados clínicos, diagnóstico, manejo e seguimento. Algumas questões sobre o tema ainda são controversas e necessitam de mais estudos consistentes.

Objectives: Gestational trophoblastic disease (DTG) is a group of heterogeneous diseases from the trophoblastic tissue with the potential to become malignant. This should be suspected as a potential diagnosis in the first trimester bleeding. The clinical aspects and the current approach of this condition are the purpose of this review. Methods: A literature review of the last 20 years was performed in the PubMed databases. Results: Hydatiform mole (HM) came from an aberration in fertilization and it is named complete when there is only paternal genetic material and incomplete when a triploid embryo is originated and it contains maternal, paternal and fetal genetic material. This is important because it guides the treatment. The initial investigation includes a physical examination and medical history. Transvaginal ultrasound and human chorionic gonadotrophin (ß-hCG) should be always requested for all cases. If metastasis is suspected, other imaging exams should be requested. The treatment of DTG is the vacuum aspiration and the histological analysis of the tissue is mandatory. In case of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (NTG), the complementary treatment includes mono or multi-chemotherapy and the follow-up is performed with serial quantitative ß-hCG dosages. Conclusions: This review describes the main aspects of the gestational trophoblastic disease, such as its clinical findings, diagnosis, management and follow-up. Some questions related to this disorder are still controversial and require more consistent studies.

Embarazo molar de 25 semanas con feto vivo: reporte de autopsia / Molar pregnancy with 25-week fetus

Antecedentes: La mola hidatidiforme (MH) se caracteriza por la degeneración hidrópica de las vellosidades coriales, hiperplasia del trofoblasto y se clasifica en completa (MC) y parcial (MP), y difieren en su cariotipo, histopatología, clínica y riesgo de malignidad. Constituye el 1% de las pérdidas fetales en menores de 17 semanas. El objetivo de esta comunicación es exponer un caso de MP con feto de 25 semanas, al cual se le realizó autopsia en el 2014. Caso clínico: Primigesta de 21 años con pobre control prenatal y embarazo de 25 semanas con diagnóstico de preeclampsia y óbito fetal de sexo masculino de 615 g, al que se le solicitó autopsia demostrándose malformaciones múltiples con agenesia del cuerpo calloso, hidrocefalia supratentorial, hipoplasia cerebelosa, meningocele sacro, micropene, hipospadias y retardo del crecimiento intrauterino, la placenta de 750 g demostró hallazgos de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional de tipo MP. Discusión: La MP presenta vellosidades coriónicas con hiperplasia trofoblástica y feto que tiende a fallecer en una temprana edad gestacional. El feto puede presentar anomalías congénitas secundarias a la aneuploidia y la distinción se basa en histopatología de la placenta, en casos difíciles se emplea citogenética o citometría de flujo. En el presente caso se encontraron características placentarias (degeneración hidrópica vellositaria, inclusiones e hiperplasia trofoblástica) y las malformaciones fetales relacionadas. Conclusión: El estudio histopatológico de la placenta y del producto de la gestación permiten el diagnóstico definitivo para poder determinar el seguimiento de la paciente y disminuir así las complicaciones.

Background: Hydatidiform moles (HM) are characterized by hydropic degeneration of chorionic villi, hyperplasia of the trophoblast and is classified in complete (CM) and partial (PM), and they are different in their karyotype, histopathology, clinical and risk of malignancy. It constitutes 1% of abortion in under 17 weeks. The purpose of this communication is to present a case of PM with 25-week fetus, which fetal autopsy in 2014. Clinical case: Primigravid of 21 years old, with a pregnancy of 25 weeks diagnosed with preeclampsia and stillbirth of 615 g, autopsy demonstrating multiple malformations with agenesis of corpus callosum, hydrocephalus, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, myeloschisis in the sacral region, micropenis, hypospadias and intrauterine growth retardation, the placenta (750 g) has findings of gestational trophoblastic disease type PM. Discussion: The PM has villous tissue with trophoblastic proliferation and fetus tends to die at an early gestational age. The fetus has congenital abnormalities because the aneuploidy, diagnoses is based on histopathology of the placenta, in difficult cases cytogenetic or flow cytometry is used. In this case, placental characteristics (hydropic villus, trophoblastic proliferation and "pseudoinclusions") and related fetal malformations were found. Conclusion: The histopathological study of the placenta and the fetus allow a definitive diagnosis to determine the monitoring of the patient and thus reduce complications.

Hydati-form Mole with Hyperthyroidism

Hydatiform pregnancy occurs in 1:1000 pregnancies worldwide. Incidence is higher in Asian countries. Prevalence of hyperthyroidism during complete molar pregnancy is as high as 7%. Trophoblastic hyperthyroidism poses a multitude of challenges to the anesthesiologist. High output cardiac failure secondary to thyrotoxicosis, thyroid storm, hypertension thyroid function test should be mandatory in all women with hydatiform mole and these women should be stabilised with beta blockers and anti-thyroid medication prior to induction of anaesthesia for their surgical evacuation.

Gestação gemelar com mola hidatiforme completa e feto vivo após ovodoação e fertilização in vitro: relato de caso / Twin pregnancy with a complete hydatiform mole and a live fetus following egg donation and in-vitro fertilization: case report

Introdução: a gestação gemelar com mola hidatiforme completa e feto vivo é um evento raro e tem, na maior parte dos casos, evolução para aborto ou interrupção médica por causa dos riscos para a mãe e para o feto. Quando associada à reprodução assistida, a decisão de finalização é mais difícil por causa do desejo do casal em manter a gestação. Método: este artigo apresenta um caso de gestação gemelar dizigótica com mola hidatiforme completa em coexistência com feto diploide e placenta normal em uma paciente de 45 anos após fertilização in vitro por ovodoação. Resultados: paciente optou por manter a gestação e o parto ocorreu com 29 semanas, sem complicações maternas. Recém-nascido evoluiu com bom desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, sem sequelas. Conclusão: este relato de caso ilustra a possibilidade de conduta expectante, porém não podemos ignorar o fato de que existe um alto risco de permanência da doença trofoblástica gestacional. Infelizmente, a raridade do caso torna o manejo clínico ainda controverso.

Introduction: twin pregnancy with complete hydatiform mole and live fetus is a rare event with the most cases resulting in abortion or medical interruption due to maternal and fetal risks. When associated with assisted reproduction, the decision of pregnancy interruption is more difficult due to the desire of the couple to maintain the pregnancy. Method: this study will present a case of twin dizygotic pregnancy with complete hydatiform mole coexisting with fetus diploid and normal placenta in a patient 45 years old, after in-vitro fertilization by egg donation. Results: patient chose to keep the pregnancy and the delivery occurred at 29 weeks without major maternal complications. Newborn evolved with good psychomotor developmentwithout sequelae. Conclusion: this case report illustrates the possibility of expectant management, but wecannot ignore the fact that there is a high risk of persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. Unfortunately, the rarity of the case makes the clinical management still controversial.

Mola hidatidiforme parcial con feto vivo del segundo trimestre / Partial hydatiform mole with live fetus in the second trimester

La mola hidatidiforme es un embarazo que se caracteriza por una degeneración hidrópica de las vellosidades coriales y habitualmente la ausencia del feto. La mola parcial se caracteriza por ser resultado de una triploidía diádrica y por la presencia de cambios hidatiformes progresivos lentos con capilares vellosos funcionantes, que afectan solamente a algunas de las vellosidades; se asocia con un feto o embrión anormal identifcable (vivo o muerto), membranas o eritrocitos fetales. Se analiza un caso de mola parcial con feto de 18 semanas.

Hydatidiform mole is a pregnancy that is characterized by hydropic degeneration of placental villi and usually the absence of fetus. The partial mole is characterized as a result of triploidy diandrica and the presence of slow progressive changes with hydatidiform villous capillaries functioning that affect only some of the villi, in addition to being associated with an identifable abnormal fetus or embryo (dead or alive), fetal membranes or erythrocytes. We analyze a case of partial hydatidiform mole with a fetus of 18 weeks.