ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of dairy cows fed with sugarcane treated with 5g kg-1 of calcium oxide (CaO) or hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Eight Holstein cows with 638.01±12.52kg of body weight and milk yield of 20.32±1.5kg d-1 were randomly assigned into two 4x4 Latin squares, fed with the following diets composed of corn silage (CS), fresh sugarcane (FS), sugarcane treated with calcium oxide (STCO) or calcium hydroxide (STCH) as only forage. Data collection lasted five days, after 15 days of adaptation to diets and facilities. The dry matter intake (% of body weight) was higher in diets with CS (3.08) compared to those with FS (2.67), STCO (2.73) or STCH (2.73), which did not differ. Diets with CS determined milk production adjusted for 4% fat (20.05kg d-1) similar to diets containing STCO and STCH (18.01 and 17.89kg d-1, respectively) and higher than those with FS (17.33kg d-1). The experimental diets did not alter the composition of milk. The use of sugarcane treated with Ca(OH)2 is a viable option for feeding Holstein cows with average genetic potential for milk production because it allows production and composition similar to milk dairy cows fed with corn silage, besides benefiting the logistics of feeding in the rural properties.
Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar tratada com 5g kg-1 de óxido (CaO) ou hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2]. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Holandesas com 638,01±12,52kg de peso corporal e produção média de leite de 20,32±1,5kg dia-1, distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois quadrados latinos balanceados 4x4, alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de milho (SM), cana-de açúcar in natura (CIN), cana-de-açúcar tratada com óxido de cálcio (CTOC) ou hidróxido de cálcio (CTHC) como único volumoso. O período de coleta de dados foi de cinco dias, após 15 dias de adaptação às instalações e dietas. O consumo de matéria seca (% do peso corporal) foi superior nas dietas com SM (3,08) em relação àquelas com CIN (2,67), CTOC (2,73) ou CTHC (2,73), as quais não diferiram entre si. Dietas com SM determinaram produção de leite ajustada para 4% de gordura (20,05kg dia-1), similar às dietas contendo CTOC e CTHC (18,01 e 17,89kg dia-1, respectivamente) e superior àquelas com CIN (17,33kg dia-1). As dietas experimentais não alteraram a composição do leite. A utilização da cana-de-açúcar tratada com Ca(OH)2 é uma alternativa alimentar viável para vacas Holandesas com potencial genético médio para produção leiteira, já que possibilita produção e composição do leite similar à vacas alimentadas com silagem de milho, além de beneficiar a logística de alimentação nas propriedades rurais.
ABSTRACT
Lesmas do gênero Omalonyx d'Orbigny, 1837 são hermafroditas, herbívoras, de distribuição neotropical e vivem em plantas aquáticas, nas demais vegetações adjacentes e em solo úmido próximo a ambientes de água doce. No presente trabalho reporta-se a ocorrência atípica de O. pattersonae Tillier, 1981 e de Omalonyx sp. em área de terra firme, distante de ambiente aquático. Estas espécies aqui reportadas são simpátricas e devido à alta densidade populacional e prejuízos causados às folhas do capim-elefante Pennisetum purpureum Schumach, são caracterizadas como pragas agrícolas. No período da noite as lesmas se alimentavam das folhas do capim elefante e durante o dia permaneciam escondidas na base do caule, próximo a superfície úmida do solo. A aplicação de cal hidratada sobre agregados de indivíduos de Omalonyx spp foi um método efetivo para o controle das populações. As alterações ambientais dos ecossistemas amazônicos para uso agrícola e/ou urbanização tem promovido o aumento populacional de espécies que se adaptam a novos habitats e geralmente se tornam pragas de difícil controle.
Slugs of the genus Omalonyx d'Orbigny, 1837 are hermaphrodites, herbivorous, distributed on Neotropical regions, living on aquatic plants, moist soil and terrestrial vegetation close to freshwater systems. The present paper reports the atypical occurrence of O. pattersonae Tillier, 1981 and Omalonyx sp. in an upland area far from any aquatic environment. Both species reported here are sympatric and due to the high populations density and damages caused on leaves of elephant-grass Pennisetum purpureum Schumach, they are recognized as agricultural pests. During the night, the slugs feed on the grass leaves and at the daylight they stayed hidden in the base of stems, near the moist soil surface. The use of hydrated lime distributed over the aggregations of Omalonyx spp. showed to be an effective method to control the populations. The environmental changes in the Amazonian ecosystems for agricultural or urban purposes have promoted the increase of populations of native species that adapt in the new habitat and usually become pests that are difficult to control.
Subject(s)
Amazonian Ecosystem , MolluscaABSTRACT
The authors realize that this work is far from being an intensive study of the corrosive properties of Manila tap water; nevertheless the following facts have been determined: 1. The water of the city of Manila is undersaturated with calcium carbonate; it contains aggressive carbon dioxide; and its corrosive action on the distribution system cannot be removed by seration alone2. The amount of lime to be added to the city water to bring it to saturation is about 16 ppm expressed as CaCO3. If imported commercial hydrated lime is used (about 95% purity), this would be equivalent to about 11.7 ppm dose. Since the city is using about 80 million gallons of water daily, the amount of lime needed is about 7800 pounds, a little less than four tons, daily. At maximum cost of two centavos a pound, (lime, however, can be obtained locally at less than this) the daily cost would amount to about 160 pesosOur finding apparently shows the great amount of lime necessary. This dosage, however, is to be used only during the first few weeks of lime application until the system has "aged" - that is, a coating of calcium carbonate has been formed and the alkalinity at the plant is the same as that of the most distant point in the distribution system. After this condition is established, the dose may be reduced until a minimum is reached - that required to maintain the equilibrium so obtained. This minimum value is of course possible of determination only in the plant laboratory after the aging possible of determination only in the plant laboratory after the aging processAnother objection to the use of lime is the belief that the hardness of the water might be increased. Against this objection, however, is the fact that under certain limits the calcium causing hardness in drinking water may be diminished with addition of lime. Since the present hardness averages 45 ppm as CaCO3 the expected resulting hardness, when 16 ppm of lime as CaCO3 is added, would amount to 45 ppm minus 16 ppm, or 29 ppm as CaCO3. A water with this hardness is considered very soft for classification purposesOn the other hand, we should be warned that if proper corrective treatment is not instituted, serious red water troubles are likely to occur in the near future as has been observed already in Diliman, Quezon City, a place very near the water treatment plantA very convenient and practical method of controlling the prevention of corrosion by lime treatment is the use of the "Enslow Stability Indicator." In this apparatus, the water is passed through a solution oversaturated with pure calcium carbonate and then is made to come in contact with a bed of crushed marble. The water coming from this set-up will be saturated with the salt, and the pH of this water will be the saturation pH. By determining the actual pH of the water, the lime dose may be changed accordinglyCalgon, Inc., of Printing, Pa., has developed certain glassy phosphates which when added to waters cause the stabilization saturated solutions, thus preventing both the further deposition of the protective coating, and the eating up of the coating already formed. The use of sodium hexametaphosphate in the amount of 0.5 ppm is recommended. (Conclusions and Recommendations)